Logic and Logical reasoning

3. The Traditional Square of Opposition

4. What is Opposition?
Types of Traditional Square of Opposition
Contradictories
Contraries
Sub-contraries
Sub Alternation
1. Super Altern
2. Sub Altern

5. “Standard form of categorical position having same subject
term and same predicate term but differ from each other
in quality and quantity is called Oppistion”.

6. Contradictories
Contraries
Sub-contraries
Sub-altarnation

7. A contradictory statement is one that says two things that
cannot both be true
One is the denial or negation of the others
Both can not be true
Both can not be false

8. All judges are lawyers
Some judges are not lawyers

9. “Contrary is the relationship between two propositions
when they cannot both be true (although both may be
false). Thus, we can make an immediate inference that if
one is true, the other must be false. The law holds for the
A and E propositions of the Aristotelian square of
opposition.”.
Both can not be true, but both can be false

10. All poets are dreamers
No poets are dreamers

11. “When two propositions having same subject and same
predicate term ,differ in quality but same in quality”.
Both can not be False
But both can be true

12. Some diamonds are precious stones
Some diamonds are not precious stones

13. “When two proposions having same subject term and same
predicate term, agree in quality but differ in quantity”.

14. All spiders are eight leged animals
Some spiders are eight leged animals
No whales are fishes
Some wales are fishes

15. Sub-altarnation has two types;
1. Super Altern
2. Sub Altern

16. It is used for universal proposition

17. It is used for particular proposition.