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present past future We use  tenses  of verbs to refer to actions or situations in the present, in the past and in the future
present past future There are different sorts of tenses: simple  tenses continuous  tenses perfect  tenses perfect continuous  tenses
present past future present tenses present  simple present  continuous present  perfect present  perfect continuous
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM The present simple is formed with the  infinitive of the main verb . The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of the verb  to do + infinitive. Examples   I start ( he start s )  work at 8.30 a.m.  When do I start work? I don’t start work until 9.00 a..m. / He do es n’t start work until 9.00 a..m.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE 1. for habitual and repeated actions Example   I play blues harp and dobro guitar
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example Do you see what I mean?  She likes my brother  very much. I suppose he realizes that now. think – feel – realize – understand – know – mean – suppose – believe – expect – remember – forget   verbs of  thinking want – desire – refuse – forgive – wish – care – love – hate – like – dislike verbs of  emotions see- hear- smell – notice – recognize verbs of the  senses
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example Water boils at 100° C.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I get up at 7.30 a.m. every day.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with  the present tense of the verb  to be  +   present participle  of the main verb. Examples I’ m watching  television. What  are you doing? He  isn’t coming.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE 1. For actions happening at the moment of speaking.   Example She’s reading the newspaper.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example The company is reorganizing its services.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example They’re signing the contract tomorrow.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Some verbs are not usually used in a continuous form seem – appear (seem) – contain – consist – keep (continue) - matter ,[object Object],own – owe – belong - possess ,[object Object],think – feel – realize – understand – know – mean – suppose – believe – expect – remember - forget ,[object Object],want – desire – refuse – forgive – wish – care – love – hate – like - dislike ,[object Object],see – hear – smell – notice - recognize ,[object Object]
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now I’m adjusting the rotating speed past future
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  present tense of the verb  to have  +   past participle  of the main verb. Examples I’ ve finished. Where  have  you  been? I  haven’t talked  to him.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Example He  has  just  immersed  the temperature probe into the molten steel.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example This is the highest carbon ratio I ’ve  ever  seen .
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example I  have seen  the report. (I know what it is about.) He  has sold  the company. They  have had  lunch.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example The operation  has been suspended  for two months. The firm  has had  a Belgian branch since October last year.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I ‘ve just arrived. relationship with the  present moment
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future Have you been to France? ? ? ?
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future They have revised their report.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future We have conducted experiments  on this phenomenon for almost two years.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  present perfect of the verb  to be +   present participle  of the main verb. Examples I  ‘ve been writing  code for our new data-mining program. Has s he  been trying  to contact me? She  hasn’t been writing  at all.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE We use this tense for actions started in the past, continuing to the present and probably continuing into the future. We often use it with “for” or “since”.   Examples I ’ ve been trying  to persuade him for ten years now. We  ‘ve been practicing  this routine since last Wednesday.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now 2004 past future I ‘ve been driving driving lorries for twenty years..... 1984 In this sentence, the  duration  is emphasized, either  positively  or  negatively . So I know what I’m talking about! So it’s high time I quit.
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now 2004 past future I ‘ve driven a Volkswagen for twenty years..... 1984 In this sentence, the  duration  is indicated, but the car brand is emphasized. Clearly I have confidence in this car.
present past future past tenses past  simple past  continuous past  perfect past  perfect continuous
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed by adding   -ed to the infinitive .  The negative and interrogative are formed with the   past tense of the verb  to do   +  infinitive   of the main verb   Examples   They  arrived  at head quarters an hour ago. When  did  he  finalize  this deal? I  didn’t finish  until 12 o’clock.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. For actions completed at a definite time in the past.   Example   We signed the contract last Friday at 2 o’clock.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example   Did you arrive in time?
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples If I only knew his name. I wish I were at home now. If I were in his shoes, I would fix his wagon without much scruples. It’s time I went home.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I arrived at 15.30 sharp.   15.30
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  past tense of the verb  to be  +  present participle  of the main verb. Examples I  was watching  TV at 8 o’clock yesterday. Where  were  you  looking  for my glasses this time? I  wasn’t eavesdropping  at all!
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. To emphasize the  continuity of the past action.   Examples She  was playing  tennis with a friend. He  was discussing  production planning for the coming week.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples At 6 p.m. I  was  still  sleeping. At a quarter past nine I  was having  breakfast. Prices  were going up  all the time.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples When he arrived, I  was studying  the quarterly reports.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples He  was  always  trying  to influence the personnel director. She  was  forever  paring  her nails during meetings.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was working all day yesterday.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was working all day yesterday. past now future I worked all day yesterday. yesterday
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 1.  I was working all day yesterday. past now future 2.  I worked all day yesterday. yesterday While (1) emphasizes the continuity of the action, (2) only indicates that the action took place yesterday.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was watching TV at 8.30 last night. 8.30 p.m.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 3. I was watching TV at 8.30 last night. 8.30 p.m. 8.30 p.m. now future past 4. I watched TV at 8.30 last night. Whereas 3. indicates that the action started before and continued after a certain point in time, 4. indicates that the action happened (started)  at 8.30
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was browsing through your report ... when he knocked at my office door.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  past tense of the verb  to have   + past participle   of the main verb. Examples I  had  never  seen  so many measuring tools. What assistance  had  he  given? He  hadn’t expected  this outcome.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. W e use this tense to describe  one past action happening before another past action.  Example The customer  had left  the shop by the time I found his order form.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example He  had  already  cleared  the screen when I got behind his desk.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example I  hadn’t realized!   (until you told me.)
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future had dinner watched TV 1.  When I had had dinner, I watched TV. had dinner watched TV past now future 2.  I  had dinner before I watched TV. In (1) the sequence of actions is expressed by the  past perfect tense ; whereas in (2) the sequence of actions is indicated by the use of  before
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  past perfect tense  of the verb  to be  +  present participle  of the main verb. Examples She  had been working  as a secretary for two years when she was promoted. What  had  she  been writing  all day? He  hadn’t been listening  to that tape for that long.
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Example We  had been waiting  for thirty minutes when they arrived.  
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example   I  had been waiting  for my exam results for six weeks. (before I got them.)
past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 10 minutes 1.  I had been waiting for 10 minutes when she arrived. now past 2.  I  waited for 10 minutes before she arrived. Whereas in (1) the past perfect continuous indicates both the sequence of the actions and the continuity of the first action; in (2) the sequence of the actions is indicated by  before .  ( 1.) emphasizes the duration.
present past future future tenses future  simple future  continuous future  perfect future  perfect continuous going to present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to express a  pure future.  Actions expressed in the simple future are  bound to happen because of the course of time.  This means that the speaker has no power over the events, that he cannot control what will happen. For this reason this tense is also called the  uncertain future. .   Examples He  will be  sixteen years old next Friday. The baby  will be born  next month going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Examples I think Brazil  will win. I don’t suppose she  will be promoted now   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples He  will  probably  ask  the general manager. This matter  will  probably  not be raised  before the commission’s first meeting   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples He  ‘ll help  you if you  ask  him. I ‘ ll tell  him the news as soon as I  see  him. He  ‘ll be arrested  the moment he  sets  foot on Schengen soil. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  present tense of the verb  to be +  going to + infinitive   of the main verb. Examples I’  m going to watch  this football match on TV tonight. What  are  you  going to do  about this ? She  isn’t going to give  this party next week   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Examples I ‘ m going to pass  my exams next month. I ‘ m going to spend  two weeks in Spain this summer. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples This boat  is going to sink. It’s  going to rain,  by the look  going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Examples He  ‘s starting  his new job next Monday. I’  m taking  the 11 o’clock train to Berlin   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples I’m going to stay in London.  =  intention I’m going to London next weekend =  arrangement   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  infinitive of the main verb . The negative and interrogative are formed with the  present tense of  to do + infinitive   Examples The plane  takes off  at 7.30 local time. The match  begins  at 14.00 hours. You  leave  from Kennedy airport at noon, and  arrive  in Paris at 15.00 hours GMT. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to talk about  planned future actions.  We usually use it to describe travel plans, time tables, departures, arrivals.   Examples The bus leaves at 15.30. The reception starts at 19.00 hours. The ferry leaves Dover at 12.30 tomorrow and we arrive at Calais at 13.15. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM   This tense is formed with the  future simple of   to be + present participle  of the main verb. Examples We’  ll be flying  to Rome this time next week. What  will  you  be doing  this time next week? They  won’t be sitting  in the classroom at 6 o’clock tomorrow. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE   We use this tense for actions that  will be in progress at a certain time in the future.   Examples At 11.45 next Friday, I ‘  ll be doing my chemistry exam. I’  ll be hiking  through the States this time next year. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram   This time next week I’ll be taking my driving test. going to ... present continuous present simple now past future
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],Examples The band  will be travelling  through Scandinavia at the end of the month. They  will be giving  three performances there. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples Where  will you be having  dinner, Sir?  (secretary to boss) What  will you be having,  Madam? (waiter to customer) going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Examples He  will be working  in his garden now. Otherwise, he would have heard the phone. She hasn’t begun making up the beds. She  will  still  be doing  the washing up. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM   This tense is formed with  will + have + past participle  of the main verb. Examples They  ‘ll have finalized  their business by noon. Will  they  have copied  all that material by Friday morning? They  won’t have organized  this course by the end of this year.   going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to describe  actions which we know will (or will not) be completed  by a certain time in the future. Examples I ‘ ll have finished  this book by the end of the week. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram Examples By the end of next week, I’ll have finished my exams. going to ... present continuous present simple now past future end of next week
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the  future perfect tense  of  to be + present participle   of rthe main verb. Examples By the end of this year, we ‘ ll have been experimenting  with this polymer for more than three months. How long  will you have been living  in that shack  by the end of this year? I  won’t have been living  here for more than five years by the end of this year. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to describe  continuous and repeated actions which begin before a certain time in the future and will probably continue after that time. Example s By the end of this academic year, I’ ll have been teaching  for 30 years. going to ... present continuous present simple
future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram Example By the end of this academic year, I’ ll have been teaching  for 30 years. going to ... present continuous present simple past future now end of this academic year

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Grammar Tenses

  • 1. present past future We use tenses of verbs to refer to actions or situations in the present, in the past and in the future
  • 2. present past future There are different sorts of tenses: simple tenses continuous tenses perfect tenses perfect continuous tenses
  • 3. present past future present tenses present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous
  • 4. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM The present simple is formed with the infinitive of the main verb . The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of the verb to do + infinitive. Examples   I start ( he start s ) work at 8.30 a.m. When do I start work? I don’t start work until 9.00 a..m. / He do es n’t start work until 9.00 a..m.
  • 5. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE 1. for habitual and repeated actions Example   I play blues harp and dobro guitar
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I get up at 7.30 a.m. every day.
  • 10. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb. Examples I’ m watching television. What are you doing? He isn’t coming.
  • 11. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE 1. For actions happening at the moment of speaking. Example She’s reading the newspaper.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now I’m adjusting the rotating speed past future
  • 16. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb. Examples I’ ve finished. Where have you been? I haven’t talked to him.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I ‘ve just arrived. relationship with the present moment
  • 22. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future Have you been to France? ? ? ?
  • 23. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future They have revised their report.
  • 24. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future We have conducted experiments on this phenomenon for almost two years.
  • 25. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the present perfect of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb. Examples I ‘ve been writing code for our new data-mining program. Has s he been trying to contact me? She hasn’t been writing at all.
  • 26. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous USE We use this tense for actions started in the past, continuing to the present and probably continuing into the future. We often use it with “for” or “since”. Examples I ’ ve been trying to persuade him for ten years now. We ‘ve been practicing this routine since last Wednesday.
  • 27. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now 2004 past future I ‘ve been driving driving lorries for twenty years..... 1984 In this sentence, the duration is emphasized, either positively or negatively . So I know what I’m talking about! So it’s high time I quit.
  • 28. present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous on the time diagram now 2004 past future I ‘ve driven a Volkswagen for twenty years..... 1984 In this sentence, the duration is indicated, but the car brand is emphasized. Clearly I have confidence in this car.
  • 29. present past future past tenses past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous
  • 30. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive . The negative and interrogative are formed with the past tense of the verb to do + infinitive of the main verb Examples   They arrived at head quarters an hour ago. When did he finalize this deal? I didn’t finish until 12 o’clock.
  • 31. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. For actions completed at a definite time in the past. Example   We signed the contract last Friday at 2 o’clock.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I arrived at 15.30 sharp. 15.30
  • 35. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb. Examples I was watching TV at 8 o’clock yesterday. Where were you looking for my glasses this time? I wasn’t eavesdropping at all!
  • 36. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. To emphasize the continuity of the past action. Examples She was playing tennis with a friend. He was discussing production planning for the coming week.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was working all day yesterday.
  • 41. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was working all day yesterday. past now future I worked all day yesterday. yesterday
  • 42. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 1. I was working all day yesterday. past now future 2. I worked all day yesterday. yesterday While (1) emphasizes the continuity of the action, (2) only indicates that the action took place yesterday.
  • 43. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was watching TV at 8.30 last night. 8.30 p.m.
  • 44. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 3. I was watching TV at 8.30 last night. 8.30 p.m. 8.30 p.m. now future past 4. I watched TV at 8.30 last night. Whereas 3. indicates that the action started before and continued after a certain point in time, 4. indicates that the action happened (started) at 8.30
  • 45. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future I was browsing through your report ... when he knocked at my office door.
  • 46. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb. Examples I had never seen so many measuring tools. What assistance had he given? He hadn’t expected this outcome.
  • 47. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous USE 1. W e use this tense to describe one past action happening before another past action. Example The customer had left the shop by the time I found his order form.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future had dinner watched TV 1. When I had had dinner, I watched TV. had dinner watched TV past now future 2. I had dinner before I watched TV. In (1) the sequence of actions is expressed by the past perfect tense ; whereas in (2) the sequence of actions is indicated by the use of before
  • 51. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the past perfect tense of the verb to be + present participle of the main verb. Examples She had been working as a secretary for two years when she was promoted. What had she been writing all day? He hadn’t been listening to that tape for that long.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54. past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous on the time diagram now past future 10 minutes 1. I had been waiting for 10 minutes when she arrived. now past 2. I waited for 10 minutes before she arrived. Whereas in (1) the past perfect continuous indicates both the sequence of the actions and the continuity of the first action; in (2) the sequence of the actions is indicated by before . ( 1.) emphasizes the duration.
  • 55. present past future future tenses future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous going to present continuous present simple
  • 56. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to express a pure future. Actions expressed in the simple future are bound to happen because of the course of time. This means that the speaker has no power over the events, that he cannot control what will happen. For this reason this tense is also called the uncertain future. . Examples He will be sixteen years old next Friday. The baby will be born next month going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be + going to + infinitive of the main verb. Examples I’ m going to watch this football match on TV tonight. What are you going to do about this ? She isn’t going to give this party next week going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the infinitive of the main verb . The negative and interrogative are formed with the present tense of to do + infinitive Examples The plane takes off at 7.30 local time. The match begins at 14.00 hours. You leave from Kennedy airport at noon, and arrive in Paris at 15.00 hours GMT. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 66. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to talk about planned future actions. We usually use it to describe travel plans, time tables, departures, arrivals.   Examples The bus leaves at 15.30. The reception starts at 19.00 hours. The ferry leaves Dover at 12.30 tomorrow and we arrive at Calais at 13.15. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 67. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM   This tense is formed with the future simple of to be + present participle of the main verb. Examples We’ ll be flying to Rome this time next week. What will you be doing this time next week? They won’t be sitting in the classroom at 6 o’clock tomorrow. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 68. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE   We use this tense for actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.   Examples At 11.45 next Friday, I ‘ ll be doing my chemistry exam. I’ ll be hiking through the States this time next year. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 69. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram   This time next week I’ll be taking my driving test. going to ... present continuous present simple now past future
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM   This tense is formed with will + have + past participle of the main verb. Examples They ‘ll have finalized their business by noon. Will they have copied all that material by Friday morning? They won’t have organized this course by the end of this year. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 74. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to describe actions which we know will (or will not) be completed by a certain time in the future. Examples I ‘ ll have finished this book by the end of the week. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 75. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram Examples By the end of next week, I’ll have finished my exams. going to ... present continuous present simple now past future end of next week
  • 76. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous FORM This tense is formed with the future perfect tense of to be + present participle of rthe main verb. Examples By the end of this year, we ‘ ll have been experimenting with this polymer for more than three months. How long will you have been living in that shack by the end of this year? I won’t have been living here for more than five years by the end of this year. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 77. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous USE We use this tense to describe continuous and repeated actions which begin before a certain time in the future and will probably continue after that time. Example s By the end of this academic year, I’ ll have been teaching for 30 years. going to ... present continuous present simple
  • 78. future simple future continuous future perfect future perfect continuous on the time diagram Example By the end of this academic year, I’ ll have been teaching for 30 years. going to ... present continuous present simple past future now end of this academic year