Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Opened in 1968 as part of the initial 37-kilometer (23 mi) NLEX segment between Quezon City and Guiguinto, Bulacan, it was one of the first projects of the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines, now the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC).
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Opened in 1968 as part of the initial 37-kilometer (23 mi) NLEX segment between Quezon City and Guiguinto, Bulacan, it was one of the first projects of the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines, now the Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC).
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
intersection road
intersection tv series
the intersection grand rapids events
point of intersection calculator
intersection movie
intersection 1994
intersection season 4 on netflix
intersection grand rapids
at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS & EFFICIENCY OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A T-INTERSECTION, A...IAEME Publication
The major concern for a Highway Engineer in any road network system is an intersection.The heterogeneous traffic is more diverse in nature due to lane changing and lack of lane discipline characteristics of drivers’ in India. Our research is intended to check the efficiency and control of flow of traffic at “Tara Wala Pul (Bridge)-T intersection” , point out flaws (if any) in the geometric design and work out the possible solutions.
Description about the categories of intersection and various aspects while designing a intersection for public use and enhancement in current transportation system
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
intersection are the space in which more than 2 roads crosses.types of road intersection,grade separated and at grade separated intersection.
intersection road
intersection tv series
the intersection grand rapids events
point of intersection calculator
intersection movie
intersection 1994
intersection season 4 on netflix
intersection grand rapids
at grade intersection, channelized intersection, diamond intersection, different types of road intersection, directional intersection, grade separated intersection, otary intersection, partial coverleaf intersection, road intersection definition, road intersection diagrams, roadway intersection types, trumpet intersection, un channelized intersection
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS & EFFICIENCY OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A T-INTERSECTION, A...IAEME Publication
The major concern for a Highway Engineer in any road network system is an intersection.The heterogeneous traffic is more diverse in nature due to lane changing and lack of lane discipline characteristics of drivers’ in India. Our research is intended to check the efficiency and control of flow of traffic at “Tara Wala Pul (Bridge)-T intersection” , point out flaws (if any) in the geometric design and work out the possible solutions.
Description about the categories of intersection and various aspects while designing a intersection for public use and enhancement in current transportation system
its help to know about the road construction and types of roads which used on different places.its also classified the required knowledge for highway study.this is very helpful for those students which want to show their seminar presentation.
The main road types in India with a vast 63.73 km road network, India is home to the second-largest road system in the world. India has routes of every length and variety, from rural roads that link tiny villages to the cities to national highways bridging the distance between states. In terms of material, purpose, and other factors, this article takes a deeper look at some of the most popular road types in India.
Here you will find about pavement, components of pavement, types of pavement, flexible pavement, rigid pavement, and compression between flexible and rigid pavement.
Highway Construction and Equipment: Methods of constructing different types of roads viz. Earth roads, Stabilized roads, WBM, WMM roads, earthen embankments, DLC, and embankments with fly ash. Bituminous roads and Concrete roads. Berms and Shoulders, Features of rural roads including those in PMGSY. Hot mix plant for Bituminous roads-components, layout, control panel, quality assurance. Highway construction of rigid and flexible pavements including types of road rollers, specifications of compaction of different layers of bituminous roads, modern pavers for CC roads. Roller compacted concrete road construction
Signage is the design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message to a specific group, usually for the purpose of marketing or a kind of advocacy. A signage also means signs collectively or being considered as a group. The term signage is documented to have been popularized in 1975 to 1980.
Signs are any kind of visual graphics created to display information to a particular audience. This is typically manifested in the form of way finding information in places such as streets or on the inside and outside buildings. Signs vary in form and size based on location and intent, from more expansive banners, billboards, and murals, to smaller street signs, street name signs, sandwich boards and lawn signs. Newer signs may also use digital or electronic displays.
The word highway goes back to the elevated Roman roads that had a mound or hill formed by earth from the side ditches thrown toward the center, thus high way. The word street originates with the Latin strata (initially, “paved”) and later strata via (“a way paved with stones”).
On June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The bill created a 41,000-mile “National System of Interstate and Defense Highways” that would, according to Eisenhower, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of “speedy, safe transcontinental travel.”
Everyone knows what bridges is, particularly for the engineer. A civil engineer can design a bridge that used to cross from point A to point B etc. Below is the history of bridges.
Bridge is not a construction but it is a concept, the concept of crossing over large spans of land or huge masses of water, and to connect two far-off points, eventually reducing the distance between them. The bridge provides passage over the obstacle of small caverns, a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the nature of the terrain and the function of the bridge and where it is constructed.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from German root brugj?.
Giving instruction is a way when we order or ask someone to do something for us. This is very closely related to one type of text that is used to give members a step in the making or process of something. In this topic, we will use Procedure text. The procedure which we are going to discuss is the way explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. A procedure is a specified series of actions or operations which have to be executed in the same manner in order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for example, emergency procedures).
Under this topic title, we will learn how to ask for directions and how to give directions to someone who asked us.
When you need to go to somewhere, sometimes you don’t know the way how to get there. This is the purpose of this topic. While, if someone asks you about the direction to go to somewhere, you know how to explain the way.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. History and Evolution
Thousands of years before urban planning, motor vehicles, or even the
wheel, the first roads appeared on the landscape. Just as molecules
coalesced into cells and cells into more complex organisms, our first roads
were spontaneously formed by humans walking the same paths over and
over to get water and find food. As small groups of people combined into
villages, towns and cities, networks of walking paths became more formal
roads. Following the introduction of the wheel about 7,000 years ago, the
larger, heavier loads that could be transported showed the limitations of dirt
paths that turned into muddy bogs when it rained. The earliest stone paved
roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and
Mesopotamia.
3.
4. History and Evolution
With much of the 20th century punctuated by hot and cold wars, the need to
move the military just as the Romans did led to the development of the
modern superhighway, including the German Autobahn and American
interstate system. Military requirements for long, unobstructed stretches
that could be used as emergency runways for aircraft paid a dividend for
civilian drivers who could now cross countries at high speeds in relative
safety.
Building or expanding modern roads is a complex undertaking that can cost
anywhere from $2 to12 million per mile depending on the number of lanes
and the location. A great deal of consideration must be put into where roads
should go in order to minimize disruptions and the make them as direct as
possible, while simultaneously keeping slopes reasonable in hilly areas for
performance and safety reasons.
5.
6. Components Of Modern Road Structure
Following are the different components of road structure:
Subgrade
Sub-base
Base course
Surface course or wearing course
7. Subgrade
The finished and compacted surface of earthwork on which a road
pavement rests is called subgrade or formation.
The subgrade of a road may be provided on an embankment, in cutting or
existing ground level depending upon the topography and the finalized
formation level. It consists of well compacted natural soil brought to the
required camber and gradient. The thickness and type of pavement
structure depend upon the supporting power of the subgrade because the
entire load of the pavement, including the load of traffic transmitted through
the pavement, is ultimately taken up by the subgrade.
8. Sub-base
A layer of granular material provided in between the subgrade and the base
course in a road pavement is known as sub-base.
It is provided as an additional layer when subgrade is of poor quality. It
consists of a layer comparatively cheaper material like burnt clinker, natural
gravel or slag.
9. Base Course
A layer of boulders or bricks provided over the subbase or immediately over
the subgrade in the absence of sub-base in a road pavement is called base
course or soling or foundation course.
This course is considered as the most important and major component of
road structure because this course is to bear the impact of traffic
transferred through the wearing course. It consists of a stable material like
boulders, gravel, one or two layers of well-burnt bricks etc. In case of rocky
subgrade, this course is not provided.
10. Surface Course Or Wearing Course
The topmost layer of the road pavement directly exposed to traffic is called
is called wearing course or surfacing.
It may consist of one or more number of layers in case of flexible
pavements. A good wearing course should be impervious and weather
resisting. it should be able to resist abrasive action of the traffic.
12. Classification of Roads
Road transportation is an essential network for any country. Classification
of roads based on many factors such as materials, locations, traffic etc. are
discussed.
Classification or Types of Roads
The roads are classified based on many factors as follows.
Materials
Location & function
Traffic volume
Width
Economy
Traffic type
Rigidity
Topography
13. Types of Roads Based on Materials
Earthen roads
Gravel roads
Murrum roads
Kankar roads
WBM roads
Bituminous roads
Concrete roads
14. Earthen Roads
Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper of all types of roads.
This type of road is provided for less traffic areas and or for countryside
areas. Good drainage system should be required which reflects good
performance for longer period.
15. Gravel Roads
Gravel roads are also low quality roads but they are good when compared
to earthen roads. Compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as
pavement material in this case.
16. Murrum Roads
Murrum is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous rocks by
weathering agencies. This is used to make roads called as murrum roads.
17. Kankar Roads
Kankar is nothing but impure form of lime stone. Kankar roads are
provided where lime is available in good quantity. These are also low
quality and performance wise they are similar to gravel and murrum
roads.
18. WBM Roads
Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in
its base course. The aggregates are spread on the surface and these are
rolled after sprinkling water. WBM roads provides better performance
compared to earthen, gravel, murrum and kankar roads. WBM roads are
laid as layers about 10cm thickness of each layer. They are very rough
and may disintegrate immediately under traffic.
19. Bituminous Roads
Bituminous roads are very popular roads around the world. They are most
used roads in the world. They are low in cost and good for driving
conditions. They are flexible and thickness of bituminous roads depends
upon the subgrade soil conditions.
20. Concrete Roads
Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete
roads. These are very popular and costlier than all other types of roads.
They are not flexible so, they require less maintenance.
21. Types of Roads Based on Location and Function
National highways
State highways
District roads
Rural roads or village roads
22. National Highways
National highways are main roads of a particular country. They connects
all major cities to the capital of the country. They run throughout the length
and breadth of the country. Minimum two lane road is provided for
national highways.
23. State Highways
State highways are second main roads which connect major parts of state
with in it. State highway ultimately connects to the national highways.
24. District Roads
District roads are provided with in the cities and connects markets and
production places to state and national highways. Two types of district
roads are there namely, Major district roads & Minor district roads.
Major district roads connect headquarters of neighboring district with main
parts of district while minor district roads are laid with in the district.
25. Rural Roads or Village Roads
Village roads connects the nearby villages with each other. They lead to
nearby town or district roads. Usually low quality roads are provided as
village roads because of low traffic.
26. Types of Roads Based on Traffic Volume
Light Traffic Roads
The roads which are carrying 400 vehicles daily on an average is called
light traffic roads.
Medium Traffic Roads
If a road carrying 400 to 1000 vehicles per day then it is said to be
medium traffic road.
High Traffic Roads
If a road is carrying is more than 1000 vehicles per day then it is
considered as high traffic road.
27. Types of Roads Based on Economy
Low cost roads
Medium cost roads
High cost roads
The economy depend upon the location and function of roads and also on
the traffic analysis.
28. Types of Roads Based on Traffic Type
Pedestrian Ways
Pedestrian ways are exclusively built for pedestrians and no vehicles are
permitted in this way.
Cycle Tracks
Cycle tracks or bicycle tracks are provided on both sides of pavement for
cyclists hence they can travel safely.
Motorways
Motorways are also known as expressways. Only few vehicles are
accessible to use this type of roads. The vehicles which can move with
high speed acceleration are permitted into this way. Motorways makes
travel quick and provides comfort for high speed vehicles.
29. Types of Roads Based on Rigidity
Flexible Roads
Flexible roads consists flexible layer as pavement surface which require
good maintenance otherwise it can be disintegrated easily with heavy
traffic. All types of roads except concrete roads are come under this
category.
Rigid Roads
Rigid pavements are non-flexible and cement concrete roads are come
under this category.
30. Types of Roads Based on Topography
Plain Area Road
The roads constructed on leveled surface is known as plain area roads.
Hilly Area Roads
Roads constructed in hilly regions are called as hill area roads or ghat
roads. Generally these are provided around the hill in spiral shape.