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The Enlightenment And Revolution
- 1. The Enlightenment andRevolution Big Idea: Think, Think, Think
- 2. The Enlightenment islike _________ because _____________ Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 3. Enlightenment Basics Who: Europe (including Russia) What: Age of reason, believed that reason could answer every question When: Approximately 1600 – 1800 Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 4. Thomas Hobbes SocialContract People were cruel, greedy and selfish If people weren’t controlled there would be chaos People gave up some control to live in an organized society (social contract) Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 5. John Locke Naturalrights People were reasonable and moral People had natural rights or rights that belonged to all humans from birth (life, liberty and property) People formed gov’ts to protect their natural rights If a gov’t doesn’t do their job, the people can overthrow it Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 6. Voltaire Freedom ofSpeech Targeted corrupt officials Attacked the French gov’t and the Catholic Church Was imprisoned and forced into exile “ I do not agree with a word that you say, he supposedly declared, “but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 7. Baron de MontesquieuSeparation of Powers Checks and Balances Admired the British gov’t for separating gov’t into three separate branches (legislative, executive and judicial) Felt that each branch should be a check on each other Is this influential? Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 8. Cesare Beccaria Crimeand Punishment Felt that using torture was useless and evil Punishment should be used to prevent crime rather than be used as an act of vengeance The punishment should fit the crime Innocent until proven guilty Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 9. Rene Descartes Everythingneeds to be proved using reason Developed analytical geometry (algebra & geometry combined) Helped design the scientific method “ I think therefore I am” because he knew one thing – he existed. Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 10. Galileo Galilei Telescopeand the Universe Assembled an astronomical telescope Saw mountains on the moon, sunspots Saw four moons moving around Jupiter, just like the earth and the sun Was condemned and threatened with death unless he said his information was false Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 11. Jean Jacques RousseauTheory of Natural Man Social Contract Theory Man was born neither good nor evil but is corrupted by society Society is more important than its individual members Each person could maintain personal freedom while being a loyal member of society Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 12. Mary Wollstonecraft Women’sRights During this time, women were treated poorly Denying women an education would hurt humanity If women were to stay in housekeeping mode then they would be nothing but slaves Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 13. Copernicus Heliocentric TheoryTheory that the earth rotates around the sun The theory is the starting point for modern astronomy Changed the way people looked at the world and galaxy Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 14. Adam Smith Laissez-faireeconomics Limited gov’t role in the economy Said the state should provide schools, armies, navies and roads Invisible hand economics (supply and demand) (shortages and surpluses) Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 15. Carl Scheele Oxygenis the key Discovered the chemical oxygen, chlorine, and many other chemical compounds First to observe the action of light on silver salts (basis for modern photography) Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 16. Andreas Vesalius Fatherof Anatomy Founder of modern human anatomy Emphasized the use of human dissection Discovered many new things about the human body Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 17. Francis Bacon ScientificMethod His works established the Baconian method or the Scientific Method Instead of arguing about something, use experimentation to find the answer Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 18. Thomas Paine Havesome Common Sense Wrote Common Sense , a pamphlet that promoted American independence from Great Britain Also helped influence the French Revolution Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 19. Isaac Newton Motionand Gravity Three laws of motion Gravity The inventor of calculus Removed the doubt from the Heliocentric Theory Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 20. Philosophes Thinkers Thisgroup originated in France Philosophes means “lovers of wisdom” Philosophes included Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot ( Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideals) Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 21. Salons Let’s PartyInformal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers and others exchanged ideas By the 1700’s the salon became a meeting for both middle-class and the nobility Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 22. Enlightened Despotism “Enlighten” the ruling classes Philosophes tried to convince European rulers to adopt their ideas Some monarchs did accept these ideas They became enlightened despots, or absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 23. Bingo Social ContractCruel, Greedy and Selfish Life Liberty Property Overthrow the government Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 24. Freedom of SpeechSeparation of Powers Checks and Balances Montesquieu Beccaria “ I think therefore I am” Galileo Galilei Theory of Natural Man Women’s Rights Heliocentric Theory Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 25. Laissez-faire Scheele Fatherof Anatomy Bacon Common Sense Motion and gravity Philosophes Encyclopedia Salons Enlightened Despotism Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
- 26. American Revolution Ageof Reason Secular Outlook Individualism Free Powerpoint template from www.brainybetty.com
Editor's Notes
- #8 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #9 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #10 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #11 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #12 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #13 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #14 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #15 One of the main points of The Wealth of Nations is that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called " invisible hand " (an image that Smith had previously employed in Theory of Moral Sentiments, but which has its original use in his essay, "The History of Astronomy"). If a product shortage occurs, for instance, its price rises, creating a profit margin that creates an incentive for others to enter production, eventually curing the shortage. If too many producers enter the market, the increased competition among manufacturers and increased supply would lower the price of the product to its production cost, the " natural price ". Even as profits are zeroed out at the "natural price," there would be incentives to produce goods and services, as all costs of production, including compensation for the owner's labour, are also built into the price of the goods. If prices dip below a zero profit, producers would drop out of the market; if they were above a zero profit, producers would enter the market. Smith believed that while human motives are often selfishness and greed , the competition in the free market would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Nevertheless, he was wary of businessmen and argued against the formation of monopolies .
- #16 Few, if any chemists have discovered more new simple substances than Scheele. He is credited with: � the discovery of oxygen, chlorine (which he called dephlogisticated marine acid), hydrogen fluoride, silicon fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide. � isolating and characterizing for the first time glycerol, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, uric acid, benzoic acid, gallic acid, oxalic acid, lactose, Prussic acid, arsenic acid, molybdic acid, tungstic acid, copper arsenite (called "Scheele's green") � First to report the action of light on silver salts (which became the basis of modern photography)
- #17 Besides the first good description of the sphenoid bone , he showed that the sternum consists of three portions and the sacrum of five or six; and described accurately the vestibule in the interior of the temporal bone. He not only verified the observation of Etienne on the valves of the hepatic veins, but he described the vena azygos , and discovered the canal which passes in the fetus between the umbilical vein and the vena cava, since named ductus venosus . He described the omentum , and its connections with the stomach, the spleen and the colon ; gave the first correct views of the structure of the pylorus ; observed the small size of the caecal appendix in man; gave the first good account of the mediastinum and pleura and the fullest description of the anatomy of the brain yet advanced. He did not understand the inferior recesses; and his account of the nerves is confused by regarding the optic as the first pair, the third as the fifth and the fifth as the seventh.
- #18 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #19 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #20 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #21 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #22 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out
- #23 - In reality, Monesquieu had misunderstood the British gov’t but it still worked out