The document provides an overview of key concepts in social studies including: 1) Definitions of various social science fields like history, economics, geography, and their practitioners. 2) Distinctions between primary and secondary sources. 3) Concepts of cultural diffusion and ethnocentrism with examples. 4) Influences of geographic features on river valley civilizations and trade. 5) Characteristics of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley.

1. Global midterm review

2. The Social Studies Historian: Person who studies the past through researching & creating documents Economi$t: Person who studies how limited resources are allocated to satisfy unlimited needs Geographer: Someone who studies the earth’s physical environment and human habitat Political Scientist: person who studies governments

3. The Social Studies Sociologist: Person who studies & classifies the ways humans behave in groups Anthropologist: Person who studies the origins and social relationships of people Archeologist: Person who studies ancient civilizations by examining the materials they left behind. Study people & primates Study objects &artifacts

4. Sources Primary Source: Document created by someone who was there as event was happening Diary Picture Secondary Source Document created by someone who wasn’t there as the event was happening Textbook VS.

5. Cultural Diffusion Definition: The movement of customs & ideas from one culture to another. Example: Spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road

6. Ethnocentrism Definition: Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group. Example: Chinese referred to their country as the “Middle Kingdom” (center of the world). All other people were considered “barbarians”

7. Minoans, Phoenicians Isolate societies, encourage trade Islands Indian monsoon traders Act as barriers and trade routes Oceans Persian Empire Flat areas easy to farm and travel along Plains Gobi desert in China Act as barriers Deserts Greek city-states Act as barriers Mountains Nile in Egypt Provides fresh water for drinking, trade, irrigation Rivers Specific Example Impact Geographic Feature

8. Maps Political Physical VS.

9. III. Early Humans/Neolithic Revolution Larger societies organized around farmlands Cities Government Writing Domestication of plants and animals (farming) Small groups of hunters and gatherers Short, difficult lives Life After the Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution Life Before the Neolithic Revolution

10. Early River Valley Civilizations Based on trade & farming Emperor (centralized government) Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate Huang He (Yellow River) Based on trade & farming Centralized government Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate Indus River Valley/Harappa Based on trade & farming King (centralized government) Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate Mesopotamia Based on trade & farming King (Pharaoh) (centralized government) Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate Egypt Economic Characteristics Political Characteristics Social Characteristics River Valley Civilization

11. Common Themes

12. Define: Monotheism Belief in a single god Examples? The Bible (New Testament) 5 Pillars

13. Buddhism What’s my name?

14. The caste system

15. Polytheism

16. The holy book of Judaism The Torah

17. The 5 Relationships of Confucianism 1) King to subject 2) Father to son 4) Older sibling to younger sibling 5) Friend to friend 3) Husband to wife

18. The 3 major monotheistic religions

19. Hinduism

20. Right now Pass your homework forward and to the right Take out your review sheet Help before or after school?

21. The Four Noble Truths 1. Life means suffering. 2. The origin of suffering is desire. 3. The end of suffering is attainable. 4. There is a path to the end of suffering.

22. The founder of Judaism

25. Yin & Yang Forces of yin, yang interact, complement each other; change, evolve - yin (black)—cold, dark, mysterious - yang (white)—warm, bright Understanding yin and yang helped people find place in the world

26. What role did Confucianism play in China’s development? Confucianism set out family and social roles - following these roles helped Chinese avoid conflict and live peacefully Rulers tried to live up to Confucius’ model Confucius encouraged education, creating fair and skilled officials (Civil Service)

27. Pilgrimage to Mecca There is no God but Allah Daily prayer Religious taxes Fasting during Ramadan

28. Who brought Hinduism to India?

29. Why was Buddhism appealing to Hindus?

30. Confucianism

31. Animism

33. China’s Dynastic Cycle New Dynasty Brings Peace (Re)builds Infrastructure Gives land to peasants Protects people Generations go by, New Dynasty becomes… Old Dynasty Taxes become too high Can’t protect people Infrastructure decays People treated poorly Problems Floods, earthquakes Peasant revolts Invaders attack Bandits raid countryside New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven Old Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven

34. How did emperors gain power in China?

35. Organization of Chinese government Bureaucracy: people who work for the government Civil service  exam meant that only qualified people could work in government

36. Methods of control in China Feudalism

37. Early Chinese Accomplishments Road building Iron weapons Iron tools Writing system

38. China continues to have a strong government and use strict punishment system. the people of China focused on bettering themselves and becoming one with nature Trained civil service Better government Foundation of Chinese government Foundation for social order in Asia Impact on China People are naturally evil and need a strong government and strict punishments to control them accepted things as they were; did not get involved in government Tried to understand nature, live in harmony with its rhythms 5 Relationships Filial Piety (respect for elders & ancestors) Beliefs N/A Dao De Jing The Analects Book Han Feizi Laozi Confucius Founder Legalism Daoism Confucianism Belief System

39. Famous Greeks Socrates: Father of Western Philosophy Plato: famous philosopher Aristotle: philosopher, taught Alex the Great Pericles: Leader of Athens during golden age Alexander the Great: Macedonian, conquered most of the world… Hellenistic culture Homer: wrote the Iliad & Odyssey (basis for Greek cultural tradition

40. Kinds of Governments Democracy: people vote Direct democracy: everyone votes on every law Oligarchy: small group of people control country Monarchy: one person in charge (king, emperor) Aristocracy: small hereditary group of wealthy people control country

41. Characteristics of Athens Social: Political: Economic:

42. Athens vs. Sparta

43. Ancient Greek Art

45. Thematic Essay