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The passive voice
- 1. The Passive Voice a) Preliminary considerations b) Uses c) Tense formation d) Tense forms e) The use of -by f) Direct and Indirect objects.
- 2. The Passive Voice a) Preliminary considerations b) Uses c) Tense formation d) Tense forms e) The use of -by f) Direct and Indirect objects.
- 3. Preliminary considerations ► Onlytransitive verbs (those which may take an object) can be used in the passive voice. ► In English the passive voice is much more used than in Spanish. Spanish uses a kind of “passive” with “se” while English uses a normal passive voice. When the subject is unknown, English – unlike Spanish – uses the passive voice. When an active verb may take a direct and an indirect object, English uses a passive which is never heard in Spanish. Menu
- 4. Uses of thePassive in English When the action is more important than the agent. When the agent is obvious, unknown, or simply not important. When we don’t want to mention who did the action. Menu
- 5. When the action is more important than the agent, so that it looks more impersonal.
- 6. • The roommust be cleaned. • The tickects were sold. • Sugar is added after the water has been boiled. • The bridge was eventually built.
- 7. When the agentis obvious, unknown or simply not important
- 8. My house hasbeen painted.(obviously by a painter) My purse was stolen. (I don’t know who did it) The letters were typed. (No matter who did it, what matters is that they finally were typed)
- 9. When, for somereason, we don’t want to mention who did the action; like, for example, to avoid pointing out who is responsible for it.
- 10. The boys werepunished. (for some reason, what is important is the action, not who punished them) Our tickets were lost. (like this I avoid saying who lost them) New ideas have been presented with great success. (By using the passive, the speaker avoids mentioning the author, mainly if it is the speaker himself)
- 11. 1) Simple Tense (Simple Past) Shakespeare wrote Hamlet The main verb Aux. Be in the always in the Past same tense Participle Hamlet was written by Shakespeare (Simple Past)
- 12. 2) Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) The Council has invested a lot of money The main verb Aux. Be in the always in the Past same tense Participle A lot of money has been invested by the Council (Present Perfect)
- 13. 3) With aModal Auxiliary Modal (Perfect Infinitive) I should have done the homework Aux. Be in the same tense The homework should have been done (by me) (Perfect Infinitive) Modals remain The main verb invariable always in the Past Participle Menu
- 14. FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE VOICE VOICE VOICE Simple keeps is kept Conditional would keep would be kept present present Present is keeping is being kept Conditional would have would have been continuous past kept kept Simple past kept was kept present to keep to be kept infinitive Past was keeping was being kept continuous perfect to have kept to have been Present have kept have been kept infinitive kept perfect gerund keeping being kept Past perfect had kept had been kept perfect having kept having been kept participle future will keep will be kept Examples
- 15. She keeps herroom tidy. ► Her room is kept tidy. He is keeping the change in his pocket ► The change is being kept in his pocket. She kept her money in the wallet. ► The money was kept in the wallet. When the thief came in she was keeping the money in her wallet. ► When the thief came in the money was being kept in her wallet.
- 16. He has keptall his money in a big hole. ► All his money has been kept in a big hole. By the time the thieves arrived he had already kept all his money safely. ► Bythe time the thieves arrived all his money had already been kept safely. She has promised her mother she will keep her room tidy at all times. ► She has promised her mother her room will be kept tidy at all times.
- 17. He promised herhe would keep her savings untouched. ► Hepromised her her savings would be kept untouched. He said he would have kept her savings untouched if he hadn’t been going to the casino. ► Hesaid her savings would have been kept untouched if he hadn’t been going to the casino.
- 18. She now saysshe can keep her money herself. ► She now says her money can be kept by herself. If she had known that, she could have kept it. ► Ifshe had known that, it could have been kept. ___________________________________ ► Most film stars hate being interviewed. ► He didn’t like having been told about what to do. Menu
- 19. THE USE OFby a) When the person who does the action, the agent, is important. For example: an inventor, a writer, an artist, etc… Shakespeare wrote these poems. These poems were written by Shakespeare. b) To introduce new information that had been omitted previously. While we were studying, we were bothered by several students c) To talk about a plan or method. These exercises can be improved by adding more information. Menu
- 20. Direct & Indirectobjects give, lend, offer, Some verbs, like send, promise, show are usually followed by two objects, one is a person – indirect – and the other is a thing – direct. In these cases, the passive in English takes the indirect object as its new subject. The same pattern follow the verbs: tell, ask.
- 21. Direct & Indirectobjects They gave John a warm welcome. John was given a warm welcome. My parents have promised me a holiday by the beach if I don’t fail any subjects. I have been promised a holiday by the ... They told me not to move or they would kill me. I was told not to move or I would be killed. They asked me if I would like to go with them. I was asked if I … Menu