The document discusses the publishing industry in Bangladesh, including its history, key players (authors, printers, publishers, booksellers, readers), and both problems and signs of prosperity. Some of the major problems include a lack of literacy, economic issues, and lack of professional skills or modern technologies. However, the industry is showing signs of prosperity through conducting training programs, increasing publications, and promoting reading habits such as book fairs. Overall the publishing industry in Bangladesh faces challenges as a developing nation but is making progress.
This document differentiates between traditional and social media in terms of content creation. Traditional media involves one-to-many communication, with content typically created by marketers and published through channels like television, radio, and print. Social media enables many-to-many communication, with users able to both consume and create content through blogs, social networks, and user-generated content. It also categorizes different types of content on social media based on who creates it and whether there is paid placement, such as social video, viral video, news publicity, advertorials, and word-of-mouth.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including:
- The IMF was established in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and stability after World War II and the Great Depression. It has since grown to 188 member countries.
- The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, reduce unemployment, maintain exchange rate stability, and make financial resources available to member countries.
- The IMF implements policies of conditionality on its lending to countries and has various facilities to provide loans with or without interest. It also established data dissemination standards to improve transparency among members.
- The IMF's main initial policies were to encourage monetary cooperation and promote economic growth, stability, and increased financial inflows for
The document analyzes the economic conditions of Bangladesh from 1980 to 2016 based on cyclical components of real GDP. It examines trends and cyclical patterns in real GDP, consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports using data from World Bank. The analysis finds that real GDP, consumption and investment have generally experienced upward trends over the period. Cyclical components show the economy experienced both inflationary and recessionary gaps at different times, with longer recessionary periods in the 1980s-1990s and 2000s.
Origin and growth of mass media researchasmamaqsood4
This document provides an overview of the history and development of mass communication and media research. It discusses the origins and growth of different mass media including newspapers, magazines, books, radio, television, films, and new media like the internet and social media. The document traces the historical development of each medium and highlights their key characteristics and strengths and weaknesses. It also examines the origins and growth of mass media research as an academic field of study focused on understanding the impact and role of mass communication in society.
MERCOSUR is the largest trading bloc in South America, created in 1991 by Argentina and Brazil to improve diplomatic and economic relations. It aims to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between its member states. Originally consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, MERCOSUR established a customs union in 1995. It has since signed several free trade agreements with other trading blocs and countries.
Questionnaire for Consumer preference for newspapersRia Gupta
The presentation contains the objectives and 22 questions (incldusing ranking of newspapers) for consumer preferences for print media and electronic media.
Marketing strategies of oppo major project vinay vinayrathee683
The document provides an overview of a research project report on the marketing strategies of Oppo Pvt Ltd. It includes an introduction to Oppo as a company, their products, history and global business. The executive summary outlines that the research objectives were to study Oppo's marketing effectiveness and consumer awareness in Delhi. It involved primary and secondary research through questionnaires, interviews and company sources. The findings and conclusions provided insights on how Oppo can improve customer satisfaction.
This document differentiates between traditional and social media in terms of content creation. Traditional media involves one-to-many communication, with content typically created by marketers and published through channels like television, radio, and print. Social media enables many-to-many communication, with users able to both consume and create content through blogs, social networks, and user-generated content. It also categorizes different types of content on social media based on who creates it and whether there is paid placement, such as social video, viral video, news publicity, advertorials, and word-of-mouth.
The document provides an overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including:
- The IMF was established in 1944 to promote global monetary cooperation and stability after World War II and the Great Depression. It has since grown to 188 member countries.
- The IMF aims to facilitate international trade, reduce unemployment, maintain exchange rate stability, and make financial resources available to member countries.
- The IMF implements policies of conditionality on its lending to countries and has various facilities to provide loans with or without interest. It also established data dissemination standards to improve transparency among members.
- The IMF's main initial policies were to encourage monetary cooperation and promote economic growth, stability, and increased financial inflows for
The document analyzes the economic conditions of Bangladesh from 1980 to 2016 based on cyclical components of real GDP. It examines trends and cyclical patterns in real GDP, consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports using data from World Bank. The analysis finds that real GDP, consumption and investment have generally experienced upward trends over the period. Cyclical components show the economy experienced both inflationary and recessionary gaps at different times, with longer recessionary periods in the 1980s-1990s and 2000s.
Origin and growth of mass media researchasmamaqsood4
This document provides an overview of the history and development of mass communication and media research. It discusses the origins and growth of different mass media including newspapers, magazines, books, radio, television, films, and new media like the internet and social media. The document traces the historical development of each medium and highlights their key characteristics and strengths and weaknesses. It also examines the origins and growth of mass media research as an academic field of study focused on understanding the impact and role of mass communication in society.
MERCOSUR is the largest trading bloc in South America, created in 1991 by Argentina and Brazil to improve diplomatic and economic relations. It aims to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between its member states. Originally consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, MERCOSUR established a customs union in 1995. It has since signed several free trade agreements with other trading blocs and countries.
Questionnaire for Consumer preference for newspapersRia Gupta
The presentation contains the objectives and 22 questions (incldusing ranking of newspapers) for consumer preferences for print media and electronic media.
Marketing strategies of oppo major project vinay vinayrathee683
The document provides an overview of a research project report on the marketing strategies of Oppo Pvt Ltd. It includes an introduction to Oppo as a company, their products, history and global business. The executive summary outlines that the research objectives were to study Oppo's marketing effectiveness and consumer awareness in Delhi. It involved primary and secondary research through questionnaires, interviews and company sources. The findings and conclusions provided insights on how Oppo can improve customer satisfaction.
The Industrial Revolution began in England due to natural resources like coal and iron, new technologies like the steam engine, and a growing population. Key inventions like James Watt's improved steam engine and Bessemer's steel production process drove technological advancement and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution transformed societies through urbanization, new methods of production, and shifts in social structures, though it also brought problems like unsafe working conditions and child labor.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for disassembling a PC. It begins by explaining what disassembling entails - removing the different components from the system unit by unplugging, unscrewing, and lifting them out. It then lists 13 steps to fully disassemble a PC, including unplugging all cables, removing the outer shell and side panels, taking out the system fan, CPU fan, power supply, CD/DVD drives, expansion cards, RAM, and motherboard. The goal of disassembling is to separate all the individual parts that make up a computer system.
Thailand ebooks Market Research Study and White Paper. Determining Thai readership motivations and habits in order to determine market viability of a dedicated e-reader - ThailandeBooks.net
The document discusses the Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the 1700s and was similar to the earlier Agricultural Revolution. Britain was well-suited for industrialization due to its natural resources, transportation infrastructure, entrepreneurs, growing population, political stability, and trade. The Industrial Revolution then spread from Britain to other Western countries like America, Germany, and Belgium as well as Japan which began adapting industrialization due to fears of imperialism. The Industrial Revolution caused major global economic, cultural, and political changes that are still felt today through the widespread effects of new machinery improving productivity.
1) Western European nations transitioned to more democratic forms of government in the late 19th century, with Great Britain establishing a constitutional monarchy, France forming a republic, and Italy uniting as a nation.
2) Central and Eastern European nations generally maintained monarchies, though Germany established an imperial government under Bismarck and Russia faced unrest under Tsar Nicholas II.
3) By the early 20th century, rising international tensions due to military and colonial rivalries had divided Europe into two opposing alliance systems, setting the stage for World War I.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
This document discusses the history and present state of e-books in Bangladesh. It notes that e-books were first developed in the 1960s and have grown significantly in popularity. Currently, most primary level textbooks in Bangladesh are available in e-book format via platforms like the Kindle, iPad, and Samsung Galaxy. The document outlines some advantages of e-books like low price, portability, and reduced environmental impact compared to printed books. However, it also mentions some challenges to e-books like potential eye strain and incompatibility between different e-book formats.
Bangladesh has been ahead of the curve in responding to the challenges of risk, vulnerability and social protection. Having laid a robust foundation of safety net programmes, the quest is now for a national social protection strategy that aims for a sum that is greater than its part. This presentation summarises a book, Social Protection in Bangladesh, which is an important milestone in this journey. By David Hulme, Brooks World Poverty Institute.
Proposed Sabrang Tourism SEZ, Teknaf , Coxs-Bazar under Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority of Prime Minister's Office of Bangladesh. This tourism SEZ will be first planned EZ in Bangladesh for recreation of tourist with all modern facilities. beautiful Bangladesh
1. European colonial powers sought to directly control vast territories in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century for markets, raw materials, and national prestige.
2. Britain and France moved to establish colonial rule over most of Southeast Asia between 1819-1896, creating the colonies of British Malaya, Burma, and French Indochina.
3. Colonial powers governed through either indirect rule, allowing local rulers, or direct rule under Western officials, seeking to exploit resources and open new markets while preventing industrial development.
The document outlines strategies to improve implementation of poverty reduction programmes under Nepal's Tenth Plan. It identifies weaknesses in the previous plan such as unrealistic targets and weak resource management. The new strategy includes a stronger planning framework, more realistic targets set through extensive consultation, improved public resource management through prioritization and linking budgets, and strengthened monitoring through quarterly indicators and capacity building. It also addresses issues like internal disturbances through decentralization and security measures.
The document is a presentation analyzing Nepal's progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides background on the MDGs and outlines Nepal's 8 goals and corresponding targets. It then analyzes Nepal's status and progress against the targets for each goal based on data from 1990 through the latest available figures. Key findings are that Nepal has made progress but still faces challenges in achieving many of the 2015 targets, particularly in areas of poverty, education, gender equality, child and maternal mortality. The presentation identifies strategies Nepal is employing to work towards fully achieving the MDGs by the deadline.
This document discusses whether e-books will replace printed books. It notes that e-book sales surpassed print books for the first time in 2011. While e-book readership is rising among both children and adults, many people still prefer printed books due to the tangible experience of holding a physical book. However, e-book sales will likely continue growing as the technology improves, but printed books will continue to have demand due to the different experience they offer compared to digital formats.
Precision Agriculture Landscape - Andrew SelckUIResearchPark
Precision agriculture technology has impacts beyond the farm field. When evaluating precision agriculture products and services, it is important to understand what the product is, how it creates value for farmers or agribusinesses by increasing profits or reducing risks, and whether it requires producer data access. Key questions include understanding the benefits, how adoption is driven, the target market and value proposition in terms of profitability, how revenue is generated, and the data usage, privacy and security policies if data is involved.
Social media usage in Bangladesh has grown rapidly over the past year, with 19 million Bangladeshis now on Facebook, a 12 million increase. Bangladesh also saw 120,000 new mobile subscribers. This growth has been driven by expanding internet access and is revolutionizing Bangladeshi society and economy. However, social media engagement remains largely limited to Facebook and blogging, and internet penetration is still low overall. There is potential for social media to become a key way to share information online in Bangladesh if these trends continue.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for building a computer. It begins by having the reader prepare their workspace and install components like the motherboard, CPU, heat sink, RAM, and power supply. It then instructs on installing additional components such as the graphics card, drives, and add-in cards. The document concludes by having the reader turn the computer on and install the operating system and other software.
Interview Co-Founder ReportLinker and Findout, Benjamin CarpanoReportLinker.com
ReportLinker and Findout use data analytics technologies to aggregate and normalize data from a wide range of sources to help researchers and analysts find relevant information more efficiently. The companies' core competency lies in both search and data analytics capabilities. Their natural language processing platform analyzes millions of documents daily to extract and structure concepts, relationships, and sentiments to improve users' productivity. Open data initiatives have helped the businesses by providing more content to incorporate, though most value comes from backend processing rather than raw data access. The companies aim to continue enhancing data discovery and contextualization of results.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution, including major technological innovations like steel, chemicals, electricity, and new production methods that drove industrialization in countries like Germany and the US. This period saw rapid population growth, urbanization, and social changes like the rise of the middle class and public education. New large corporations and monopolies formed but faced regulation due to anti-competitive practices. Science advanced but also led to social and religious controversies.
Terrorism in pakistan causes & remediesGulfam Hussain
The document discusses the causes and remedies of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism has taken various forms throughout history for different political purposes. In Pakistan specifically, the porous border with Afghanistan allowed al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to take refuge after the US invasion. This, combined with political and economic grievances among tribal groups, created space for militant organizations to operate. The document outlines several types and motivations of terrorism in Pakistan, including religiously-motivated groups, sectarian violence, and separatist movements in regions like Balochistan. It argues that effectively addressing the root political and economic causes, in addition to military operations, is needed to counter the terrorist threat.
Punascha is a successful Bengali publishing house founded in 1988. They focus on creating books based on consumer needs rather than publishing books first and then marketing them. Their early successes included ghost story and children's literature collections. They have faced challenges from West-oriented youth, technology providing other entertainment, and English books becoming more available. To promote their books, Punascha focuses on book fairs and local advertisements. Moving forward, they aim to restart informative children's books, expand to Bangladesh, and shift focus from Kolkata book fair to departmentalization and formal processes.
The document discusses how publishing has changed significantly over the past 100+ years. In the past, publishing required large capital investments, long print runs, and careful forecasting. Books were printed on paper made by hand and distributed through stores. Technology like ebooks and online resources did not exist, and it took 9-18 months to publish a book. Copyright laws also developed during this time. Book clubs were also popular, allowing members to purchase books at lower prices. Overall, the publishing industry has been transformed by new technologies and digital distribution.
The Industrial Revolution began in England due to natural resources like coal and iron, new technologies like the steam engine, and a growing population. Key inventions like James Watt's improved steam engine and Bessemer's steel production process drove technological advancement and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution transformed societies through urbanization, new methods of production, and shifts in social structures, though it also brought problems like unsafe working conditions and child labor.
This document provides step-by-step instructions for disassembling a PC. It begins by explaining what disassembling entails - removing the different components from the system unit by unplugging, unscrewing, and lifting them out. It then lists 13 steps to fully disassemble a PC, including unplugging all cables, removing the outer shell and side panels, taking out the system fan, CPU fan, power supply, CD/DVD drives, expansion cards, RAM, and motherboard. The goal of disassembling is to separate all the individual parts that make up a computer system.
Thailand ebooks Market Research Study and White Paper. Determining Thai readership motivations and habits in order to determine market viability of a dedicated e-reader - ThailandeBooks.net
The document discusses the Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the 1700s and was similar to the earlier Agricultural Revolution. Britain was well-suited for industrialization due to its natural resources, transportation infrastructure, entrepreneurs, growing population, political stability, and trade. The Industrial Revolution then spread from Britain to other Western countries like America, Germany, and Belgium as well as Japan which began adapting industrialization due to fears of imperialism. The Industrial Revolution caused major global economic, cultural, and political changes that are still felt today through the widespread effects of new machinery improving productivity.
1) Western European nations transitioned to more democratic forms of government in the late 19th century, with Great Britain establishing a constitutional monarchy, France forming a republic, and Italy uniting as a nation.
2) Central and Eastern European nations generally maintained monarchies, though Germany established an imperial government under Bismarck and Russia faced unrest under Tsar Nicholas II.
3) By the early 20th century, rising international tensions due to military and colonial rivalries had divided Europe into two opposing alliance systems, setting the stage for World War I.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
This document discusses the history and present state of e-books in Bangladesh. It notes that e-books were first developed in the 1960s and have grown significantly in popularity. Currently, most primary level textbooks in Bangladesh are available in e-book format via platforms like the Kindle, iPad, and Samsung Galaxy. The document outlines some advantages of e-books like low price, portability, and reduced environmental impact compared to printed books. However, it also mentions some challenges to e-books like potential eye strain and incompatibility between different e-book formats.
Bangladesh has been ahead of the curve in responding to the challenges of risk, vulnerability and social protection. Having laid a robust foundation of safety net programmes, the quest is now for a national social protection strategy that aims for a sum that is greater than its part. This presentation summarises a book, Social Protection in Bangladesh, which is an important milestone in this journey. By David Hulme, Brooks World Poverty Institute.
Proposed Sabrang Tourism SEZ, Teknaf , Coxs-Bazar under Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority of Prime Minister's Office of Bangladesh. This tourism SEZ will be first planned EZ in Bangladesh for recreation of tourist with all modern facilities. beautiful Bangladesh
1. European colonial powers sought to directly control vast territories in Southeast Asia in the late 19th century for markets, raw materials, and national prestige.
2. Britain and France moved to establish colonial rule over most of Southeast Asia between 1819-1896, creating the colonies of British Malaya, Burma, and French Indochina.
3. Colonial powers governed through either indirect rule, allowing local rulers, or direct rule under Western officials, seeking to exploit resources and open new markets while preventing industrial development.
The document outlines strategies to improve implementation of poverty reduction programmes under Nepal's Tenth Plan. It identifies weaknesses in the previous plan such as unrealistic targets and weak resource management. The new strategy includes a stronger planning framework, more realistic targets set through extensive consultation, improved public resource management through prioritization and linking budgets, and strengthened monitoring through quarterly indicators and capacity building. It also addresses issues like internal disturbances through decentralization and security measures.
The document is a presentation analyzing Nepal's progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides background on the MDGs and outlines Nepal's 8 goals and corresponding targets. It then analyzes Nepal's status and progress against the targets for each goal based on data from 1990 through the latest available figures. Key findings are that Nepal has made progress but still faces challenges in achieving many of the 2015 targets, particularly in areas of poverty, education, gender equality, child and maternal mortality. The presentation identifies strategies Nepal is employing to work towards fully achieving the MDGs by the deadline.
This document discusses whether e-books will replace printed books. It notes that e-book sales surpassed print books for the first time in 2011. While e-book readership is rising among both children and adults, many people still prefer printed books due to the tangible experience of holding a physical book. However, e-book sales will likely continue growing as the technology improves, but printed books will continue to have demand due to the different experience they offer compared to digital formats.
Precision Agriculture Landscape - Andrew SelckUIResearchPark
Precision agriculture technology has impacts beyond the farm field. When evaluating precision agriculture products and services, it is important to understand what the product is, how it creates value for farmers or agribusinesses by increasing profits or reducing risks, and whether it requires producer data access. Key questions include understanding the benefits, how adoption is driven, the target market and value proposition in terms of profitability, how revenue is generated, and the data usage, privacy and security policies if data is involved.
Social media usage in Bangladesh has grown rapidly over the past year, with 19 million Bangladeshis now on Facebook, a 12 million increase. Bangladesh also saw 120,000 new mobile subscribers. This growth has been driven by expanding internet access and is revolutionizing Bangladeshi society and economy. However, social media engagement remains largely limited to Facebook and blogging, and internet penetration is still low overall. There is potential for social media to become a key way to share information online in Bangladesh if these trends continue.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for building a computer. It begins by having the reader prepare their workspace and install components like the motherboard, CPU, heat sink, RAM, and power supply. It then instructs on installing additional components such as the graphics card, drives, and add-in cards. The document concludes by having the reader turn the computer on and install the operating system and other software.
Interview Co-Founder ReportLinker and Findout, Benjamin CarpanoReportLinker.com
ReportLinker and Findout use data analytics technologies to aggregate and normalize data from a wide range of sources to help researchers and analysts find relevant information more efficiently. The companies' core competency lies in both search and data analytics capabilities. Their natural language processing platform analyzes millions of documents daily to extract and structure concepts, relationships, and sentiments to improve users' productivity. Open data initiatives have helped the businesses by providing more content to incorporate, though most value comes from backend processing rather than raw data access. The companies aim to continue enhancing data discovery and contextualization of results.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution, including major technological innovations like steel, chemicals, electricity, and new production methods that drove industrialization in countries like Germany and the US. This period saw rapid population growth, urbanization, and social changes like the rise of the middle class and public education. New large corporations and monopolies formed but faced regulation due to anti-competitive practices. Science advanced but also led to social and religious controversies.
Terrorism in pakistan causes & remediesGulfam Hussain
The document discusses the causes and remedies of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism has taken various forms throughout history for different political purposes. In Pakistan specifically, the porous border with Afghanistan allowed al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to take refuge after the US invasion. This, combined with political and economic grievances among tribal groups, created space for militant organizations to operate. The document outlines several types and motivations of terrorism in Pakistan, including religiously-motivated groups, sectarian violence, and separatist movements in regions like Balochistan. It argues that effectively addressing the root political and economic causes, in addition to military operations, is needed to counter the terrorist threat.
Punascha is a successful Bengali publishing house founded in 1988. They focus on creating books based on consumer needs rather than publishing books first and then marketing them. Their early successes included ghost story and children's literature collections. They have faced challenges from West-oriented youth, technology providing other entertainment, and English books becoming more available. To promote their books, Punascha focuses on book fairs and local advertisements. Moving forward, they aim to restart informative children's books, expand to Bangladesh, and shift focus from Kolkata book fair to departmentalization and formal processes.
The document discusses how publishing has changed significantly over the past 100+ years. In the past, publishing required large capital investments, long print runs, and careful forecasting. Books were printed on paper made by hand and distributed through stores. Technology like ebooks and online resources did not exist, and it took 9-18 months to publish a book. Copyright laws also developed during this time. Book clubs were also popular, allowing members to purchase books at lower prices. Overall, the publishing industry has been transformed by new technologies and digital distribution.
5.growth of indian language press editedvishavprabha
The document discusses the history and development of language newspapers in India. It provides details about the first language newspapers published in various Indian languages like Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, etc. It mentions that the Bombay Samachar, published in Gujarati, is the oldest newspaper still in circulation in India. The Amrita Bazar Patrika is highlighted as one of the oldest newspapers from South Asia, originally published in Bengali, that played a major role in the Indian independence movement. The document outlines the key periods in the evolution of language newspapers from viewpapers to newspapers serving readers across India.
Print media refers to publications such as newspapers, books, and magazines that distribute information through paper and ink. Books are considered the oldest form of print media and were originally produced through handwriting. While books provide durable storage of ideas and allow for annotations, they can be heavy, require lighting, and take up physical space. Recent trends have led to the rise of e-books that provide the same content in a digital format accessible online or through devices.
- The first newspaper in India was the Bengal Gazette, published in 1780. The first newspaper in an Indian language was Samachar Darpan, published in Bengali in 1818.
- Early Indian newspapers took up causes like the oppression of workers and peasants. The growth of vernacular newspapers helped educate rural populations.
- Key developments included the first Gujarati newspaper Bombay Samachar in 1822, the Hindustan Times launched in 1924, and Amrita Bazar Patrika established in 1868.
- Marathi newspapers played an important role in educating people and opposing British rule, with publications like Kesari and Dyanprakash. Newspapers transitioned from advocacy publications to businesses
The document discusses the history and development of the book industry and book trade globally and in Kenya. It describes three main structures of the book industry: developed, oriental, and developing. The developed industry, led by countries like the US and UK, controls about 60% of the global market. The developing industry, which includes most of Africa, relies heavily on imports. The document also outlines the book industry in Kenya from the pre-colonial to present day, noting its reliance on imports to meet demand from academic disciplines.
The document discusses the publishing industry and the authors' passion for reading. It defines publishing as the process of producing and distributing literature, music, or information to make it available to the general public. Key points made include that publishing involves choosing books to print and sell for a profit, over 2.5 billion books are printed daily, and books have been printed on various materials throughout history. Careers in publishing by writing reviews or encouraging authors are also mentioned.
This document discusses print media, focusing on newspapers and magazines. It provides an overview of the history and development of newspapers and magazines. Some key points include:
- Newspapers first began in the 1700s and grew with the development of new printing technologies. Their content expanded to include more localized reporting.
- Magazines also originated in the 1700s and underwent changes in focus, from politics to specialized topics to attract broader audiences.
- Both newspapers and magazines now exist in print and digital formats to engage modern readers. They utilize various business models including advertising, subscriptions and freemium content.
About Role of Press in Society through the perspective of Communication Media, Mass Media towards Media and society.
Effect and Impact of Press on Society bodies and Communities.
Value of Press as a Media from independence movement till todays virtual society.
Scope and Limitations of Press.
How and Why Press still breathes in todays fast and online society who prefers e-newspapers.
The document discusses print media and books. It defines print media as printed publications like newspapers, books, and magazines. Books are considered the oldest form of mass media and were originally created by handwriting. While books traditionally used paper and ink, e-books are now available in electronic format through the internet or CD-ROM. While books provide benefits like durability and the ability to take notes, they also have disadvantages like being heavy to carry and taking up physical space.
The Book-Making Process and Ideology of Buku Mojok PublisherAJHSSR Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about the book production process and ideology of the Buku Mojok publishing company in Indonesia. It discusses that Buku Mojok follows a three step production process of selecting manuscripts, creating books, and distributing them. The selection process involves choosing submissions, editing, assigning covers and layouts. The creation process is printing books and assigning ISBN numbers. Buku Mojok's ideology focuses on literacy and providing opportunities for new writers. The document analyzes Buku Mojok's process using sociological theories of literature and publishing.
How Libraries Can Launch Community Publishing Initiatives with Self-Published...Smashwords, Inc.
This presentation was given April 11 in San Antonio, TX at the Texas Library Association annual conference. It details how public libraries have an exciting opportunity to launch community publishing initiatives, the goal of which is to marshal local community talent to produce and publish ebooks.
This document provides an overview of print media, including its history, types, and key terminology. It discusses how print media has evolved from handwritten manuscripts to digital technologies. It outlines various forms of print media like newspapers, magazines, newsletters, books, and posters. Newspapers are described as one of the most important print media, providing information, education, and advertising. The document also defines 15 common terminology used in print media like lead, banner, caption, and classifieds.
This document provides an overview of print media, including its history and various types. It discusses how print media has evolved from handwritten manuscripts to digital technologies. It then describes different forms of print media like newspapers, magazines, newsletters, books, and posters. Newspapers are highlighted as one of the most important print media, providing information, education, and other services to communities. The functions and types of newspapers, magazines, and other materials are outlined. Finally, various terminology used in print media are defined.
Short history & growth of newspapersAmrit Dhakal
The Roman Empire published Acta Diurna ("Daily Acts"), or government announcement bulletins, around 59 BC, as ordered by Julius Caesar. In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, were commonly used among court officials during the late Han dynasty (2nd and 3rd centuries AD).
The book publishing industry in America has grown significantly since the first book was printed in 1620. Major developments include Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet Common Sense in 1776, the establishment of the first lending library by Benjamin Franklin in 1731, and the 1891 International Copyright Law requiring payment of royalties. In the 20th century, factors like compulsory education, cheaper paperbacks and book clubs expanded access and created a mass market. Today, publishing is a highly competitive global industry dominated by six corporations and impacted by new technologies and the rise of ebooks.
This chapter discusses the book publishing industry. It begins with a brief history of books from early handwritten manuscripts to the invention of the printing press. It then covers the development of the commercial book publishing industry in the US in the 18th-19th centuries. The chapter discusses how the industry has consolidated in recent decades and is now dominated by a few large conglomerates. It also summarizes how new digital technologies like e-books and print on demand have begun changing the industry. The chapter outlines the key parts of the book publishing process and the different roles of publishers, distributors, and retailers. It concludes by noting the challenges currently facing the career outlook in the industry.
What media institution would distribute your magazineasmediae13
Bauer Media circulates over 38 million magazines weekly including titles like KERRANG, Q, and MOJO. While Bauer could be a suitable publisher due to its reputation in rock magazines, publishing with Bauer may cause competition with its existing title KERRANG and reduce sales for a new magazine. IPC Media publishes magazines like Country Life and Women's Weekly but no alternative rock magazines, leaving a gap in the market. However, IPC's target audiences may not be suitable for a magazine targeting young alternative/indie rock fans. After weighing the pros and cons, Bauer Media is concluded to be the best choice as a publisher due to its reputation in rock magazines and the niche focus of a new alternative/indie
Print media is one of the oldest forms of mass communication and includes newspapers, magazines, and other printed journals. Newspapers collect, edit, and print news reports and articles to provide information to readers. In ancient Rome and China, early forms of newspapers like announcements and gazettes were produced, and the printing press was later invented in the 15th century, advancing print media. In India, the print media industry is very large with over 100 million copies sold daily. Newspapers serve important functions like informing society, promoting social change, and supporting democracy. While print media has positive impacts, it also faces challenges like low literacy rates and an inability to provide live updates.
How Libraries Can Launch Community Publishing Initiatives with Self-Published...Smashwords, Inc.
Libraries have long provided an essential community service by making books and other information products freely available and accessible to local community patrons. Libraries play a critical role in promoting literacy, a culture of books and the joys of reading.
With the rise of ebooks, public libraries are at a crossroads. Some large traditional publishers, which fear digital lending might cannibalize retail sales of both print books and ebooks, have been hesitant to supply ebooks to libraries at the very time that library patrons are clamoring for access to such products.
This three-part presentation outlines the opportunity for libraries to expand their community role by developing programs that promote a culture of authorship. By holding seminars and classes, and by bringing local authors together with readers and aspiring authors, Libraries are uniquely qualified to orchestrate community resources and talent to help local writers become professional self-publishers. Unlike traditional publishers, self-published authors are pro-library. By developing community publishing initiatives that promote best-practices for professional self-publishing, libraries will help ensure a steady and diverse supply of high-quality books for library patrons and readers worldwide.
This series of three presentations was delivered by Mark Coker, founder of Smashwords, on March 21, 2013 at the Midwest Collaborative for Library Services symposium held in Lansing, Michigan.The presentations have been combined here for ease of access.
Additional text has been added so viewers will gain contextual background for information that was delivered verbally.
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The problems and prosperity of publishing industry of bangladesh
1. 1
THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPERITY OF
PUBLISHING INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH
Education is the basic investment of economic development and books are the basic tools of education.
Knowledge based society means reading society which depends on library. The books come to the library
and to the reader’s hand from a book publishing industry. A developed publishing industry depends upon
developed reading society; on the other hand, a developed reading society rises on the basis of a
developed publishing industry. So book publishing is the key to educational, social and economic
development and hence to caution hood.
The book publishing industry:
The publishing industry of a country that devotes its expertise and energy to the production of indigenous
books can have a far-reaching influence in every sphere of the national developmental activities. The
variety of books needed by the reading public is infinite and has to keep pace with changes in their needs
and taste, and as a result publishing is a competitive and high risk industry.
Teamwork is needed to produce a book and put it to reader’s hand. Each member of the team has a
necessary part to play and none of them can be eliminated. Five basic elements must exist if there is to be
a book publishing industry. These elements are-
1. The author who writes the manuscript.
2. The printer who turns the manuscript into an edition of book.
3. The publisher who publishes the book.
4. The bookseller who sells the book.
5. The reader who reads the book.
The author: The author is the creator or formulator of the ideas that is given to world through a book.
He is the arranger of the words, pictures, charts, tables etc. in which the ideas are to be present. The
author is the sole proprietor of the publication until permission is given to someone special. The author
signs a contract with the publisher to publish the books to have a specified payment depend on the
number of copies to be sold.
The printer: The printer is the manufacturer who receives the manuscript from the publishers and sends
the manufactured books back to the publisher. The printer has major contribution to make the successful
publication of particular books as well as to the strengthening and upgrading of book publishing industry.
The publisher: The publisher is in the central position in book publishing as the relationship between
writer and printer is maintained by the publisher. The publisher who is the organizer of the whole
undertakes and who usually serves as the basic taker of the business risk of book publishing. A creative
and imaginative publisher can be a great help to an author and reader as they can be benefited greatly
from the suggestion and visions of the creative publisher. The publisher has three main jobs to perform:
Editorial
Production
Sales
2. 2
The book seller: The book seller receives the books directly or indirectly from the publisher, buys them
at a discount and sales them as a higher price. The book seller is the strongest economic supporter of the
publisher as well as the author.
The reader: The reader is the end element of book publishing industry. As “books are for reader and all
the publication activities like-writing, printing, publishing etc. are done and circulated for the readers. The
author always writes and publisher publishes books keeping in mind the need of the readers. So without
readers books have no demand. So where there is a developed reading society, there is a developed book
publishing industry.
H I S T O R Y O F P U B L I S H I N G I N D U S T R I E S I N B A N G L A D E S H :
It is conjectured that the first printing press in Bangladesh was in Rangpur during 1847, about 335
kilometers away from Dhaka. The first printed piece from this printing press was a weekly newspaper
named Rangapur Barttabaha (রঙ্গপুর বার্ত্তাবহ ) in August, 1847. In addition the first two Bengali weekly
newspapers were from Rangpur. Printing machine took more than sixty years to reach East Bengal or
Dhaka from Kolkata. Several newspapers are discussed below:
Dacca Press: The first English weekly newspaper, The Dacca News was printed and published from
Dhaka in 1856. So, it is assumed that after nine years of Rangpur press, the first printing machine of
Dhaka was established and the press was named 'Dacca Press'. The printed edition of The Dacca
News came out on 18 April 1856 from the Dacca Press. In the beginning, it was a one page edition
costing two annas per copy. It was initially a weekly paper coming out on every Saturday. When Dacca
News stops printing, another English newspaper The Bengal Times was published from Dacca press and
existed till the twentieth century.
Kattra Press: A Bangladeshi writer and historian, Muntasir Mamun in his book Unish Shatake Dhakar
Mudran o Prakashana(1848–1900), mentions that he finds 'The First Report of the East Bengal
Missionary Society containing forty pages was printed at the Kattra Press, 1849' which was written on its
title page. Muntasir Mamun wants to mean Chhoto Kattra where the Baptist Missionaries resided and set
up their offices. So this report published in 1849 by Baptist Missionaries is the first printed piece. Two
more Bengali books named Prahelika (প্রহহলিকা ) and Prarthana Anukram (প্রার্তনা অনুক্রম ) were from
kattra. Kattra Press survived for four years. Then it was bought in order to publish Dacca News.
Title Page of the First Report from Kattra Press
3. 3
Bangala Jantra: The establishment of Bangala Jantra in 1860 was a watershed in the printing history of
Dhaka. Its proprietor was a Bengali. This changed things for the better because after this, Bengali books
and newspapers were being published at a frequent rate. Following this, more machines were brought to
Dhaka.
Image of Bangala Jantra
The Printing Press became an important tool of exchanging thoughts or opinions. The Brahmo
Movement in Bengal played a vital role in the printing history. The Brahmos published Dacca
Prakash (ঢাকা প্রকাশ ).
The first Bengali monthly periodical Kabita Kusumabali (কলবতা কুসুমাবিী ) of East Bengal or Dacca was
published from Bangala Jantra in 1860. But the publication of the said periodical stopped in 1860. In that
very year a monthly named Nababyabohar Sanghita (নববযবহার সংলহতা ) edited by lawyer Ramchandra
Bhowmick was published from Bangala Jantra. Deenabandhu Mitra's Neel Darpan also came out from
Bangala Jantra in 1860.
Other Printing Machines: In 1862, another machine named ‘Nutan Jantra’ was brought to Dhaka.
'Shulav Jantra' was set up in 1863. In 1869, Girish Chandra Roy put up a machine named 'Girish Jantra' in
Dhaka. In 1878-79, 'Sayedi Jantra was set up. 'Azizia Press' (আলিলিযা প্রপ্রস) was perhaps established in
1882 in Mogoltuli. Exactly, what kinds of printing machines were used in Dacca (Dhaka) cannot be
definitely said.
L O C A T I O N : The various press of Dhaka were not centred or located in a particular place. Most of
them were located in the areas between Banglabazar to Begumbazar. Apart from these, some were located
in Mogoltuli or Armanitola. As books were usually sold from Patuatuli and Baburbazar, most of the
machines were set up in these areas. The many press of Dhaka became a centre of socio economic
exchange. Book-shops or libraries were not there then. All kinds of people like authors, publishers,
editors, printers, compositors, workers, retailers and their friends - in short, all who were associated with
the books, always gathered around the many press from Banglabazar to Begumbazar.
4. 4
PROBLEMS OF PUBL I SHING INDUSTRY IN
BANGLADESH:
Publishing in Bangladesh has always had shaky financial foundations. On independence, Bangladesh did
not inherit any developed publishing infrastructure. There was however a good number of printing
presses, although they were not particularly geared to printing of books. In terms of development and
growth of the publishing industry, Bangladesh has had to face all the difficulties and constraints typical in
any developing country. Some major problems of publishing industries in Bangladesh are discussed
below:
1. Printing facilities: Printing facilities available are not geared to meet professional publishing
standards. In developed countries, every publishing has a designer. But in developing countries
like ours, the profession of book or book like materials designer is unknown and this
responsibility is left entirely on the printers who have to maintain the relation with the author in
the field of copy editing and proof reading. So lack of proper printing facilities is a great
problem in publishing.
2. Deprival of author’s royalty: Though author is the creator of the ideas and arranger of
pictures, words, tables etc. of a book, he is deprived from their royalty and for this reason in our
country, authorship is a poorly paid profession which is a problem for proper publication in the
industries. So, copyright law can protect author’s right and can encourage them in their works
which is very much important for the development of book publishing industry.
3. Lack of literacy: Bangladesh is a poor country with over growth of population where most of
the people are illiterate because of poverty. So, Absence of a sufficiently large base of effective
literacy is a problem as the illiterate cannot feel that books are important for gaining
knowledge. As a result, they don’t feel the necessity of purchasing book though book has a
strong purchasing power. So, it effects on publishing industries.
4. Economical problem: The economics of publishing industries are related to such divergent
factors as the rate of literacy, level of income, the reading habit of the population, the
government's policy towards publishing sectors, libraries and the educational system etc. Ours
is a developing country where monthly income of most of the people is very low which creates
a shortage of capital for investment in publishing books and book like materials in publishing
industries.
5. Lack of mass education: Non-existence of a mass educational system which would make
use of simply printed books, which is a problem and this problem, also makes people unaware
in recognition of book publishing as an essential enterprise.
6. Lack of professional skills: Dearth of professional’s skill in publishing, particularly skills in
editing, translation and writing is a problem for proper publishing. So, training should be
5. 5
arranged to make the professionals skilled in their works properly. For example, in The
National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB), the book publishers have none of the
professional skills of editing or manuscript handling and produce books from camera-ready
copies supplied by the NCTB.
7. High price: High price of printing paper that is suitable for books and other material also a
problem for publishing industries in our country. Besides, publicity in newspapers and
magazines is also expensive.
8. Bank’s refusal: Commercial banks' refusal to accept books as adequate collateral or
securities and hence non-availability of long-term loans on easy terms.
9. Lack of publisher’s knowledge: Lack of clear knowledge of the publishers to estimate the
print run of a book accurately is a problem for proper profit of the publishing industries.
10. Lack of government efforts: There is a lack of efforts by the government to make the book
producing community and the readers aware of the copyright and laws against piracy.
11. Problems of corruption: Purchasing of books by the government and all other institutions
under a "Tender System" encourages corruption and eats up the margins of the booksellers.
12. Seasonal priority in districts and thanas: In district towns and thanas, the book trade is a
seasonal business flourishing only during the school season. But it this trade should not be
based on a particular season rather it should be organized frequently.
13. Lack of internal or external regulation: There is no internal or external regulation to
conduct the book trade on sound and healthy lines - no agreement exists among publisher,
booksellers, distributors, (suppliers) and librarians concerning discount which would prevent
the kind of competition that often reduce profits to the bone.
14. No proper representation of National Education Policy: there is no representation of
the publishing industry in the formulation of National Education Policy.
15. Lack of modern technologies: Recent technological developments in the publishing
field of industries are needed.
16. Absence of a distribution and promotion network: Absence of a distribution and
promotion network is a hindrance towards the prosperity of publishing industries.
From the foregoing discussions it is evident that publishing industries in Bangladesh had not
progressed along the desired professional lines, but such had been the case in all developing
countries. The book industry itself has a complex structure and requires a multi-disciplinary approach
at both the government and private levels, to bring about the necessary development.
6. 6
PROSPERITY OF PUBL I SHING INDUSTRY IN
BANGLADESH:
Recently Government policy has proceeded to provide the necessary infrastructural support and
encouragement to the publishing industry in the private sector. A lot needs to be done before the industry
is able to prepare itself to face the circumstances of the 21st century. However, the publishing industries
of Bangladesh are slowly running towards prosperity which is very optimistic fact for Bangladesh. Some
facts of prosperity of publishing industries in Bangladesh are discussed below:
1. Conducting courses: Conducting postgraduate academic courses in book publishing which
makes the publisher worthy and benefited to do their work properly which is a good way to
prosperity.
2. Training programs: Organizing short-term specialized training programs for the printer and
publisher for proper maintenance of prospering the publishing industries.
3. Consultancy service: Providing consultancy services for business prospering the publishing
industries.
4. Conducting research and survey: Conducting research and survey on technical, business and
cultural aspects of publishing books or book like materials.
5. Organizing various aspects: Organizing seminars, symposium, workshop, special lectures, on
various aspects of book publishing which is very important initiative for publishing industries.
6. Increasing publishing: Increase the publishing newsletters, journals, books, occasional papers
on various aspects of book publishing day by day which is a sign of prosperity of publishing
industries of our country.
7. Creating a permanent resource center: Creating a modernized resource centre and a
database on important areas of book publishing is a great step towards the proper prosperity.
8. Promoting Translation Studies: Promoting Translation Studies and also providing interface
between various stakeholders in the field for the prosperous business in publishing industries.
9. Creating a data repository: Creating a data repository of translators and other related matters
for proper protection of publishing materials of the publishing industries.
10. Promoting reading habits: Promoting reading habits especially amongst children, students
and youth by publishing more and more books.
11. Preservation: Enhancing awareness on preservation of books without which prosperity of a
publishing industry will decrease.
12. Quest for the Book trade tools: In order to assess the prosperity of publishing in terms of
quality we need to understand that it is difficult to give any graphic descriptions where quality of
content is concerned. One important measure would have been a survey of book reviews
published in journals, newspapers, literary magazines and so on. The National Book Centre,
which oversees the Book Development activities, has maintained an informal record of general
titles being published. The National Library and Archives under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs,
publishes periodic bibliographies on the basis of the Legal Depository copies received by them
from the publishers. The first Books in Print published by the National Book Centre in
Bangladesh, prepared from the current catalogues of the publishers of the country were released
in January 1997.
7. 7
13. The Culture of Book Fairs: There is, however, a unique institution which has developed in
Bangladesh to promote books, generally referred to as the book fair culture. This feature is most
prominent during the dry winter months. Book exhibitions form an integral part of any national or
religious festivals. Some book fairs are:
Boishakhi Mela (Bangla New Year) and Ekushe Boi Mela (Language Martyrs Day held
on 21 February) is important landmark of this book fair culture. Newspapers run special
columns reporting the daily progress of these fairs.
The Dhaka Fair is a recent addition and each year important new features are added to
the Dhaka Book Fair.
So these fairs are indirectly playing very important role in the prosperity of publishing
industries as they make the readers interested in reading books
14. Increasing reading interest of the readers: The huge amount of publication of books give
the reader’s facilities in choosing books of their own choice which make them interested in
reading books. Some initiatives are:
A very significant prosperity has been the growth of readership of popular fiction. About
half a dozen writers of popular fiction were able to capture these markets.
Traditionally, poetry books would have been the centre-piece of book exhibitions, but
during the past decade it is believed that books on the Liberation War of Bangladesh and
politics have also attracted many readers.
Publishing in the private sector has grown rapidly over the last ten years. It is estimated
that about 35-40 publishing companies producing general and trade books release
between 10-15 new titles each year. A large number, between 100 to 150, of medium and
smaller publishers annually publish 5-10 books each.
The National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) publish primary level books for
the Ministry of Education. The NCTB works closely with the Publishers and Booksellers
Association. The bulk of the secondary level books are also produced for the NCTB by
members of the Association who are called publishers but are actually printing
contractors.
There are now about 20-30 large companies who produce textbooks for the secondary,
higher secondary and tertiary levels. Books for the second stream of primary, and
secondary schools in the private sector are also produced by this group. The school and
college teachers' associations are active participants in the textbook business. The NCTB
approves the books but the teachers have the option to prescribe from the approved list.
Approximately 500-700 new titles have been published each year by the authors
themselves including poetry, fiction, college textbooks and some professional books.
Publishing in this category continues to grow.
15. NGO Publishing: A significant prosperity in the last decade has been the growth of NGO
publishing. This new publishing sector may threaten the business of the private sector in the
future. Initially some NGOs running educational programs- i.e. primary and secondary education,
adult education, and non-formal education - sought books from the private sector. The private
sector, due to lack of capital and uncertain market, were loath to venture into a new and unknown
area of publishing for neo-literates and NGO schools. NGOs running education programs found
easy money from external donors imported tax-free sophisticated printing plants, paper and
colour scanners, hired high-salaried editors and illustrators, and went on to produce attractive
8. 8
books. The books are sold at a subsidized price to their own schools and educational programs.
The private sector continues to remain unconcerned and may have missed the opportunity to get
into the business. As the situations stands today, at least four large NGOs publishing educational
textbooks are in business of catering to book requirements of not only their own schools but also
other schools run by smaller NGOs who have taken up such educational programs. Additionally,
such books have found a good market in private schools throughout the country which effect a lot
in the prosperity of publishing industries.
16. Academic and Scholarly Books: The concern for the democratic institutions, the question of
national identity, good governance and economic emancipation, are some of the key issues in recent
history of Bangladesh which are the subjects of academic debates, research and scholarship in
Bangladesh. Such books are published by a handful of private and public sector publishers.
Another area of academic publishing is education and development issues. Bangladesh has come to be
a centre of development initiatives with the largest aid package recipient in the third world. Through
the publication of books on this subject Bangladesh is able to share its experience of dealing with aid,
trade, environment, disaster management, appropriate technology, and the well-known Bangladeshi
micro credit models - the Grameen Bank and other experiences.
The impact of scholarly books in Bangladesh today may not be very significant, but Bangladesh has a
great tradition of scholarly pursuits and writings. About 200 scholarly books are published in
Bangladesh annually. Significantly some Bangladeshi publishers have established international
linkages and developed co-publication arrangements. A Dhaka publisher has launched a few Asian
editions in collaboration with a leading multinational publisher. If achievements in this area can be
advanced and sustained, Bangladesh publishing will not be unprepared for the 21st century. So these
are so important steps for Bangladesh in the prosperity of publishing industries.
17. Modernization: There has been a tremendous prosperity in the technology for book production in
Bangladesh. Such as-
All grades of quality papers are allowed to be imported into Bangladesh as are printing inks
and other requisites.
The latest, most efficient versions of DTP and multimedia computers and processors are
available in the country for making 'camera-ready' copy for both Bengali and English books.
The technology for colour scanning and high-quality printing is now well established.
The skills to operate such equipment and produce excellent results have been demonstrated in
the production of a number of coffee table editions on various topics by publishers in
Bangladesh.
Fortunately, in Bangladesh the first democratic government responded to the demands of the
publishing sector and in August 1992 the Ministry of Cultural Affairs formed a broad-based
National Committee to formulate the National Book Policy. The Committee's
recommendations for a Book Policy we reapproved by the Parliamentary Committee and
subsequently by the Cabinet in early 1995. The Government has since formed an
Implementation Committee to implement the National Book Policy. The author of this paper
was a member of the Core Committee of the National Committee for Book Policy and has
prepared an English version of the National Book Policy of Bangladesh which is given in the
Appendix to this paper.
9. 9
18. Stopping piracy: Piracy of books in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is a major impediment to book
marketing in the SAARC region. The question of copyright and protection of intellectual property
needs to be considered in this context which is already under process. This is a great step against
piracy which causes hindrance in the prosperity of publishing industries especially in our country.
19. The South Asian Context: Besides being a tool for education and human resource development,
books are now an international product and a cultural commodity. They are both a vehicle for
development and a record of progress. In order to ensure appropriate prosperity, effective
dissemination and distribution of books would call for new partnerships. Also, with a view to putting
the right book in to the hands of the students and general readers, most of the impediments of price,
size, quality, adaptation and availability can be resolved by careful joint ventures and broad-based
distribution arrangements inter-regionally.
There is also the matter of promoting indigenous publishing which shall have to be given priority. Co-operation
at the regional level for books which have a common market, such as books in the following
languages: English, Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, etc. would strengthen the industry.
In every country textbooks are among the most political commodities. A knowledge system is a
powerful combination of forces which dominates in many ways the development and dissemination of
new ideas, the links between resources, expertise, the size of the academic system and infrastructure.
This means that ideas and knowledge products are to a significant degree centralized within the
countries, therefore, in this context, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
countries (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Maldives and Afghanistan) willing
to cooperate in textbook production shall have to consider de-politicizing the content of the textbooks.
These issues need to be deliberated upon by the regional partners. The library network in the member
states would be a topic of consideration in any partnership deliberations because libraries are a major
client for books. They need to be enriched with books on art, culture and history of the South Asian
countries. There is a wide variation in the book production level within the SAARC countries - ranging
from 23 titles (Maldives) to 55,000 titles (India) per year. There exists some infrastructure of the book
industry at various stages of development in each of the member states. However, the bulk of the
demand for books remains unfulfilled in all member countries, resulting in undue reliance on imported
books. This, consequently, retarding the growth of indigenous authorship and publishing.
20. Organizing “education for all” program: Some SAARC countries have taken up the program of
“Education for all" by the year 2000. Hence whatever the stage of development in the countries of the
region, availability of books constitutes a basic and vital component of educational expansion. Also the
thirst for knowledge and the need for more and better books at reasonable prices and their widest
possible distribution to inaccessible places within the countries of the region calls for regional co-operation
in the area of book production and distribution. This co-operation must be essentially based
on the premise that there are advantages to be derived from coming together in order to benefit from
collective strength, while retaining individuality. The signing of the South Asian Preferential Trade
(SAPTA) by the SAARC countries has opened up new horizons for intra-regional trade and Article 3 of
SAPTA encourages such cooperation among potential trading partners.
10. 10
21. The Case of Copyright in South Asia: As in all developing countries, copyright here is seen as a
barrier to free flow of knowledge and information! Piracy and copyright violations are a major
impediment to the development of a strong indigenous book industry. The 'privacy culture' prevails. A
glaring example is the vernacular press in this region. Translations of works of foreign authors take up
large spaces in newspapers to keep the readers informed of the most current works of the creative
minds of the world, without any reference to the owners of copyright. The other embarrassing example
is the large scale piracy in Bangladesh of the educational books prescribed in English medium private
schools preparing students for British universities 'O' and 'A' levels certificate examinations. Some of
the government agencies of this region have embarked upon translations and reprinting of important
reference and textbooks for students' education without even referring to the authors or publishers of
the books. In order to protect the interests of the authors, the interest of the state to protect creators of
library and artistic works and to develop its own national cultural heritage, development of national
copyright laws in conformity with the international copyright treaties must become a priority in
countries where copyright protection is minimal. Recognition of copyright would be incomplete if
limited to national frontiers. This is so since every country, through the creative activity of its
nationals, has something to offer to humanity.
22. The Asian Context: Singapore and Hong Kong have been long-term partners in book trade with
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Major American and British publishers have regional publishing
outlets or offices in Singapore and Hong Kong, which have traditionally met the needs for imported
books in the South Asian region. Indian publishers have already set up important links with the book
trade in Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Myanmar. Some of the Indian book
distributors are already trading South Asian books in these markets. It will not be long before
Bangladesh and Pakistan will be finding markets in East Asia for their books. As indigenous books
develop in the South Asian region over the next two decades, inter-regional trade is bound to grow on
sound footing. The advance in technology and the expansion of the Internet and multimedia have
brought forth new possibilities in collaboration in the Asia Pacific region. These new systems can
only help us develop our creativity and innovativeness in marshalling our strengths to take advantage
of the fundamental shift in the publishing industry that is taking place throughout the world. This is
because economic gaps have widened and books published in the North have become unaffordable in
the South.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, we may say that publishing in Bangladesh has been a constant struggle to overcome the
constraints. With the implementation of the National Book Policy and strengthening of the institutions
responsible to provide infrastructural support, the publishing industry is destined to become viable.
Moreover, if Bangladesh publishers are able to advance and sustain their existing achievements, there
should be no difficulty for the industry to step safely into the next century.