The document provides an overview of the rise of absolutism in 17th century Europe in response to religious and social unrest. It discusses how monarchs like Louis XIV of France consolidated power by limiting the influence of nobles and establishing divine right. It also summarizes the development of constitutional monarchy in England through conflicts between monarchs and Parliament that led to the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution, establishing more power for Parliament.
The French Revolution:
- The causes of the revolution
- Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of terror
- Fall of the Jacobins
- Rise of the Directory
- Napoleon Bonaparte
Eighteenth Century France
What was the Enlightenment?
Ideas that originated during the Enlightenment
WHAT EVENTS WERE CATALYSTS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT?
OTHER CAUSES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Scientific Revolution (16th and 17th century)
Bacon’s Scientific Method
Isaac Newton
18th century Enlightenment – The Age of Reason
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The French Revolution:
- The causes of the revolution
- Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of terror
- Fall of the Jacobins
- Rise of the Directory
- Napoleon Bonaparte
Eighteenth Century France
What was the Enlightenment?
Ideas that originated during the Enlightenment
WHAT EVENTS WERE CATALYSTS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT?
OTHER CAUSES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Scientific Revolution (16th and 17th century)
Bacon’s Scientific Method
Isaac Newton
18th century Enlightenment – The Age of Reason
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
First and second lectures for second year ISLN students in American history. The lectures focus on the economic political and social divide of the American nation in 1860-1865
Royal AbsolutismI. Elements of Absolutism· Divine Right of K.docxjoellemurphey
Royal Absolutism
I. Elements of Absolutism
· Divine Right of Kings Theory: similar to the "Mandate of Heaven" concept from the Zhou Dynasty in China; the monarch was supposedly divinely appointed by God, thus the monarch was responsible to no one but God Himself; allowed for unlimited power for the monarch--a blank check for power
· Regulation of Religious Groups: monarch strongly believed in the promotion of one state church; often believed that policies of religious toleration were signs of weakness, thus religious minorities were either persecuted or expelled from the nation
· Civil liberties: there were no such things as individual freedoms and liberties in continental Europe until after the 18th century Enlightenment
· Legislative bodies: if a nation had a legislative body, the absolute monarch did his best to ignore or avoid summoning the legislature into session; the absolute monarch did not want to share powers with anyone, including a legislature, thus there were no avenues for the lower classes to become involved in the political process and have a voice in government
· Nobility: the nobility became the target of the monarchy--the absolute monarch wanted to keep the nobility as far away from politics and political power, and made every attempt to control their every move
· Fiscal policies: the absolute monarch made every attempt to control every and all fiscal policies, including the power of taxation; also relied heavily on the economic theory of mercantilism; this tight control is broken in the 18th century with the rise of capitalism and free market economies
· Rise of modern bureaucracies: these bodies were generally staffed by the growing middle class--the monarch did not want the nobility involved; these bodies grew rapidly throughout the 17th century and were quite extensive by the 18th century and eventually needed huge reforms to end corruption
· Modern Armies: the absolute monarchs were concerned with raising and maintaining large and professionally trained armies; in the 17th century modern uniforms were developed and the use of regimental flags became important; these large armies eventually became a significant section in the national budgets
· Secret Police: these feared and hated people became the eyes and ears of the absolute monarch; they were a separate part of the civilian government and spied on all classes of citizens; they remained part of European governments well into the 20th century
Versailles in the early 18th Century
II. Louis XIV (1643-1715)
· In addition to his nickname, "The Sun King," Louis was also known as "The Gift From God;" he was born 23 years into his parents' marriage--they had concluded that they would remain childless
· His father died when he was five, and his mother and Cardinal Mazarin ruled as his regents
· Grew up hating the nobility because of the political intrigues that surrounded the court; became very secretive and trusted few people--his standard reply to direct questions:" ...
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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