The formation of english words through derivation

1
THE FORMATION
OF ENGLISH
NOUNS THROUGH
DERIVATION

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A. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ion
1. Decision
[Decide (V) + -ion (Suf)]
Decision (N) /dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/
Meaning: A choice
Example: They could not make a decision about where to go on the next holiday.
She has had to make some very difficult decisions.
Source: Longman New Junior English Dictionary (.pdf) page 85

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2. Invasion
[Invade (V) + -ion (Suf)]
Invasion (N) /in’veiЗ(e)n/
Meaning: Entering a country by force with an army
Example: The photographers climbing over the wall constituted an invasion of
privacy.
Source: Easier English Student Dictionary (.pdf) page 448

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3. Connection
[Connect (V) + -ion (Suf)]
Connection (N) /kə’nekʃən/
Meaning: A relationship between things
Example: There is a definite connection between smoking and lung cancer.

5
4. Association
[Associate (V) + -ion (Suf)]
Association (N) /ə,ssəυsi’eiʃ(ə)n/
Meaning: An official group of people or a group of companies in the same trade.
Example: The British Medical Association is campaigning for a complete ban on
tobacco advertising.

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5. Correction
[Correct (V) + -ion (Suf)]
Correction (N) /kəˈrek.ʃən/
Meaning: A change made to something in order to correct or improve it, or when you
make such a change.
Example: She was disappointed to see her essay returned with a mass of corrections
in red ink.

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B. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ty
1. Honesty
[Honest (Adj) + -ty (Suf)]
Honesty (N) /ˈɒn.ə.sti/
Meaning: The quality of being honest
Example: In all honesty I don’t think we’ll be able to finish the job on time.

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2. Opportunity
[Opportune (Adj) + -ty (Suf)]
Opportunity (N) /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nə.ti/
Meaning: An occasion or situation which makes it possible to do something that you
want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something.
Example: Everyone will have an opportunity to comment.

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3. Cruelty
[Cruel (Adj) + -ty (Suf)]
Cruelty (N) /ˈkruː.əl.ti/
Meaning: Cruel behavior or a cruel action.
Example: The farmer was accused of cruelty to animals.

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4. Purity
[Pure (Adj) + -ty (Suf)]
Purity (N) /ˈpjʊə.rɪ.ti/
Meaning: The state of not being mixed with anything else
Example: The atrocities carried out in the name of ethnic purity.

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5. Loyalty
[Loyal (Adj) + -ty (Suf)]
Loyalty (N) /ˈlɔɪ.əl.ti/
Meaning: The quality of being loyal
Example: The atrocities carried out in the name of ethnic purity.

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C. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ment
1. Entertainment
[Entertain (V) + -ment (Suf)]
Entertainment (N) /en.təˈteɪn.mənt/
Meaning: Shows, films, television, or other performances or activities that
entertain people, or a performance of this type
Example: There's not much in the way of entertainment in this town - just the
cinema and a couple of pubs.

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2. Arrangement
[Arrange (V) + -ment (Suf)]
Arrangement (N) /əˈreɪndʒ.mənt/
Meaning: A plan for how something will happen
An agreement between two people or groups about how something
happens or will happen
Example: They would made all the arrangements for the part.

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3. Appointment
[Appoint (V) + -ment (Suf)]
Appointment (N) /əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/
Meaning: A formal arrangement to meet or visit someone at a particular time and
place.
When someone is officially chosen for a job, or the job itself
Example: I'd like to make an appointment with Doctor Evans, please.
We would like to announce the appointment of Julia Lewis as head of
sales.

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4. Agreement
[Agree (V) + -ment (Suf)]
Agreement (N) /əˈgriː.mənt/
Meaning: When people have the same opinion, or when they approve of or accept
something.
A decision or arrangement, often formal and written, between two or
more groups or people
Example: The whole family was in agreement with her about/on what they should
do.
The dispute was settled by an agreement that satisfied both sides.

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5. Employment
[Employ (V) + -ment (Suf)]
Employment (N) /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/
Meaning: When someone is paid to work for a company or organization
Example: Employment levels are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of
next year.
How long have you been looking for employment?

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D. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ness
1. Likeness
[Like (V) + -ness (Suf)]
Employment (N) /ˈlaɪk.nəs/
Meaning: Being similar in appearance
Example: There's a definite family likeness around the eyes.
The sketch is an astonishing likeness of grandmother.

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2. Happiness
[Happy (Adj) + -ness (Suf)]
Happiness (N) /ˈhæp.ɪ.nəs/
Meaning: The feeling of being happy
Example: It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind.
Will you join me in wishing the bride and groom every happiness?

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3. Sadness
[Sad (Adj) + -ness (Suf)]
Sadness (N) /ˈsæd.nəs/
Meaning: A feeling of being very unhappy
Example: Her sadness at her grandfather's death was obvious.

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4. Awareness
[Aware (Adj) + -ness (Suf)]
Awareness (N) /əˈweə.nəs/
Meaning: Knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or
subject at the present time based on information or experience
Example: Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously.
Environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past
decade.

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5. Weakness
[Weak (Adj) + -ness (Suf)]
Weakness (N) /ˈwiːk.nəs/
Meaning: When someone or something is not strong or powerful
A particular part or quality of someone or something that is not good or
effective
Example: Any change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness.
There are definite weaknesses in their security arrangements.
His main weakness as a manager is his inability to delegate.

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E. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –hood
1. Brotherhood
[Brotherhood (N) + -hood (Suf)]
Brotherhood (N) /ˈbrʌð.ə.hʊd/
Meaning: (the members of) a particular organization or (more generally)
friendship and loyalty
Example: The various groups eventually fused into a single brotherhood.
The ideal of the brotherhood of man is still far from reality.

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2. Boyhood
[Boy (N) + -hood (Suf)]
Boyhood (N) /ˈbɔɪ.hʊd/
Meaning: The period when a person is a boy, and not yet a man, or the state of
being a boy
Example: The transition from boyhood to manhood can be a confusing period.
It was his boyhood ambition/dream to become a film director.

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3. Falsehood
[False (Adj) + -hood (Suf)]
Falsehood (N) /ˈfɒls.hʊd/
Meaning: A lie, something which is not true
Example: She doesn't seem to understand the difference between truth and
falsehood.

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F. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ance
1. Entrance
[Enter (V) + -ance (Suf)]
Entrance (N) /ˈen.trənt s/
Meaning: A door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place
The act of a person coming into a room in an ordinary situation,
although often because there is something noticeable about it
Example: There are two entrances - one at the front and one round the back.
I noticed her entrance because she slipped and fell in the doorway.
Source: Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary page 149

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2. Assistance
[Assist (V) + -ance (Suf)]
Assistance (N) /əˈsɪs.t nt s/
Meaning: Help
Example: The company needs more financial assistance from the Government.
A £1 billion investment would be of considerable assistance to the
railways.

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3. Hindrance
[Hinder (V) + -ance (Suf)]
Hindrance (N) /ˈhɪn.drən t /
Meaning: Something which makes it more difficult for you to do something or for
something to develop
Example: I've never considered my disability a hindrance, but other people have.
The police have orders to let anyone through without let or hindrance.

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4. Appearance
[Appear (V) + -ance (Suf)]
Appearance (N) /əˈpɪə.rənt s/
Meaning: An occasion when someone appears in public
Example: It was his first appearance on television/television appearance as
president.
She will be making a public appearance, signing copies of her latest
novel.
This was the defendant's third court appearance for the same offence.

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5. Admittance
[Admit (V) + -ance (Suf)]
Admittance (N) / ədˈmɪt. ənt s/
Meaning: Permission to enter a place
Example: The sign read 'Private - no admittance'.
The enquiry centred on how the assassin had gained admittance to the
building.

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G. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ence
1. Difference
[Differ (V) + -ence (Suf)]
Difference (N) /ˈdɪf. ər. ənt s/
Meaning: The way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not
the same
Example: What's the difference between an ape and a monkey?
Is there any significant difference in quality between these two items?

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2. Defence
[Defend (V) + -ence (Suf)]
Defence (N) /dɪˈfent s/
Meaning: Protection or support against attack, criticism or infection
Example: The rebels' only form of defence against the soldiers' guns was sticks
and stones.
The war has ended but government spending on defence is still
increasing.
When Helen criticized me, Chris came/rushed to my defence.

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3. Resistance
[Resist (V) + -ence (Suf)]
Resistance (N) /rɪˈzɪs.t ənt s/
Meaning: When something or someone resists
Example: Government troops offered no resistance.
He advancing soldiers met with stiff resistance.

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4. Confidence
[Confide (V) + -ence (Suf)]
Confidence (N) /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt s/
Meaning: The quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in
people, plans, or the future.
Example: She's got the confidence to walk into a room of strangers and
immediately start a conversation.
She's very timid - completely lacking in (self-) confidence.

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H. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –er/-or
1. Dancer
[Dance (V) + -er (Suf)]
Confidence (N) /ˈdɑːnt .sər/
Meaning: Someone who dances either as a job or for pleasure
Example: He's a dancer in the Royal Ballet.
I never knew you were such a good dancer.

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2. Duster
[Dust (V) + -er (Suf)]
Duster (N) /ˈdʌs.tə r/
Meaning: A piece of cloth that is used for removing dust from furniture, books,
surfaces, etc.
Example: The teacher used the duster to erase the students’ works from the
blackboard.

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3. Driver
[Drive (V) + -er (Suf)]
Driver (N) /ˈdraɪ.və r/
Meaning: Someone who drives a vehicle
Example: The car has been adapted for disabled drivers.
He was trying to change the wheel, when a truck drew up and the driver
offered his assistance.

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4. Director
[Direct (V) + -or (Suf)]
Director (N) /da ɪˈrek.tə r/
Meaning: A manager of an organization, company, college, etc.
Example: She has become the director of the new information centre.
The manager is answerable to the directors for the smooth running of
the office.

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5. Surveyor
[Survey (V) + -or (Suf)]
Surveyor (N) /səˈveɪ.ər/
Meaning: A person whose job is to measure and record the details of areas of land.
A person who is specially trained to examine buildings and discover
whether there are any problems with their structure.
Example: He is a chartered surveyor.

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I. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ce
1. Difference
[Different (V) + -ce (Suf)]
Difference (N) /ˈdɪf.ər.ə nt s/
Meaning: The way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not
the same
Example: Only an expert can tell the difference between a cultured pearl and a
real one.
Can you tell the difference between an apple and a pear with your eyes
shut?

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2. Absence
[Absent (Adj) + -ce (Suf)]
Absence (N) /ˈæb.sə nt s/
Meaning: When someone is not where they are usually expected to be
Example: A new manager was appointed during/in her absence.
She has had repeated absences from work this year.

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3. Patience
[Patient (Adj) + -ce (Suf)]
Patience (N) /ˈpeɪ.ʃənts/
Meaning: The ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties,
or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed
Example: You have to have such a lot of patience when you're dealing with kids.
In the end I lost my patience and shouted at her.
He's a good teacher, but he doesn't have much patience with the slower
pupils.

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4. Confidence
[Confident (Adj) + -ce (Suf)]
Confidence (N) /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt s/
Meaning: The quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in
people, plans, or the future
Example: The public has lost confidence in beef as a result of BSE.
The staff do not have much confidence in their manager.
I have total confidence in the pilot.

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5. Distance
[Distant (Adj) + -ce (Suf)]
Distance (N) /ˈdɪs.t ənt s/
Meaning: The amount of space between two places
From a place that is not near
Example: What's the distance between Madrid and Barcelona/ from Madrid to
Barcelona?
He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.
From a distance he looks a bit like James Bond.

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J. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –cy
1. Agency
[Agent (N) + -cy (Suf)]
Agency (N) /ˈeɪ.dʒənt .si/
Meaning: A business which represents one group of people when dealing with
another group
Example: We have the agency for Ford cars.
She is licensed to run an employment agency.

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2. Bankruptcy
[Bankrupt (N) + -cy (Suf)]
Bankruptcy (N) /ˈbæŋ.krəpt.si/
Meaning: A situation in which a business or a person becomes bankrupt
Example: The company was forced into bankruptcy.
The toll of bankruptcies was rising daily.

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3. Infancy
[Infant (N) + -cy (Suf)]
Infancy (N) /ˈɪn.fənt .si/
Meaning: The time when someone is a baby or a very young child
To be very new and still developing
Example: Her youngest child died in infancy.
The system is still in its infancy.
Two of her children died in infancy.

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4. Pregnancy
[Pregnant (N) + -cy (Suf)]
Pregnancy (N) /ˈpreg.nənt.si/
Meaning: The state of being pregnant
Example: Most women feel sick in the mornings during their first months of
pregnancy.
My first pregnancy was very straightforward - there were no
complications.

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5. Vacancy
[Vacant (N) + -cy (Suf)]
Vacancy (N) /ˈveɪ.kənt .si/
Meaning: A space or place which is available to be used
A job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to
do
Example: We wanted to book a hotel room in July but there were no vacancies.
The dentist can't see you today but she has a vacancy tomorrow
morning.
There are still some vacancies for students in science and engineering
courses, but the vacancies in humanities have been filled.
There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays.

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K. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –al
1. Burial
[Bury (V) + -al (Suf)]
Burial (N) /ˈber.i.əl/
Meaning: The act of putting a dead body into the ground, or the ceremony
connected with this
Example: We went back to Ireland for my uncle's burial.
The ceremonial for the burial of the dead is laid out in the prayer book.

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2. Approval
[Approve (V) + -al (Suf)]
Approval (N) /əˈpruː.vəl/
Meaning: When you have a positive opinion of someone or something
Example: He showed his approval by smiling broadly.
Alan is someone who always needs the approval of other people.
Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval.

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3. Arrival
[Arrive (V) + -al (Suf)]
Arrival (N) /əˈraɪ.vəl/
Meaning: When someone or something arrives somewhere
Example: Hundreds gathered to await the boxer's arrival at the airport.
On arrival at the police station, they were taken to an interview room.
We regret the late arrival of Flight 237.

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4. Proposal
[Propose (V) + -al (Suf)]
Proposal (N) /prəˈpəʊ.zəl/
Meaning: A suggestion, sometimes a written one
Example: Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the
president.
There has been an angry reaction to the government's proposal to
reduce unemployment benefit.
Have you read Steve's proposals for the new project?

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5. Disposal
[Dispose (V) + -al (Suf)]
Disposal (N) /dɪˈspəʊ.z əl/
Meaning: When you get rid of something, especially by throwing it away
Example: I would take you if I could, but I don't have a car at my disposal this
week.
Having sold the house she had a large sum of money at her disposal.

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L. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ee
1. Absentee
[absent (V) + -ee (Suf)]
Disposal (N) /ˌæb.sənˈtiː/
Meaning: Someone who is not at school or work when they should be
Example: There are several absentees in the school this week, because a lot of
people have got flu.

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2. Addressee
[Address (V) + -ee (Suf)]
Disposal (N) /ˌæd.resˈiː/
Meaning: Someone who is not at school or work when they should be
Example: There are several absentees in the school this week, because a lot of
people have got flu.

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3. Amputee
[Amputate (V) + -ee (Suf)]
Amputee (N) /ˌæm.pjʊˈtiː/
Meaning: A person who has had an arm or leg cut off
Example: The doctor is examining the amputee to make sure that she is all right.

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M. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –an
1. Indonesian
[Indonesian (N) + -an (Suf)]
Indonesian (N) /ˌɪn.dəˈniː.ʒən/
Meaning: People who comes from Indonesia
Example: I did not realize that one of my friends in class was Indonesian.
The chairman of that big company is Indonesian.

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2. American
[America (N) + -an (Suf)]
American (N) /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/
Meaning: People who comes from America.
Example: They drive a big American car.
Leather jackets are as American as apple pie and Harley-Davidsons.

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3. Australian
[Australia (N) + -an (Suf)]
Australian (N) /ɒsˈtreɪ.li.ən/
Meaning: People who comes from Australia.
Example: All Australian citizens have a duty to vote.
What is the price in Australian dollars?

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4. Librarian
[Library (N) + -an (Suf)]
Librarian (N) /laɪˈbreə.ri.ən/
Meaning: A person who works in a library
Example: Mrs Jones is our new librarian – she is taking over from the present
incumbent next month.

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N. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ism
1. Absolutism
[Absolute (N) + -ism (Suf)]
Absolutism (N) /ˈæb.sə.luː.tɪ.zəm/
Meaning: A political system in which a single ruler, group or political party has
complete power over a country
Example: Absolutism is a type of national monarchy in which the monarch has
great power and tends to be looked up to with awe and reference.

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2. Ageism
[Age (N) + -ism (Suf)]
Ageism (N) /ˈeɪ.dʒɪ.zəm/
Meaning: Treating people unfairly because of their age
Example: Ageism is a form of discrimination and prejudice, particularly
experiences by seniors.

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3. Alcoholism
[Alcohol (N) + -ism (Suf)]
Alcoholism (N) /ˈæl.kə.hɒl.ɪ.zəm/
Meaning: The condition of being an alcoholic
Example: Alcoholism cost me my job, my health and finally my family.

64
4. Activism
[Activist (N) + -ism (Suf)]
Activism (N) /æk.tɪ.vɪ.zəm/
Meaning: The use of direct and noticeable action to achieve a result, usually a
political or social.
Example: The levels of trade union and political activism in this country have
greatly declined in the past fifteen years.

65
5. Egoism
[Egoist (N) + -ism (Suf)]
Egoism (N) /ˈiː.gəʊ .ɪ.zəm/
Meaning: Thinking only about yourself and considering yourself better and more
important than other people
Example: Finding herself world-famous by the time she was eighteen only
encouraged the actress's egotism.

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O. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ist
1. Futurist
[Future (N) + -ist (Suf)]
Futurist (N) /ˈfjuː.tʃər.ɪst /
Meaning: Someone who think about future
Example: At the unspoiled North Bay, three white pyramids rise like futurist sails
from the sea.
Her latest novel is a futurist thriller, set some time in the late twenty-
first century.

67
2. Sociologist
[Sociology (N) + -ist (Suf)]
Sociologist (N) /ˌsəʊ.siˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
Meaning: Someone who studies or is an expert in sociology
Example: My friend’s father is a sociologist.
He specializes in the sociologist of education/law/the family.

68
3. Specialist
[Special (Adj) + -ist (Suf)]
Specialist (N) /ˈspeʃ.əl.ɪst/
Meaning: Someone who has a lot of experience, knowledge or skill in a particular
subject.
Example: She's a specialist in modern French literature.
She's a specialist in childhood illnesses.
I've asked to be referred to a specialist about my back pain.

69
4. Panellist
[Panel (N) + -ist (Suf)]
Panellist (N) /ˈpæn.əl.ɪst/
Meaning: A member of a panel (TEAM)
Example: Panellists on the Arts Review Board serve for a maximum of three
years.

70
5. Vocalist
[Vocal (N) + -ist (Suf)]
Vocalist (N) /ˈvəʊ.kəl.ɪst/
Meaning: A person who sings, especially with a group who play popular music
Example: She won the Grammy Award for Best Female Vocalist.
Tom DeLonge is one of the best vocalists in punkrock music.

71
P. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –acy
1. Intimacy
[Intimate (Adj) + -acy (Suf)]
Intimacy (N) /ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/
Meaning: When you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with someone
Things which are said or done only by people who have a close
relationship with each other
Example: Intimacy between teachers and students is not recommended.
It was obvious from their witty intimacies that they had been good
friends for many years.

72
2. Intricacy
[Intricate (Adj) + -acy (Suf)]
Intricacy (N) /ˈɪn.trɪ.kə.si/
Meaning: Complicated details
When something has a lot of complicated small parts or details
Example: I enjoyed the film, but I couldn't follow all the intricacies of the plot.
The intricacy of the needlework.

73
3. Legitimacy
[Legitimate (Adj) + -acy (Suf)]
Legitimacy (N) /ləˈdʒɪt.ɪ.mə.si/
Meaning: The quality of being legal or acceptable
Example: The government expressed serious doubts about the legitimacy of
military action.

74
4. Obstinacy
[Obstinate (Adj) + -acy (Suf)]
Obstinacy (N) /ˈɒb.stɪ.nə.si/
Meaning: Strength of will
Example: She has a great obstinacy to succeed.

75
Q. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –age
1. Carriage
[Carry (V) + -age (Suf)]
Carriage (N) /ˈkær.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: A vehicle with four wheels, which is usually pulled by horses and was
used especially in the past.
Example: Carriage is 15% of the total cost.
How much do they charge for carriage?

76
2. Marriage
[Marry (V) + -age (Suf)]
Marriage (N) /ˈmær.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: A legally accepted relationship between a woman and a man in which
they live as husband and wife, or the official ceremony which results in
this.
Example: They had a long and happy marriage.
She went to live abroad after the break-up of her marriage.
She has two daughters by her first marriage.

77
3. Package
[Pack (V) + -age (Suf)]
Package (N) /ˈpæk.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: A parcel
A related group of things when they are offered together as a single unit
Example: The postman has just delivered a package for you.
The package was wrapped in plain brown paper.
The aid package for the earthquake-hit area will include emergency
food and medical supplies.

78
4. Blockage
[Block (V) + -age (Suf)]
Blockage (N) /ˈblɒk.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: Something that stops something else passing through, or when
something does this.
Example: His death was caused by a blockage in one of his arteries.

79
5. Hermitage
[Hermit (V) + -age (Suf)]
Hermitage (N) /ˈblɒk.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: A place where a religious person lives on their own, apart from the rest
of society.
Example: Some abbeys are now used as hermitages.
The college/hospital/prison has its own hermitage.

80
R. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –dom
1. Boredom
[Bore (V) + -dom (Suf)]
Boredom (N) /ˈbɔː.dəm/
Meaning: When you are bored
Example: They started quarrelling out of sheer boredom.
The village is a boredom for many young people.
It's the unrelieved boredom of big industrial cities that depresses me.

81
2. Freedom
[Free (Adj) + -dom (Suf)]
Freedom (N) /ˈfriː.dəm/
Meaning: The condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc.
whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited.
Example: I felt such a sense of freedom, up in the hills alone.
Children are allowed much more freedom these days.
At university, you have the freedom to do what you want.

82
3. Kingdom
[King (N) + -dom (Suf)]
Kingdom (N) /ˈkɪŋ.dəm/
Meaning: A country ruled by a king or queen
An area which is controlled by a particular person or where a particular
quality is important.
Example: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The kingdom of God/Heaven.

83
S. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ry/-ery
1. Bravery
[Brave (Adj) + -ry (Suf)]
Bravery (N) /ˈbreɪ.vər.i/
Meaning: When someone is brave, or actions that are brave
Example: They were awarded medals for their bravery.
He had the bravery to blame me for his mistake!
It took a lot of bravery to stand up and criticize the chairman.

84
2. Citizenry
[Citizen (N) + -ry (Suf)]
Citizenry (N) /ðəˈsɪt.ɪ.zən.ri/
Meaning: The group of people who live in a particular city, town, area or country
Example: The country's citizenry is/are more politically aware than in the past.
The chief's son would inherit all his citizenries.

85
3. Dentistry
[Dentist (N) + -ry (Suf)]
Dentistry (N) /ˈden.tɪ.stri/
Meaning: The work of a dentist
Example: You should have your teeth checked by dentistry at least twice a year.

86
4. Machinery
[Machine (N) + -ery (Suf)]
Machinery (N) /məˈʃiː.nə.ri/
Meaning: A group of large machines or the parts of a machine which make it
work
Example: His hand was injured when he got it caught in the machinery.
The most popular exhibit in the museum was a giant machinery
dinosaur.

87
5. Mockery
[Mock (N) + -ery (Suf)]
Mockery (N) /ˈmɒk.ər.i/
Meaning: When you mock someone or something
An action or event which is a failure and makes the people involved in
or affected by it appear silly
Example: Bill's mockery of his dad's twitch was a bit cruel, but it made us laugh.
The trial was a mockery - the judge had decided the verdict before it
began.

88
T. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –ure
1. Departure
[Depart (V) + -ure (Suf)]
Departure (N) /dɪˈpɑː.tʃər/
Meaning: When a person or vehicle, etc. leaves somewhere
Example: There are several departures (= buses, trains, ships or aircraft leaving)
for Paris every day.
Our departure was delayed because of bad weather.

89
2. Mixture
[Mix (V) + -ure (Suf)]
Mixture (N) /ˈmɪks.tʃər/
Meaning: A substance made from a combination of different substances, or any
combination of different things.
Example: The mixture of flour, water and yeast is then left in a warm place for
four hours.
Their latest CD is a mixture of new and old songs.

90
3. Furniture
[Furnish (V) + -ure (Suf)]
Furniture (N) /ˈfɜː.nɪ.tʃər/
Meaning: Things such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. which are put into a
house or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or
working in
Example: They have a lot of antique furniture.
The only piece/item of furniture he has in his bedroom is a bed.

91
4. Pleasure
[Please (V) + -ure (Suf)]
Pleasure (N) /ˈpleʒ.ər/
Meaning: Enjoyment, happiness or satisfaction, or something that gives this
Example: His visits gave his grandparents such pleasure.
Why do so many boys take pleasure in torturing insects and small
animals.
It was such a pleasure to meet you.

92
5. Pressure
[Press (V) + -ure (Suf)]
Pressure (N) /ˈpreʃ.ər/
Meaning: the force you produce when you press something.
The force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area.
Example: He put too much pressure on the door handle and it snapped.
You can stop bleeding by applying pressure close to the injured area.
The new material allows the company to make gas pipes which
withstand higher pressures.

93
U. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –y
1. Discovery
[Discover (V) + -y (Suf)]
Discovery (N) /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/
Meaning: The process of finding information, a place or an object, especially for
the first time, or the thing which is found
Example: Leonardo made many scientific discoveries.
The discovery of a body in the undergrowth started a murder enquiry.

94
2. Delivery
[Deliver (V) + -y (Suf)]
Delivery (N) /dɪˈlɪv.ər.i/
Meaning: When goods, letters, parcels, etc. are taken to people's houses or places
of work
Example: We get two deliveries of mail (= it is delivered twice) a day.
You can pay for the carpet on delivery (= when it is delivered) .
We expect to take delivery of (= receive) our new car next week.

95
3. Injury
[Injury (V) + -y (Suf)]
Injury (N) /ˈɪn.dʒər.i/
Meaning: Physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or
an attack
Example: Several train passengers received/sustained serious injuries in the
crash.
Injuries to the spine are common amongst these workers.
They were lucky to escape (without) injury.

96
4. Recovery
[Recover (V) + -y (Suf)]
Recovery (N) /rɪˈkʌv.ər.i/
Meaning: The process of getting back something lost, especially health, ability,
possessions, etc.
Example: Mira made a full/speedy, etc. recovery from (= became well again
after) the operation.
At last the economy is showing signs of recovery (= is starting to
improve) .
The police arranged the recovery (= the getting back) of her body
from the river.

97
V. The formation of EnglishNouns With the Suffix –th
1. Health
[Heal (V) + -th (Suf)]
Health (N) /helθ/
Meaning: The condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness,
or the state of being well.
Example: Regular exercise is good for your health.
I had to give up drinking for health reasons.
He gave up work because of ill- health.

98
2. Wealth
[Weal (N) + -th (Suf)]
Wealth (N) /welθ/
Meaning: A large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has.
Example: During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of
wealth.
Jim has a wealth of teaching experience.
Russia has a wealth of coal and timber.

99
3. Length
[Long (Adj) + -th (Suf)]
Length (N) /leŋk θ/
Meaning: The measurement of something from end to end or along its longest side
Example: The boat is ten metres in length.
The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles.
She planted rose bushes (along) the length of the garden (= the
whole distance along it) .

100
4. Truth
[True (Adj) + -th (Suf)]
Truth (N) /truːθ/
Meaning: The quality of being true
Example: There would seem to be some truth in what she says.
There is no truth in the reports of his resignation.
You cannot question the truth of his alibi.
And yet what he says contains at least a grain of (= a small amount of)
truth.

101
5. Width
[Wide (Adj) + -th (Suf)]
Width (N) /wɪtθ/
Meaning: The distance across something from one side to the other
Example: It is 5 metres in width.
The needle is seven times smaller than the width of a human hair.
The material is available in various widths.

102
W. The formation of English Nouns With the Suffix –ant
1. Servant
[Serve (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Servant (N) /ˈsɜː.vənt/
Meaning: A person who is employed in another person's house, doing jobs such as
cooking and cleaning, especially in the past.
A person who works for the government.
Example: Public servants should be incorruptible.

103
2. Consultant
[Consult (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Consultant (N) /kənˈsʌl.tənt/
Meaning: Someone who advises people on a particular subject
Example: We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our
image.
The doctor gave him a referral to the consultant.
Eventually they found a consultant they felt they could do business
with .

104
3. Contestant
[Contest (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Contestant (N) /kənˈtes.tənt/
Meaning: Someone who competes in a contest
Example: In tonight's quiz, our contestants have come from all over the country.
Two main candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.

105
X. The formation of English Nouns With the Suffix –ing
1. Beginning
[Begin (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Beginning (N) /bɪˈgɪn.ɪŋ/
Meaning: The first part of something or the start of something
Example: Notes on how to use this dictionary can be found at the beginning of
the book.
She sat down and read the book straight through from beginning to
end .
I enjoyed my job at/in the beginning (= when I started it) , but I'm
bored with it now.

106
2. Building
[Build (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Building (N) /ˈbɪl.dɪŋ/
Meaning: A structure with walls and a roof such as a house or factory, or the
business of making these
Example: The once-empty site was now covered with buildings.
He started off in the building trade before opening his own restaurant.

107
4. Reading
[Meet (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Meeting (N) /ˈriː.dɪŋ/
Meaning: The skill or activity of getting information from books
Example: Reading and tennis are my favourite pastimes.
The diaries make good (bedtime) reading (= are good to read (in bed
at night)).
These books are compulsory/required reading for students of
architecture.

108
5. Training
[Train (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Training (N) /ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/
Meaning: The process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or
activity
Example: Both soldiers spent two weeks in training before being allowed to
rejoin their unit.
His experience as a teacher was good training for parenthood.
The treatment for people addicted to tranquillizers includes training in
stress management and relaxation techniques.

109
6. Meeting
[Meet (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Meeting (N) /mi.tɪŋ/
Meaning: An occasion when people come together intentionally or not
intentionally
Example: We're having a meeting on Thursday to discuss the problem.
I'm afraid she's in a meeting - I'll ask her to call you back later.
A chance (= not intended) meeting with a publisher on an airplane had
launched his career.

110
THE FORMATION
OF ENGLISH
VERBS THROUGH
DERIVATION

111
A. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Suffix –ate
1. Activate
[Active (Adj) + -ate (Suf)]
Activate (N) /ˈæk.tɪ.veɪt/
Meaning: To cause something to start
Example: The alarm is activated by the lightest pressure.
My mother told me not to activate the SIM card.

112
2. Differentiate
[Different (Adj) + -ate (Suf)]
Differentiate (N) /ˌdɪf.əˈren.t ʃi.eɪt/
Meaning: To show or find the difference between things which are compared
Example: We do not differentiate between our workers on the basis of their
background or ethnic origin.
The slate roof differentiates this house from others in the area.

113
3. Habituate
[Habit (N) + -ate (Suf)]
Habituate (N) /həˈbɪtʃ.u.eɪ.t/
Meaning: Used to something, especially something unpleasant
Example: We find children's emotional needs difficult to respond to because we are
habituated to disregarding our own.

114
4. Authenticate
[Authentic (N) + -ate (Suf)]
Authenticate (N) /ɔːˈθen.tɪ.keɪt/
Meaning: To prove that something is real, true, or what people say it is
Example: They used carbon dating tests to authenticate the claim that the skeleton
was 2 million years old.
Thousands of people came out onto the streets to authenticate their support
for the democratic opposition party.
The number of old German cars still on the road authenticate (to) the
excellence of their manufacture.

115
B. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Suffix –en
1. Black
[Black (Adj) + -en (Suf)]
Blacken (V) /ˈblæk.ən/
Meaning: To become black or to make something become black
Example: The folds of the curtains were blackened with dirt.

116
2. Strengthen
[Strength (N) + -en (Suf)]
Strengthen (V) /ˈstreŋ.θən/
Meaning: To make something stronger or more effective, or to become stronger or
more effective
Example: They have been strengthening their border defences in preparation for war.
His battle against cancer has strengthened his belief in God.
The accident strengthens the case for better safety measures at
fairgrounds.
The bank loan has greatly strengthened our financial position.

117
3. Brighten
[Bright (Adj) + -en (Suf)]
Brighten (V) /ˈbraɪ.tən/
Meaning: To (cause to) become lighter
Example: The room was small and dark, without so much as a ray of light to brighten
the gloom.
It was rainy this morning, but it brightened up (= the sun started
shining) after lunch.

118
C. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix en-
1. Enjoy
[en- (Pref) + Joy (N)]
Enjoy (V) /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
Meaning: To get pleasure from something
Example: I used to enjoy going to the theatre, but I don't get much opportunity now.
After a hard day's work I enjoy a beer or two.
"It was very kind of you to look after the baby all day." "Oh, it was nothing,
I enjoyed it."
I enjoyed my course at first, but after a time I got bored with it.

119
2. Enable
[en- (Pref) + Able (V)]
Enable (V) /ɪˈneɪ.bl ̩/
Meaning: To make someone able to do something, or to make something possible
Example: Some tests enable you to find out the sex of your baby before it's born.
Only good team work will enable us to get the job done on time.
I'm looking for a job which will enable me to develop my skills.

120
3. Encode
[en- (Pref) + Code (N)]
Encode (V) /ɪnˈkəʊd/
Meaning: To change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to
represent complicated information in a simple or short way.
Example: Many satellite broadcasts are encoded so that they can only be received by
people who have paid to see them.
Some music CDs are now encoded with information about the performers
and their music.

121
4. Endanger
[en- (Pref) + Danger (Adj)]
Endanger (V) /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒər/
Meaning: To put someone or something at risk or in danger of being harmed,
damaged or destroyed
Example: He would never do anything to endanger the lives of his children.
We must be careful not to do anything that might endanger the economic
recovery.

122
5. Encourage
[en- (Pref) + Danger (Adj)]
Encourage (V) /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/
Meaning: To make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more
likely to happen
Example: The new teaching methods encourage children to think for themselves.
We encourage the victims to talk freely about their experiences.
Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to
modify their behaviour.

123
D. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Suffix -fy
1. Beautify
[Beauty (Adj) + -fy (Suf)]
Beautify (V) /ˈbjuː.tɪ.faɪ/
Meaning: To improve the appearance of someone or something
Example: I'm just going to beautify myself - it should only take a few hours.
She was wearing a little black dress, beautified simply with a silver
necklace.

124
2. Clarify
[Clear (Adj) + -fy (Suf)]
Clarify (V) /ˈklær.ɪ.faɪ/
Meaning: To make something clear or easier to understand by giving more details or a
simpler explanation
Example: Could you clarify the first point please? I don't understand it completely.
The position of all shareholders will be clarified next month when we
finalize our proposals.

125
3. Classify
[Class (N) + -fy (Suf)]
Classify (V) /ˈklæs.ɪ.faɪ/
Meaning: To divide things into groups according to their type
Example: The books in the library are classified by/according to subject.
Biologists classify animals and plants into different groups.

126
4. Detoxify
[Detox (N) + -fy (Suf)]
Detoxify (V) /diːˈtɒk.sɪ.faɪ/
Meaning: A place similar to a hospital where people go to receive treatment for
drinking too much alcohol or taking too many drugs
Example: The problem with video games is that they're detoxified.
These nuts are detoxified - I can't stop eating them.

127
5. Modify
[Mode (N) + -fy (Suf)]
Modify (V) /ˈmɒd.ɪ.faɪ/
Meaning: To change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour
slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable
Example: Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages offenders to
modify their behavior.
The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form.

128
E. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Suffix -ize
1. Lionize
[Lion (N) + -ize (Suf)]
Lionize (V) /ˈlaɪ.ə.naɪz/
Meaning: To make someone famous, or to treat someone as if they were famous
Example: I lionized him for his determination.
I really lionize people who can work in such difficult conditions.
We stood for a few moments, lionizing the view.

129
2. Equalize
[Equal (N) + -ize (Suf)]
Equalize (V) /ˈiː.kwə.laɪz/
Meaning: To make things or people equal
Example: They are putting pressure on the government to equalize state pension ages
between men and women.
Spain managed to equalize in the last minute of the game.

130
3. Legalize
[Legal (N) + -ize (Suf)]
Legalize (V) /ˈliː.g ə l.aɪz/
Meaning: To allow something by law
Example: The Irish government announced it was to legalize homosexuality.

131
4. Materialize
[Material (N) + -ize (Suf)]
Materialize (V) /məˈtɪə.ri.ə.laɪz/
Meaning: If an object materializes, it appears suddenly
Example: Suddenly a lorry appeared in front of her - it seemed to materialize out of
nowhere.
She was promised a promotion but it never materialized.
Her hopes of becoming a painter never materialized.

132
5. Characterize
[Character (N) + -ize (Suf)]
Characterize (V) /ˈkær.ɪk.tə.raɪz/
Meaning: To describe something by stating its main qualities
Example: Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.
In her essay, she characterizes the whole era as a period of radical change.

133
F. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix auto-
1. Autoclave
[auto- (Pref) + Clave (N)]
Autoclave (V) /ˈɔː.təʊ.kleɪv/
Meaning: A piece of equipment that uses steam at high pressure to sterilize (= clean)
objects used in medical operations
Example: Lewis estimates that 40 to 80 percent of dentists actually autoclave their
instruments as they should.

134
2. Autograph
[auto- (Pref) + Graph (N)]
Autoclave (V) /ˈɔː.tə.grɑːf/
Meaning: To write your signature (= your name written by yourself) on something
for someone else to keep
Example: I got her to autograph my T-shirt.
She gave me an autographed photograph of herself.

135
3. Automate
[auto- (Pref) + Mate (N)]
Automate (V) /ˈɔː.tə.meɪt/
Meaning: To make a process in a factory or office operate by machines or computers,
in order to reduce the amount of work done by humans and the time
Example: Massive investment is needed to automate the production process.

136
G. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix de-
1. Debase
[de- (Pref) + Base (N)]
Debase (V) /dɪˈbeɪs/
Meaning: To reduce the quality or value of something
Example: Some argue that money has debased football.
Our world view has become debased. We no longer have a sense of the
sacred.

137
2. Decode
[de- (Pref) + Code (N)]
Debase (V) /diːˈkəʊd/
Meaning: To discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated
way
Example: Decoding the paintings is not difficult once you know what the component
parts symbolize.
Grammatical information helps learners to decode sentences.

138
3. Decontrol
[de- (Pref) + Control (N)]
Decontrol (V) /ˌdiː.kənˈtrəʊl/
Meaning: To remove official control on something, especially prices and businesses
Example: Prices have been decontrolled and markets are flourishing.

139
4. Defrost
[de- (Pref) + Frost (N)]
Defrost (V) /ˌdiːˈfrɒst/
Meaning: To (cause to) become free of ice, or to (cause to) become no longer frozen
Example: When you get a build-up of ice in your freezer, you know it's time to
defrost it.
Defrost the chicken thoroughly before cooking.
Leave the chicken to defrost.

140
H. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix dis-
1. Disable
[dis- (Pref) + Able (V)]
Disable (V) /dɪˈseɪ.bl/
Meaning: To cause someone to have an illness, injury or condition that makes it
difficult for them to do the things that other people do
Example: These guns will destroy or disable any incoming missile.
Disable the alarm system and then enter the building.

141
2. Disagree
[dis- (Pref) + Agree (V)]
Disable (V) /ˌdɪs.əˈgriː/
Meaning: To not have the same opinion, idea, etc.; to not agree
Example: I sympathize with the general aims of the party, but on this particular issue
I'm afraid I disagree.
Let's not disagree for the sake of a few pounds.
Certain members of the audience may disagree with what I'm about to say.

142
3. Disappear
[dis- (Pref) + Appear (V)]
Disappear (V) /ˌdɪs.əˈpɪər/
Meaning: If people or things disappear, they go somewhere where they cannot be seen
or found.
Example: I'll just say the magic word and the rabbit will disappear - Abracadabra!
The sun disappeared behind heavy clouds.
That wine stain on my shirt has virtually disappeared.

143
4. Disapprove
[dis- (Pref) + Approve (V)]
Disapprove (V) /ˌdɪs.əˈpruːv/
Meaning: To feel that something or someone is bad, wrong, etc.; to not approve
Example: The survey showed that 32% of respondents approve, 54% disapprove and
the rest are undecided.
I strongly disapprove of under-age drinking.
Source: Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary page `127

144
5. Dislocate
[dis- (Pref) + Locate (V)]
Dislocate (V) /ˈdɪs.ləʊ .keɪt/
Meaning: To force a bone suddenly out of its correct position
Example: She dislocated her knee falling down some steps.

145
I. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix fore-
1. Foresee
[fore- (Pref) + See (V)]
Foresee (V) /fəˈsiː/
Meaning: To know about something before it happens
Example: I don't foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget.

146
2. Forecast
[fore- (Pref) + Cast (V)]
Forecast (V) /ˈfɔː.kɑːst/
Meaning: To say what you expect to happen in the future
Example: They forecast a large drop in unemployment over the next two years.
Snow has been forecast for tonight.

147
3. Foreclose
[fore- (Pref) + Close (V)]
Foreclose (V) /fɔːˈkləʊz/
Meaning: To take back property that was bought with borrowed money because the
money was not being paid back as formally agreed
Example: The leader's aggressive stance seems to have foreclosed any chance of
diplomatic compromise.

148
4. Foreshadow
[fore- (Pref) + Shadow (N)]
Foreshadow (V) /fɔːˈʃæd.əʊ/
Meaning: To act as a warning or sign of a future event
Example: The recent outbreak of violence was foreshadowed by isolated incidents in
the city earlier this year.

149
J. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix inter-
1. Interact
[inter- (Pref) + Act (V)]
Interact (V) /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/
Meaning: To communicate with or react to
Example: Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children.
It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially.
We are studying how these two chemicals interact.

150
2. Interface
[inter- (Pref) + Face (V)]
Interface (V) /ˈɪn.tə.feɪs/
Meaning: To connect two or more pieces of equipment, such as computers
Example: The computers must be properly interfaced.
We use email to interface with our customers.

151
3. Interconnect
[inter- (Pref) + Connect (V)]
Interconnect (V) /ˌɪn.tə.kəˈnekt/
Meaning: To connect with or be related to each other
Example: The problems of poverty, homelessness and unemployment are all
interconnected.

152
4. Interlace
[inter- (Pref) + Lace (V)]
Interlace (V) /ˌɪn.təˈleɪs/
Meaning: To join different parts together to make a whole, especially by crossing one
thing over another or fitting one part into another
Example: In her latest book, she interlaces historical events with her own childhood
memories.

153
5. Interlink
[inter- (Pref) + Link (V)]
Interlink (V) /ˌɪn.təˈlɪŋk/
Meaning: To cause to join or connect together, with the parts joined often having an
effect on each other
Example: Police forces across Europe have begun to interlink their databases on
stolen cars.

154
K. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix mis-
1. Mislead
[mis- (Pref) + Lead (V)]
Mislead (V) /ˌmɪsˈliːd/
Meaning: To cause someone to believe something that is not true
Example: He has admitted misleading the police about his movements on the night
of the murder.

155
2. Misinform
[mis- (Pref) + Inform (V)]
Misinform (V) /ˌmɪs.ɪnˈfɔːm/
Meaning: To tell someone information that is not correct
Example: I was told she would be at the meeting, but clearly I was misinformed.

156
3. Misjudge
[mis- (Pref) + Judge (V)]
Misjudge (V) /ˌmɪsˈdʒʌdʒ/
Meaning: To form an opinion or idea about someone or something which is unfair or
wrong
Example: I thought he wasn't going to support me, but I misjudged him.
Sophie totally misjudged the situation and behaved quite inappropriately.

157
4. Mistake
[mis- (Pref) + Take (V)]
Mistake (V) /mɪˈsteɪk/
Meaning: To be wrong about or to fail to recognize something or someone
Example: You can't mistake their house - it's got a bright yellow front door.
I mistook your signature and thought the letter was from someone else.

158
5. Mistreat
[mis- (Pref) + Treat (V)]
Mistreat (V) /ˌmɪsˈtriːt/
Meaning: To treat a person or animal badly, cruelly or unfairly
Example: Both parents have denied charges of mistreating their children.
I think people who mistreat their pets should be banned from keeping them.

159
L. The formation of EnglishVerbs With the Prefix re-
1. Reappear
[re- (Pref) + Appear (V)]
Reappear (V) /ˌriː.əˈpɪər/
Meaning: To appear again or return after a period of time
Example: Ten minutes later she reappeared from the storeroom holding the paint.

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2. Rebuild
[re- (Pref) + Build (V)]
Rebuild (V) /ˌriːˈbɪld/
Meaning: To build something again that has been damaged or destroyed
Example: After the accident, he underwent reconstructive surgery to rebuild his face.
I've decided to strip down my motorbike and rebuild it.
Stoically, and with great determination, the people set about rebuilding the
village.

161
3. Recall
[re- (Pref) + Call (V)]
Recall (V) /ˈriː.kɑːl/
Meaning: To bring the memory of a past event into your mind, and often to give a
description of what you remember
Example: If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go.
She had an amazing memory and could recall verbatim quite complex
conversations.
He recalled his dissipated youth spent in nightclubs and bars.

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4. Recollect
[re- (Pref) + Collect (V)]
Recollect (V) /ˌrek.əˈlekt/
Meaning: To remember something
Example: She suddenly recollected (that) she had left her handbag in the restaurant.
Do you recollect where she went?
He does not recollect seeing her at the party.

163
5. Reconsider
[re- (Pref) + Consider (V)]
Reconsider (V) /ˌriː.kənˈsɪd.ər/
Meaning: To think again about a decision or opinion and decide whether you want to
change it
Example: He begged her to reconsider but she would not.
We have reconsidered your proposals and we have decided to go ahead
with the deal.

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M. The formation of English Verbs With the Prefix un-
1. Unbend
[un- (Pref) + Bend (V)]
Unbend (V) /ˌriː.əˈpɪər/
Meaning: To relax and become less formal and serious in your manner
Example: I'd hoped that after a glass or two of wine she might unbend a little.

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2. Uncover
[un- (Pref) + Cover (V)]
Uncover (V) /ʌnˈkʌv.ər/
Meaning: To discover something secret or hidden or remove something covering
something else
Example: The investigation uncovered evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild
birds.
The biography is an attempt to uncover the inner man.
The investigation uncovered some interesting information on Mr
Parkinson.

166
3. Undress
[un- (Pref) + Dress (V)]
Undress (V) /ʌnˈdres/
Meaning: To remove your clothes or remove the clothes from someone else
Example: Could you undress the kids for bed, Steve?
He undressed and got into the bath.

167
4. Unfold
[un- (Pref) + Fold (V)]
Unfold (V) /ʌnˈfəʊld/
Meaning: To open or spread out something that has been folded
If a situation or story unfolds, it develops or becomes clear to other people
Example: If we unfold the table we can fit eight people around it.
He watched her expression as she unfolded the letter.
Like a lot of people, I've watched the events of the last few days unfold on
TV.

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5. Unleash
[un- (Pref) + Leash (V)]
Unleash (V) /ʌnˈliːʃ/
Meaning: To release suddenly a strong, uncontrollable and usually destructive force
Example: At worst, nuclear war could be unleashed.
Rachel's arrival on the scene had unleashed passions in him that he could
scarcely control.

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THE FORMATION
OF ENGLISH
ADJECTIVES
THROUGH
DERIVATION

170
A. The formation of EnglishAdjectives With the Suffix –able
1. Likeable
[Like (V) + -able (Suf)]
Likeable (Adj) /ˈlaɪ.kə.bl /
Meaning: Describes a person who is pleasant and easy to like
Example: He's a very likeable sort of bloke.

171
2. Pleasurable
[Pleasure (V) + -able (Suf)]
Pleasurable (Adj) /ˈpleʒ.ər.ə.bl/
Meaning: Enjoyable
Example: A pleasurable evening/meal
A pleasurable sensation

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3. Adaptable
[Adapt (V) + -able (Suf)]
Adaptable (Adj) /əˈdæp.tə.bl/
Meaning: Able or willing to change in order to suit different conditions
Example: The survivors in this life seem to be those who are adaptable to change.

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4. Desirable
[Desire (N) + -able (Suf)]
Desirable (Adj) /dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bl /
Meaning: Worth having and wanted by most people
Example: Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim.
It's regarded as a highly desirable job.
The house is in a very desirable area of the city.

174
5. Adorable
[Adore (V) + -able (Suf)]
Adorable (Adj) /əˈdɔː.rə.bl /
Meaning: Describes a person or animal that is easy to love because they are so
attractive and often small
Example: She has the most adorable two-year-old girl.
An adorable puppy has just been sold.

175
B. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –al
1. Exceptional
[Exception (N) + -al (Suf)]
Exceptional (Adj) /ɪkˈsep.ʃ ən.əl /
Meaning: Much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc
Example: Judges only grant marriage annulments in exceptional circumstances.
A woman of exceptional perspicacity
At £30 a night, this hotel represents exceptional value for money.

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2. Presidential
[President (N) + -al (Suf)]
Presidential (Adj) /ˌprez.ɪˈden.t ʃəl /
Meaning: A presidential candidate
Example: 'Art and the Community' was the theme of her presidential address to the
annual meeting.

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3. Essential
[Essence (N) + -al (Suf)]
Essential (Adj) /ɪˈsen.t ʃəl /
Meaning: Necessary; needed
Example: The books on this list are essential reading for the course.
Fresh fruit and vegetables form an essential part of a healthy diet.
During the emergency, people stocked up on essential items like candles,
medicines and tins of food.

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4. Musical
[Music (N) + -al (Suf)]
Musical (Adj) /ˈmjuː.zɪ.kəl/
Meaning: Related to or connected with music
Example: He says it's the best musical equipment you can buy, but I think that's open
to dispute.
Even with a load of electronic gadgetry, you still need some musical ability
to write a successful song.
It's being hyped as the musical event of the year.

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5. Critical
[Critic (N) + -al (Suf)]
Critical (Adj) /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/
Meaning: Saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
Example: She is critical of the president's globalist foreign policy.
She was highly critical of the insensitive and peremptory way in which the
cases had been handled.
Many people were critical of the resurgent militarism in the country.

180
C. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ant/-ent
1. Important
[Import (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Important (Adj) /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/
Meaning: Necessary or of great value
Example: I've lost a file containing a lot of important documents.
It's important for children to get a good education.
He always leaves important decisions to his wife.

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2. Significant
[Signify (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Significant (Adj) /sɪgˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/
Meaning: Important or noticeable
Example: There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in
recent years.
The talks between the USA and the USSR were very significant for the
relationship between the two countries.

182
3. Pleasant
[Please (V) + -ant (Suf)]
Pleasant (Adj) /ˈplez.ənt/
Meaning: Important or noticeable
Example: He roused himself from a pleasant daydream and got back to work.
He spent a pleasant afternoon reading a book.
I have many pleasant recollections of the time we spent together.

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4. Divergent
[Diverge (V) + -ent (Suf)]
Divergent (Adj) /ˌdaɪˈvɜː.dʒənt/
Meaning: An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to
use another one
Example: They hold widely divergent opinions on controversial issues like abortion.

184
5. Different
[Differ (V) + -ent (Suf)]
Different (Adj) /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt/
Meaning: Not the same
Example: Australia has its own cultural identity, which is very different from that of
Britain.
You turn this dial to find a different radio station.
We sell 32 different flavors of ice cream.

185
D. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ar
1. Scholar
[School (N) + -ar (Suf)]
Scholar (Adj) /ˈskɒl.ər/
Meaning: A person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university
Example: Most scholars assert that Christ was born somewhere around this time.
The theory has been widely discredited by scholars.

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2. Familiar
[Family (N) + -ar (Suf)]
Familiar (Adj) /fəˈmɪl.i.ər/
Meaning: Easy to recognize because of being seen, met, heard, etc. before
Example: Her name is familiar, but I can't quite call to mind where I've heard it.
I saw a few familiar faces among the crowd.
He was a familiar figure on the lecture circuit.

187
3. Singular
[Single (N) + -ar (Suf)]
Singular (Adj) /ˈsɪŋ.gjʊ.lər/
Meaning: Of or relating to the form of a word used when talking or writing about one
thing
Example: The singular of 'mice' is 'mouse'.
Can you tell me the singular forms of this verb?

188
4. Circular
[Circle (N) + -ar (Suf)]
Circular (Adj) /ˈsɜː.kjʊ.lər/
Meaning: Shaped like a circle
Describes an argument which keeps returning to the same points and is not
effective
Example: A circular flowerbed/tablecloth has just been sold at that shop.

189
5. Consular
[Consul (N) + -ar (Suf)]
Consular (Adj) /ˈkɒnt.sjʊ.lər/
Meaning: Relating to a consul or a consulate
Example: The consular office is in the end of this street.

190
E. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ary
1. Complementary
[Complement (N) + -ary (Suf)]
Complementary (Adj) /ˌkɒm.plɪˈmen.tər.i/
Meaning: Useful or attractive together
Example: Complementary colours/flavours/skills.
My family and my job both play an important part in my life, fulfilling
separate but complementary needs.

191
2. Elementary
[Element (N) + -ary (Suf)]
Elementary (Adj) /ˌel.ɪˈmen.tər.i/
Meaning: Basic
Example: I have an elementary knowledge of physics.
They made some elementary mistakes .
Millions of travellers fail to take even the most elementary of precautions.

192
3. Legendary
[Legend (N) + -ary (Suf)]
Legendary (Adj) /ˈledʒ. ən.dri/
Meaning: Very famous and admired or spoken about
Example: His drinking was legendary.
His son was the legendary trumpeter, Miles Davis.
Their parties were legendary for their lavishness.

193
4. Supplementary
[Supplement (N) + -ary (Suf)]
Supplementary (Adj) /ˌsʌp.lɪˈmen.tər.i/
Meaning: Additional
Example: If an angle is supplementary to another angle, it forms 180° when
combined with it.

194
F. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ed
1. Excited
[Excite (V) + -ed (Suf)]
Excited (Adj) /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪd/
Meaning: Feeling very happy and enthusiastic
Example: Are you getting excited about your holiday?
An excited crowd waited for the singer to arrive.
No wonder the children are excited, - this is the first time they've been
abroad.

195
2. Exhausted
[Exhaust (V) + -ed (Suf)]
Exusted (Adj) /ɪgˈzɔː.stɪd/
Meaning: Extremely tired
Example: I must get some sleep - I'm exhausted.
I'm exhausted after lugging these suitcases all the way across London.
The children ran round and round the playground until they were
exhausted.

196
3. Interested
[Interest (V) + -ed (Suf)]
Interested (Adj) /ˈɪn.trəs.tɪd/
Meaning: Wanting to give your attention to something and discover more about it
Example: He didn't seem very interested in what I was saying.
She's at that age where she's starting to get interested in boys.
I'd be interested to hear more about your work.

197
4. Amazed
[Amaze (V) + -ed (Suf)]
Amazed (Adj) /əˈmeɪzd/
Meaning: Extremely surprised
Example: I was amazed at the depth of her knowledge.
He was amazed that a reputable firm would stoop to selling the names of
their clients to other companies.
I was amazed at the size of their garden.

198
5. Annoyed
[Annoy (V) + -ed (Suf)]
Annoyed (Adj) /əˈnɔɪd/
Meaning: Angry
Example: She was so annoyed she wouldn't even wave goodbye to us.
I was annoyed to discover that I'd left my bag behind .
You're right to be annoyed - you've been treated very badly.

199
G. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –en
1. Beholden
[Behold (V) + -en (Suf)]
Beholden (Adj) /bɪˈhəʊl.dən/
Meaning: Feeling you have a duty to someone because they have done something for
you
Example: She wanted to be independent and beholden to no one.

200
2. Broken
[Broke (V) + -en (Suf)]
Broken (Adj) /ˈbrəʊ.kən/
Meaning: Damaged, no longer able to work
Example: Never try to mend a broken machine without disconnecting it from the
electricity supply.
He put a sheet of plastic over the broken window.
The shower is broken - you'll have to have a bath.

201
3. Golden
[Gold (N) + -en (Suf)]
Golden (Adj) /ˈgəʊl.dən/
Meaning: Made of gold
Example: The church was crowned with golden domes.
She loved the beauty and fruitfulness of the autumn, when the whole
countryside was ablaze with rich golden colours.
Once upon a time there was a beautiful young princess with long golden
hair.

202
4. Woolen
[Wool (N) + -en (Suf)]
Woolen (Adj) /ˈwʊl.ən/
Meaning: Made of wool
Example: Clothes made from wool or sometimes from wool mixed with artificial
materials are the best clothes.

203
H. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ful
1. Beautiful
[Beauty (N) + -ful (Suf)]
Beautiful (Adj) /ˈbjuː.tɪ.fəl/
Meaning: Very attractive, very pleasant
Example: The mansion is set in 90 acres of beautiful, unspoilt countryside.
For me, Venice is easily the most beautiful city in Europe.
It's a beautiful dress, but it's ludicrously expensive.

204
2. Careful
[Care (V) + -ful (Suf)]
Careful (Adj) /ˈkeə.fəl/
Meaning: Giving a lot of attention to what you are doing so that you do not have an
accident, make a mistake, or damage something
Example: The path's very steep, so be careful you don't fall.
Be careful with that vase - it's very fragile.
You'll cut yourself on that knife if you're not careful.
Events like these take months of careful planning.

205
3. Faithful
[Faith (N) + -ful (Suf)]
Faithful (Adj) /ˈfeɪθ.fəl/
Meaning: Loyal
Example: The band has a very large and faithful British following.
Jim was a faithful, loving and considerate husband.
That dog has been a faithful companion to me for ten years, and I will miss
him dearly.

206
4. Graceful
[Grace (N) + -ful (Suf)]
Graceful (Adj) /ˈgreɪs.fəl/
Meaning: Moving in a smooth, relaxed, attractive way, or having a smooth, attractive
shape
Example: The gazelle is one of the swiftest and most graceful of animals.
She is a wonderfully graceful dancer.
He admired the graceful proportions of the Georgian architecture.
The trees, slender and graceful, swayed gently above us.

207
5. Helpful
[Help (V) + -ful (Suf)]
Helpful (Adj) /help.fəl/
Meaning: Willing to help, or useful
Example: Students said it was helpful if the teacher corrected their pronunciation.
Any increase in production would be helpful.
You get the odd person who's rude to you but they're generally quite
helpful.
You should find this guidebook helpful.

208
I. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ic
1. Artistic
[Artist (N) + -ic (Suf)]
Artistic (Adj) /ɑːˈtɪs.tɪk/
Meaning: Relating to art
Able to create or enjoy art
Example: We're trying to bring out the latent artistic talents that many people possess
without realizing it.
His artistic talents were wasted in his boring job.
People born under the star sign Pisces are supposed to be dreamy and
artistic.

209
2. Academic
[Academy (N) + -ic (Suf)]
Academic (Adj) /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/
Meaning: Relating to schools, colleges and universities, or connected with studying
and thinking, not with practical skills
Example: All the candidates had excellent academic credentials.
The school is noted for its academic excellence.
They followed her academic progress closely.

210
3. Athletic
[Athlete (N) + -ic (Suf)]
Atheletic (Adj) /æθˈlet.ɪk/
Meaning: Strong, healthy and good at sports
Example: He's very attractive, if you like the blond athletic type.
He was a trim athletic figure with a narrow, youthful face.
The university is very proud of its athletic facilities.

211
4. Dramatic
[Drama (N) + -ic (Suf)]
Dramatic (Adj) /drəˈmæt.ɪk/
Meaning: Very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement
Example: What accounts for the dramatic turnabout in Britain's international trading
performance?
There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful
negotiations.
In 1986 he made a very public and dramatic political volte-face from Left
to Right.

212
5. Linguistic
[Linguist (N) + -ic (Suf)]
Linguistic (Adj) /lɪŋˈgwɪs.tɪk/
Meaning: Connected with language or the study of language.
The systematic study of the structure and development of language in
general or of particular languages.
Example: I'm particularly interested in the linguistic development of young children.

213
J. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ing
1. Boring
[Bore (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Boring (Adj) /ˈbɔː.rɪŋ/
Meaning: Not interesting or exciting
Example: Sometimes I enjoy my English lessons, but at other times I find them really
boring.
This program’s boring - shall I turn over to BBC?
Your hair has a natural wave whereas mine's just straight and boring.

214
2. Disappointing
[Disappoint (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Disappointing (Adj) /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪn.tɪŋ/
Meaning: Making you feel disappointed
Example: Tiger Woods is determined to erase the memory of a disappointing Cup
debut two years ago.
The company blamed its disappointing performance on a misguided
business plan.
We were expecting to win, so a draw was a disappointing result for us.

215
3. Disappointing
[Disappoint (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Disappointing (Adj) /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪn.tɪŋ/
Meaning: Making you feel disappointed
Example: Tiger Woods is determined to erase the memory of a disappointing Cup
debut two years ago.
The company blamed its disappointing performance on a misguided
business plan.
We were expecting to win, so a draw was a disappointing result for us.

216
4. Exciting
[Excite (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Exciting (Adj) /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪŋ/
Meaning: Making you feel excited
Example: The end of the film was much more exciting than I'd expected.
Are you doing anything exciting this weekend?
The school offers an exciting and varied program of social events.

217
5. Shocking
[Shock (V) + -ing (Suf)]
Shocking (Adj) /ˈʃɑː.kɪŋ/
Meaning: Offensive, upsetting or immoral
Extremely surprising
Example: The city's most shocking statistic is its high infant mortality rate.
He gave a very vivid and often shocking account of his time in prison.
The motive for this shocking attack seems to be racial hatred.
There were some very shocking pictures of the fighting on the news last
night.

218
K. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ive
1. Active
[Act (V) + -ive (Suf)]
Active (Adj) /ˈæk.tɪv/
Meaning: Busy with or ready to perform a particular activity
Example: You've got to try to keep active as you grow older.
Enemy forces remain active in the mountainous areas around the city.
She's very active in (= involved in) local politics.
Both of his parents were very politically active.

219
2. Affirmative
[Affirm (V) + -ive (Suf)]
Affirmative (Adj) /əˈfɜː.mə.tɪv/
Meaning: Relating to a statement that shows agreement or says 'yes'
Example: She asked the question expecting an affirmative.
He replied in the affirmative (= He said yes) .

220
3. Defensive
[Defense (V) + -ive (Suf)]
Defensive (Adj) /dɪˈfent .sɪv/
Meaning: Used to protect someone or something against attack
Too quick to protect yourself from being criticized
Example: Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for
defensive purposes.
The merest hint of criticism makes him defensive.
The tone of the feminist speakers suggested they were adopting a rather
defensive posture.

221
4. Imaginative
[Imagine (V) + -ive (Suf)]
Imaginative (Adj) /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪ.nə.tɪv/
Meaning: New, original and clever
Good at producing ideas or things that are unusual, clever or showing skill
in inventing.
Example: The architects have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic.
Everyone knows that Mr. Ryan is an imaginative designer.

222
5. Offensive
[Offense (V) + -ive (Suf)]
Offensive (Adj) /əˈfent.sɪv/
Meaning: Causing offence, unpleasant
Example: We've received a complaint from one of our listeners about offensive
language.
He found her comments deeply offensive.
Norman agreed that the wording of the advertisement was unnecessarily
offensive and it was changed.

223
L. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ish
1. Boyish
[Boy (N) + -ish (Suf)]
Boyish (Adj) /ˈbɔɪ.ɪʃ/
Meaning: Describes behaviour or characteristics that are like those of a boy
Example: She had her hair cut in a boyish style.
Even as an old man he retained his boyish charm .
She found his boyish good looks very attractive.

224
2. Childish
[Child (N) + -ish (Suf)]
Boyish (Adj) /ˈtʃaɪl.dɪʃ/
Meaning: Typical of a child
Example: How very childish of her to refuse to speak to me!
I've had enough of your childish pranks.
"Stop this childish nonsense at once!" he shouted furiously.

225
3. Coltish
[Colt (N) + -ish (Suf)]
Coltish (Adj) /ˈkəʊl.tɪʃ/
Meaning: Describes a person who is young and energetic but awkward
Example: I have noticed that he was a coltish dude.

226
4. Foolish
[Fool (N) + -ish (Suf)]
Foolish (Adj) /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/
Meaning: Unwise, stupid or not showing good judgment
Example: I felt very foolish standing there with only one shoe on.
You were very foolish to go out in a boat in weather like this.
It would be foolish to give up your job when you haven't got any other
source of income.

227
M.The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –less
1. Careless
[Care (N) + -less (Suf)]
Careless (Adj) /ˈkeə.ləs/
Meaning: Not taking or showing enough care and attention
Example: I tackled him about his careless work and frequent absences.
He's very careless with his money.
His work is full of careless mistakes.
She didn't mean to damage the painting, but she was too careless with it.

228
2. Effortless
[Effort (N) + -less (Suf)]
Effortless (Adj) /ˈef.ət.ləs/
Meaning: Seeming not to need any effort
Example: When you watch her dance it looks so effortless.
He was an actor of effortless charm.

229
3. Homeless
[Home (N) + -less (Suf)]
Homeless (Adj) /ˈhəʊm.ləs/
Meaning: Without a home
Example: She was homeless and had to put her child up for adoption.
The family were left homeless.
Providing homeless people with somewhere to stay when the weather is
cold only skates round the problem, it doesn't solve it.

230
4. Speechless
[Speech (N) + -less (Suf)]
Speechless (Adj) /ˈspiːtʃ.ləs/
Meaning: Unable to speak because you are so angry, shocked, surprised, etc.
Example: The news left us speechless.
She was speechless with indignation.

231
5. Wireless
[Wire (N) + -less (Suf)]
Wireless (Adj) /ˈspiːtʃ.ləs/
Meaning: Without a cable
Example: A wireless connection usually builds within a laptop.

232
N. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –like
1. Businesslike
[Business (N) + -like (Suf)]
Business (Adj) /ˈbɪz.nɪs.laɪk/
Meaning: Getting things done in a quick and practical way
Example: The meeting was brief and businesslike.

233
2. Childlike
[Child (N) + -like (Suf)]
Childlike (Adj) /ˈtʃaɪld.laɪk/
Meaning: Showing the good qualities that children have, such as trusting people,
being honest and enthusiastic
Example: All her life she had a childlike trust in other people.

234
3. Warlike
[War (N) + -like (Suf)]
Warlike (Adj) /ˈwɔː.laɪk/
Meaning: Often involved in and eager to start wars
Example: It has often been said, perhaps unfairly, that they are a warlike
nation/people.

235
O. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ly
1. Daily
[Day (N) + -ly (Suf)]
Daily (Adj) /ˈdeɪ.li/
Meaning: Happening on or relating to every day
Example: Take the tablets twice daily.
Exercise has become part of my daily routine.
We back up our computer files at work on a daily basis.

236
2. Elderly
[Elder (N) + -ly (Suf)]
Elderly (Adj) /el.dəl.i/
Meaning: Polite word for old
Example: An elderly couple live next door.
Please give up your seat to an elderly or disabled person if they require it.
She was too elderly and infirm to remain at home.
I took my elderly parents to look at some new houses.

237
3. Friendly
[Friend (N) + -ly (Suf)]
Friendly (Adj) /frend.li/
Meaning: Behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone
Example: The teacher greeted each child with a friendly 'Hello!'
It's a very friendly bar with a nice relaxed atmosphere.
We had a friendly exchange of views .
There's no need to be frightened - he's a very friendly dog.

238
4. Likely
[Like (V) + -ly (Suf)]
Likely (Adj) /laɪ.kli/
Meaning: Describes something that will probably happen or is expected
Example: Children from an underprivileged family background are statistically more
likely to become involved in crime.
She made a rough estimate of the likely cost.
Disney's latest production looks likely to be their most successful ever.

239
5. Lovely
[Love (N) + -ly (Suf)]
Lovely (Adj) /ˈlʌv.li/
Meaning: Pleasant or enjoyable, beautiful
Example: It was lovely to see your mum and dad at the school concert last night.
Thank you for such a lovely evening.
The bedroom was painted a lovely cool blue.
The countryside around there is lovely.

240
P. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ous
1. Dangerous
[Danger (N) + -ous (Suf)]
Dangerous (Adj) /ˈdeɪn.dʒər.əs/
Meaning: Describes a person, animal, thing or activity that could harm you
Example: The pipe was found to be releasing dangerous chemicals into the sea.
She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.
Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous.

241
2. Envious
[Envy (V) + -ous (Suf)]
Envious (Adj) /ˈen.vi.əs/
Meaning: Wishing you had what another person has
Example: I'm very envious of your new coat - it's lovely.
Why are you envious of her? She's no competition!
In a moment of envious frenzy, she cut the sleeves off all his shirts.

242
3. Glamorous
[Glamor (N) + -ous (Suf)]
Glamorous (Adj) /ˈglæm.ər.əs/
Meaning: Attractive in an exciting and special way
Example: She was looking very glamorous.

243
4. Marvelous
[Marvel (N) + -ous (Suf)]
Marvelous (Adj) /ˈmɑː.vəl.əs/
Meaning: Extremely good
Example: A marvelous reception awaited me on my first day at work.
From the garden there was a marvelous view over open countryside.
From the restaurant there was a marvelous prospect of Sienna and the
countryside beyond.

244
5. Rebellious
[Rebel (N) + -ous (Suf)]
Rebellious (Adj) /rɪˈbel.i.əs/
Meaning: If a group of people are rebellious, they oppose the ideas of the people in
authority and plan to change the system, often using force.
Example: Rebellious groups of southern tribespeople
Her teachers regard her as a rebellious, trouble-making girl.

245
Q. The formation of English Adjectives With the Prefix un-
1. Unable
[-un (Suf) + Able (N)]
Unable (Adj) /ʌnˈeɪ.bl /
Meaning: To not be able to do something
Example: We were unable to contact him at the time.

246
2. Unacceptable
[-un (Suf) + Acceptable (N)]
Unaccpetable (Adj) /ˌʌn.əkˈsep.tə.bl /
Meaning: Too bad to be accepted, approved of or allowed to continue
Example: The unions have described the latest pay offer as unacceptable.
The taking of hostages, said the minister, was totally unacceptable under
any circumstances.
The report found what it described as 'unacceptable levels of air pollution'
in several major cities.

247
3. Uneasy
[-un (Suf) + Easy (N)]
Uneasy (Adj) /ʌnˈiː.zi/
Meaning: If you are uneasy, you are slightly worried or uncomfortable about a
particular situation
Example: It's the big unknowns that make insurance companies uneasy.
Her consciousness that she's different makes her feel uneasy.
After the recent riots, an uneasy calm has settled on the city.

248
4. Unhappy
[-un (Suf) + Happy (N)]
Unhappy (Adj) /ʌnˈhæp.i/
Meaning: Sad or not satisfied
Example: She had an unhappy childhood.
The last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy.
She just seems so unhappy and I don't know what the solution is.

249
5. Unlucky
[-un (Suf) + Lucky (N)]
Unlucky (Adj) /ʌnˈlʌk.i/
Meaning: Not lucky
Example: I don't believe in the old superstition that the number 13 is unlucky.
We had a lovely time in Scotland, but we were a bit unlucky with the
weather.
We got a parking ticket but Pat and Keith didn't, we were just unlucky.

250
R. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –y
1. Baggy
[Bag (N) + -y (Suf)]
Baggy (Adj) /ˈbæg.i/
Meaning: Hanging loosely because of being too big or having been stretched
Example: My T-shirt went all baggy in the wash.

251
2. Blurry
[Blur (N) + -y (Suf)]
Blurry (Adj) /ˈblɜː.ri/
Meaning: Difficult to see
Example: The photograph was very blurry.
The picture on the TV went all blurry.

252
3. Bumpy
[Bump (V) + -y (Suf)]
Bumpy (Adj) /ˈbʌm.pi/
Meaning: Not smooth
Example: We drove along a narrow, bumpy road .
It might be a bumpy flight (= an uncomfortable and rough flight) because
there's a lot of air turbulence ahead.

253
4. Chewy
[Chew (V) + -y (Suf)]
Chewy (Adj) /ˈtʃuː.i/
Meaning: Describes food that needs to be chewed (= crushed with the teeth) a lot
before it is swallowed.
Example: The meat was tasteless and chewy.

254
5. Chummy
[Chum (V) + -y (Suf)]
Chummy (Adj) /ˈtʃʌm.i/
Meaning: Friendly
Example: They're very chummy with their neighbours.

255
S. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –an
1. American
[America (N) + -an (Suf)]
American (Adj) /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/
Meaning: of or relating to the US
Example: They drive a big American car.
Leather jackets are as American as apple pie and Harley-Davidsons.

256
2. Australian
[Australia (N) + -an (Suf)]
Australia (Adj) /ɒsˈtreɪ.li.ən/
Meaning: From, belonging to, or relating to Australia
Example: This is the best Australian wine I have ever tasted.

257
3. Brazilian
[Brazil (N) + -an (Suf)]
Brazilian (Adj) /brəˈzɪl.i.ən/
Meaning: From, belonging to, or relating to Australia
Example: This is the best Australian wine I have ever tasted.

258
T. The formation of English Adjectives With the Suffix –ese
1. Chinese
[China (N) + -ese (Suf)]
Chinese (Adj) /tʃaɪˈniːz/
Meaning: From, belonging to, or relating to China
Example: I love these Chinese food.

259
2. Japanese
[Japan (N) + -ese (Suf)]
Japanese (Adj) /ˌdzæp.əˈniːz/
Meaning: From, belonging to, or relating to Japan
Example: I saw all those Japanese anime, and I wanted to buy it all.

260
3. Javanese
[Java (N) + -ese (Suf)]
Javanese (Adj) /ˌdzæv.əˈniːz/
Meaning: From, belonging to, or relating to Java
Example: We went to Bandung on last holiday, and we saw Javanese art there.

261
THE FORMATION
OF ENGLISH
ADVERBS
THROUGH
DERIVATION

262
A. The formation of EnglishAdverbs With the Prefix a-
1. Aboard
[-a (Suf) + Board (N)]
Aboard (Adv) /əˈbɔːd/
Meaning: Used when talking about getting onto a ship, aircraft, bus or train
Example: The flight attendant welcomed us aboard.
Welcome aboard flight BA345 to Tokyo.
The train's about to leave. All aboard!

263
2. Abreast
[-a (Suf) + Breast (N)]
Abreast (Adv) /əˈbrest/
Meaning: Describes two or more people who are next to each other and moving in the
same direction.
Example: We were running/cycling two abreast.
The motorcyclist came abreast of her car and shouted abuse at her.

The formation of english words through derivation

The formation of english words through derivation

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