The document summarizes key aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution, including major technological innovations like steel, chemicals, electricity, and new production methods that drove industrialization in countries like Germany and the US. This period saw rapid population growth, urbanization, and social changes like the rise of the middle class and public education. New large corporations and monopolies formed but faced regulation due to anti-competitive practices. Science advanced but also led to social and religious controversies.

1. The Industrial Revolution…the Sequel “This time it’s personal!”

2. The Second Industrial revolution As we learned, the Industrial revolution took place in Britain (England, the U.K, etc.) The first Industrial Revolution was driven by new technologies such as steam engines and iron

3. Industrial Revolution II The second industrial revolution began in the early 1800’s This is when other countries began to industrialize.

4. Other countries began to steal British plans and technologies so that they too could industrialize.

5. Before long nations such as Germany and the United States had surpassed (gone beyond) Britain. They were producing more goods They were producing faster and more efficiently WHY?

6. What Effects did industrialization have on these countries? The same effects it had on England. People working long hours for low pay Terrible pollution Slums People being hurt or killed at work Child Labor

7. Technologies of the second Industrial Revolution 1) Steel 2) Chemicals 3) Electricity 4) New methods of production

8. Steel Bessemer Process : New way to make steel Made better steel faster and cheaper Everything from bridges to boats to buildings began to be made of steel.

9. Chemicals New chemicals created new products: Aspirin, perfume, soap Why do you think cheaper, better soap was such an important contribution to society? Chemical fertilizers meant that more food could be grown Increased food production… what would that mean to society?

10. Electricity Invention of the dynamo led to power plants, bringing electricity to more people in society through cables Edison’s light bulb allowed factories to stay open longer Production increased.

11. New Methods of Production Interchangeable parts Assembly line These inventions allowed factories to produce products faster and more efficiently.

12. Planes, Trains, and Automobiles Thousands of miles of train track constructed all over the world. Otto invents internal combustion. Benz and Daimler invent and improve automobile Wright Brothers’ 1 st flight at Kitty Hawk.

13. Communications Samuel Morse invents telegraph A.G. Bell invents telephone Marconi invents radio What did these inventions mean for communication?

14. Changes in Business Businesses grew into large corporations People invest in corporations by buying stock People who own stock own a small part of a corporation

16. Corporations A corporation is a form of business organization recognized by law as a separate legal entity having all the rights of an individual

17. Illegal business practices Large corporations soon became monopolies A monopoly is when one corporation controls one industry Cartels : when several corporations get together to set the price for something

18. Why are monopolies and cartels bad things?

19. Lack of competition due to illegal business practices caused many governments to try to regulate these giant corporations

20. Impacts of The Spread of the Industrial Revolution 1) Population Growth 2) Growth of Cities 3) New Social Order 4) Changes in Science and Religion

21. Population Growth Cause of Rapid population growth People weren’t having more children They were just living longer Why?

22. Reasons for population growth Advances in farm equipment and chemical fertilizers meant more food could be grown cheaply Result: More people could afford to buy better food

23. Reasons for population growth Germ theory & understanding microbes led to chemical soaps and better sanitation in cities Result: Doctors and hospitals were cleaner, fewer people died from infection. The spread of disease was slowed down by better sanitation, sewer systems, etc.

24. Reasons for urbanization 1) Fewer people were needed to farm, so more people moved to the city. 2) The promise of factory jobs in cities 3) The excitement of living in a city

25. New people in cities meant a new social order

26. New Social Order Things didn’t change that much for many people, but the middle classes were starting to develop some social and political power.

27. New Social Order The new social order led to the growth of public education Why? 1) Countries wanted to produce better citizens (NATIONALISM) 2) People had to be able to read and write to work and live in cities

28. Science & Religion Atomic Theory: John Dalton proved that everything was made of different combinations of different atoms Periodic table of elements is developed by Mendeleyev

29. Science & Religion Geologists (people who study rocks and the earth in general) discover that the earth is much older than the bible (if taken literally) says Neanderthal man is discovered in Germany! Darwin introduces his theory of natural selection

30. Science & Religion Many of the aforementioned ideas are seen as challenges to the church (think about Galileo & Copernicus) These ideas remain controversial (especially in this country) to this day

31. Bad Science! Darwin’s theories lead to the racist theory of “Social Darwinism” Social Darwinists believe that white people are inherently superior to other people AND that rich people are inherently superior to poor people. These ideas will lead to some terrible things

32. Good Religion! Protestant churches encouraged their members to do good and charitable things in the community. This movement was called the social gospel The social gospel movement is the reason we have the Salvation Army.

33. Homework Questions 1) Why were Germany and the U.S.A. able to produce more goods faster than Great Britain? 2) Identify two reasons why population grew so much during the second industrial revolution 3) How did the social order change in industrialized nations? 4) Why are cartels and monopolies bad for consumers?