The document discusses key concepts of the Enlightenment, including reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. It provides definitions for these concepts, such as viewing nature as good and reasonable. It also discusses important Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft and some of their key ideas around natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of thought, equality, and women's rights. Finally, it poses discussion questions about whether the philosophes would be satisfied with modern governments and which of their statements are most important today.

1. THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
A Revolution in Thought

2. Reason- absences of intolerance and prejudice in
one’s thinking- use logic to discover the truth
Nature- is good and reasonable
Happiness- achieve well-being on earth- don’t need
to wait for heaven…
Progress- society can always improve
Liberty- freedom in society like speech, religion,
press, trade, etc.
THE 5 MAIN CONCEPTS AT THE
HEART OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT:

3. Read the quote- what is it saying?
Voltaire- “ I do not agree with a word you
say but will defend to the death your right to
say it.”
Liberty is one of our most important rights.
True in the US?
The Enlightenment’s greatest enemies-
intolerance, prejudice, and superstition
PHILOSOPHE QUOTES ACTIVITY:

4. Natural rights-life, liberty,
property
Locke Fundamental to Dec.
of Ind.
Separation of powers Montesquieu US (Constitution)
Freedom of thought and
expression
Voltaire US Bill of Rights,
French. Dec. of Rights
Rich shouldn’t enjoy
special privileges
Give up some rights for
common good
Rousseau US equality
Women should have
power over themselves
Wollstonecraft
IDEA THINKER IMPACT

5. Natural rights-life, liberty,
property
Locke Fundamental to Dec.
of Ind.
Separation of powers Montesquieu US and others use
Freedom of thought and
expression
Voltaire US Bill of Rights,
French. Dec. of Rights
Rich shouldn’t enjoy
special privileges
Give up some rights for
common good
Rousseau US equality
Women should have
power over themselves
Wollstonecraft
IDEA THINKER IMPACT

6. 1. If the philosophes were alive today, do you
think they would be satisfied or dissatisfied
with the social conditions and the type of
government we have in the U.S.?
2. Based on your beliefs, which two statements
by the philosophes are the most important
to mankind today? Why?
3. Do you disagree with any of the statements?
Explain why.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

7. THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
A Political Revolution

8. CAUSES OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION
STATIONS:
MOVE FROM STATION
TO STATION TO
COMPLETE THE
WORKSHEET.

9. STATION A: 1st Estate
Why would the clergy (church leaders) disagree with
Enlightenment ideas?
Do you think these men abused their position in society?
Why or why not?
STATION B: 2nd Estate
Besides money, what other benefits/advantages did the 2nd
Estate enjoy?
Why might the poor 3rd Estate resent and hate the 2nd
Estate?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
CAUSES STATIONS QUESTIONS

10. STATION C: 3rd Estate
What percentage of France’s population make up the 3rd
Estate?
Besides being poor, why might one not want to be a part of
the 3rd Estate? What are their problems?
STATION D: The Bourbon Monarchy
Why would King Louis XVI be considered a bad leader?
Why might the people of the 3rd Estate have been displeased
with him?
STATION E: Marie Antoinette
Did she deserve the nickname “Madame Deficit”? Why or
why not?
Why might the people of France hate Marie Antoinette?

11. Phase 1: Preliminary Stage
- leading causes like social division, inefficient govt,
inept ruler…
Phase 2: First Stage
- financial breakdown, protests, dramatic events,
moderate take-over, celebration
Phase 3: Crisis Stage
-radical take-over, civil war, foreign war,
centralization of power
Phase 4: Recovery Stage
- slow return, rule by tyrant, radicals supressed,
appeal to the people
CRANE BRITON’S
FOUR PHASES OF A REVOLUTION:

12. Your notes for this part of the unit will be
categorized in the Four Phases of the
French Revolution. You will use the outline
provided as a source for chronological
information.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S
FOUR PHASES

13. THE BOURBON MONARCHY
LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE

14. “MADAME DEFICIT”

15. THEIR HUMBLE HOME:
THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

17. BREAD SHORTAGE RESULTED
FROM GRAIN FAILURE IN 1788-1789

18. PHASE ONE: PRELIMINARY STAGE
CLASS
ANTAGONISM
GOVERNMENT
INEFFICIENCY
INEPT RULER
INTELLECTUAL
TRANSFER OF
LOYALTY
• OLD REGIME- 3 ESTATES (SOCIAL
CLASSES)
• THIRD ESTATE- 97% OF POPULATION,
BUT LITTLE POLITICAL POWER
• HEAVY TAX BURDEN ON 3RD ESTATE
• OVERSPENDING OF ROYAL FAMILY
• 1ST AND 2ND ESTATE AVOID GOVT WORK
• LOUIS XVI- LITTLE EXPERIENCE/CARE FOR
RULE & GOVT. SPENDING
• MARIE ANTOINETTE- GAMBLING, PARTIES,
FROM AUSTRIA (FRANCE’S ENEMY)
• INSPIRED BY ENLIGHTENMENT
• WANT GOV’T BASED ON PEOPLE’S WILL,
NOT MONARCHY OR ARISTOCRACY OR
CHURCH

19. The Old
Regime
June 17, 1789-
creation of the National Assembly
June 20, 1789- Tennis Court Oath

20. JULY 14TH, 1789-
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
FRENCH EQUIVALENT TO 4TH OF
JULY TO AMERICANS

21. SUMMER TO FALL 1789-
THE GREAT FEAR

22. AUGUST 26,
1789-
THE
NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
PASSED THE
DECLARATION
OF THE
RIGHTS OF
MAN AND OF
THE CITIZEN
LIBERTY!
EQUALITY!
FRATERNITY!

23. OCTOBER 5-6, 1789- WOMEN’S
MARCH TO VERSAILLES
ROYAL FAMILY
LEAVES VERSAILLES-
MOVES TO PARIS

24. JULY 1790- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
ATTEMPTS TO TAKE OVER
CHURCH, LOSES CATHOLIC
SUPPORT

25. JUNE 20-21, 1791:
ROYAL FAMILY ATTEMPTS TO
ESCAPE TO THE AUSTRIAN
NETHERLANDS

26. NEW CONSTITUTION 1791:
-LIMITED MONARCHY
-CREATES LEGISLATIVE BODY,
A.K.A. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

27. FACTIONS (GROUPS) FORM IN THE
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
Radical Jacobins Conservative Girondin
Moderates

28. JANUARY 21, 1793:
KING LOUIS XVI IS EXECUTED
EXECUTION
METHOD-
Guillotine, ethical
and less painful,
used to apply capital
punishment equally
to all social classes
Nickname during
the Revolution:
The National Razor

29. OCTOBER 16, 1793:
MARIE ANTOINETTE IS EXECUTED

30. PHASE TWO: FIRST STAGE
FINANCIAL
BREAKDOWN
GOVERNMENT
PROTESTS
INCREASE
DRAMATIC
EVENTS
MODERATES
ATTAIN
POWER
• HEAVY DEBT WEAKEN FRANCE'S
ECONOMY
• BAD WEATHER IN 1780S LED TO CROP
FAILURE
• BREAD PRICES DOUBLED IN 1789
• STORMING THE BASTILLE
• THE GREAT FEAR- ATTACKS ON UPPER
CLASS
• WOMEN’S MARCH TO VERSAILLES
• TENNIS COURT OATH
• STORMING THE BASTILLE
• WOMEN’S MARCH…
• LOUIS XVI BEHEADED ON JAN. 21, 1793
• NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TAKES CONTROL
OF FRANCE
• FORM NEW CONSTITUTION AND THE
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN…

31. CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN WAR

32. REIGN OF TERROR
Robespierre
Take your notes will be on the Video Notes handout

33. JACOBIN LEADERS
Robespierre-
His death
ended the
Reign of
Terror
Marat- Author
of the Friend of
the People
newspaper,
murdered by
Corday
Danton- known
for great speeches
& sympathy for
the poor

34. PHASE THREE: CRISIS STAGE
RADICALS TAKE
CONTROL
MODERATES
DRIVEN FROM
POWER
CIVIL WAR
FOREIGN WAR
• LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ENDS IN 1792
• REPLACED WITH NATIONAL
CONVENTION, MADE UP OF JACOBIN
RADICALS
• UNDER ROBESPIERRE, JACOBINS
START A REIGN OF TERROR TO
ELIMINATE OPPOSITION
• CONFLICT BETWEEN VARIOUS FACTIONS
BREAK OUT THROUGHOUT FRANCE
• FRANCE IS INVADED BY PRUSSIA
• WAGE WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA AND
KINGDOM OF SARDINIA
• CONFLICTS WITH ENGLAND

35. THE DIRECTORY
Five moderate, upper-middle class men
ruled France following the Reign of Terror, and hire…

36. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Great military leader, future French Emperor

38. EUROPE 1812
Napoleonic Wars

39. PHASE FOUR: RECOVERY STAGE
SLOW, UNEVEN
RETURN TO
QUIETER TIMES
RULE BY
TYRANT
RADICALS
REPRESSED
MODERATES
GAIN AMNESTY
• TERROR ENDS WITH EXECUTION OF
ROBESPIERRE
• THE CREATION OF DIRECTORY (RULES
FOR 5 YEARS)
• COUP D'ÉTAT- NAPOLEON USED HIS
ARMY TO TAKE CONTROL OF
GOVERNMENT IN 1799
• RULES AS DICTATOR
• NAPOLEON ORGANIZES FRENCH SOCIETY,
OPPRESSES SOME OF THE MORE RADICAL
IDEAS OF THE JACOBINS (LIKE CLOSING
CHURCHES)
• NAPOLEONIC CODE
• NAPOLEON SEEKS APPROVAL OF ALL
PEOPLE WITH PLEBISCITE VOTE

40. EUROPE 1812
Napoleonic Wars

41. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
September 1, 1814 to June 9, 1815 (was suppose to last 4 weeks)

42. Key Players
at Vienna
The “Host”:
Prince Klemens von Metternich
(Austria)
Foreign Minister
Viscount Castlereagh
(Britain)
Tsar Alexander I
(Russia)
King Frederick William
III (Prussia)
Foreign Minister Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand (France)

43. Establish long lasting peace and stability in
Europe
Undo what Napoleon had done…
Return France to its pre-Revolution size
Return power of French territories to
original monarchs
Use Diplomacy (negotiations) to resolve
problems, not conflict/war
MEETING’S GOALS

44. Balance of Power: no one country would
be more powerful than another, or feel
threatened by the other countries
How did this impact France?
Legitimacy: restore monarchs who were
thrown out, believe this would stabilize
political relations among countries
KEY PRINCIPLES

45.  France was deprived of all
territory conquered by Napoléon.
 Russia was given most of Poland.
 Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of
Poland, and other German territories.
 A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states
(including Prussia) was created from the
previous 300, under Austrian rule.
 Austria was given back territory it had lost
recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.
 The House of Orange was given the Dutch
Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to
rule.
Changes Made at Vienna

46. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

47. More changes made at Vienna
 Norway and Sweden were joined.
 The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.
 Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.
 Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and
various other colonies in Africa and Asia.
 Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and
Genoa.
 The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two
Sicilies.
 The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise.
 The slave trade was condemned (at British urging).
 Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many
rivers.

48. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

49. Led to 40 years of peace between the
European countries involved
Led to formation of the CONCERT OF
EUROPE, a series of alliances to help out
in case of revolution.
Increased sense of Nationalism in newly
formed countries
WHAT WAS ITS LEGACY?

50. REVIEW GAME NEXT…
Your Unit Test covers the Renaissance,
Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment and
French Revolution.
There is multiple choice, research project
questions, mini DBQs, 1 art analysis and 1
paragraph response.
UNIT VI TEST