The document discusses key events and themes in Europe between 1750-1900, including the American and French Revolutions, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and his efforts to build a French empire across Europe. It provides context on the causes of the revolutions, including political and economic inequalities, as well as timelines and overviews of major historical figures and developments during this era of industrialization, revolution, and imperial expansion.

1. Unit 5
1750-1900
Industrialization and
Globalization

2. Unit 5 Themes
1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform
2. The Industrial Revolution
3. Imperialism and Nation-State Building
4. Global Migration

3. The American
Revolution
Timelinehttp://globerove.com/france/french-revolution-timeline-
infographic/21869#lightbox/0/

4. The Seven Years War
A global conflict between England
and France

5. The Seven Years War
A global conflict between England and
France

6. Battles of the
American
Revolution

7. British Surrender at Yorktown

8. American colonies
before the Revolution
American Expansion in the 18th -19th
centuries

9. The French Revolution
Timelinehttp://globerove.com/france/french-revolution-timeline-
infographic/21869#lightbox/0/

10. Causes of the French Revolution

11. Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI

12. French Revolution
French Society
 First Estate: Catholic clergy
 .5% pop.
 Did not pay taxes
 Second Estate: nobility
 1.5% pop.
 Exempt from many taxes
 Third Estate: Rest of
Population
 Bourgeoisie – wealthy middle
class
 Sans-culottes – working class
 Provided bulk of French tax
revenue

13. Q. What can you infer from the pie graphs
on why a revolution occurred in France?

14. Political inequalities for Middle Class
First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
X X X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
1 Vote
1 Vote
1 Vote
X= Representative

15. Financial Crisis
 During 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts
 American Revolution
 Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy
 Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788
 Bread prices went up 50% in 1789
 Need for tax reform
 Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracy
 Aristocracy resisted reforms
 Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time
since 1614

16. Discussion Questions
What were the similarities between
the long-term causes of the
American and French Revolutions?
Differences?

17. Phase I
Moderate/liberal
Goal- create constitutional
monarchy

18. Calling of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789

19. The National Assembly and
Tennis Court Oath
Liberty,
Equality,
Fraternity
June 20, 1789

20. Why Revolution?
 Revolutionaries demanded end to the
Ancien Regime “Old Order”
 Absolutism
 Noble & Church feudal privileges
 Slogan of Revolution
 “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” (brotherhood)

21. Marquis de Lafayette
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen -
1789
Liberty,
Equality,
Fraternity
June 20, 1789

22. Declaration of Rights of Man and
the Citizen
a. based on ideas of the Enlightenment
and the Declaration of Independence
b. all people are equal before the law
c. freedom of speech, press and religion
d. protected against arbitrary arrest and
punishment
e. did not* grant equal rights to women

23. Storming of the Bastille
- Members of the 3rd Estate took it over to gain
gunpowder & free political prisoners
-Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution
-“Bastille Day” = National holiday; July 14

24. Storming of the Bastille

25. Great Fear
- France enters
“Great Fear” –
general revolts
against Old Feudal
Regime; clergy,
nobility

26. 34
March on Versailles
Oct. 5, 1789

27. Women’s March on Versailles
Storming of Versailles
October 1, 1789-Results
- Royal family forced to come to
Paris
- Louis forced to sign new
constitution
- France now a constitutional
monarchy

28. Critical Intro:
Why do you think all of the events
leading up to the “Reign of Terror”
were viewed as “moderate”
considering some of the violent
actions during those events?

29. Phase II
(1792-1794)
Radical
Goal- a republic; eliminate
monarchists and
counterrevolutionaries

30. European Nations Attack France
Arrest of Louis XVI
August 10, 1792 Nations (Great Britain, Spain, Austria, Prussia)
take advantage of instability – Attack France

31. Two Political Parties
 Jacobins – rejected anything that resembled the old order and
wanted more change
a. led by Maximilien Robespierre
 Girondists – felt that the revolution had gone far enough and
wanted to protect the wealthy middle class
Jacobins gain control

32. Critical Intro.
Arrest of Louis XVI
August 10, 1792Why were all events up to the
Reign of Terror considered
“Moderate”?

33. Radicals Take Control
Arrest of Louis XVI
August 10, 1792

34. Decline of the Monarchy
 Louis XVI tried to flee with his family to
Austria
a. was caught and returned to Paris
 neighboring countries began to worry
about their own monarchies
 French émigrés (nobles who fled from
France) tried to convince other countries to
restore Louis XVI

35. Execution of Louis XVI
January 21, 1793

36. Monarchy dead; Republic is born
 Jacobin (radical revolutionaries) Reforms
 Universal adult male suffrage
 Universal military duty
 Abolished slavery
 Fuels Haitian Revolution
 Increased rights of women
 Could not participate in politics
 Attacked Catholicism
 Spirit of nationalism

37. 45
“Reign of Terror”
1793 - 1794

38. Reign of Terror
“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people
by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”
 Led by Maximilien
Robespierre
 Find & eliminate
enemies of the state
 Monarchists
 counterrevolutionaries
 As many as 40,000
killed by guillotine
video

39. British View of Reign of Terror

40. End of the Terror
July 28, 1794
Robespierre is killed
French Revolution part 4
French Revolution part 5
French Revolution part 3

41. Phase III
(1794-1815)
Conservative/reactionary
Goal- To end “terror” and
establish Directory

42. 50
Directory and
Rise of Napoleon
1799 - 1815

43. Rise of Napoleon
 Directory = Ineffective
governing body
following “Terror”
 Failed to solve economic
problems of France
 Napoleon staged a
coup d'état in 1799
 Becomes emperor in
1804

44. Goals of Napoleon
 increase French nationalism
 control of Europe
 improve education
a. set up technical schools, universities and secondary
schools
 required all citizens to pay taxes
 Establish Central Bank
 improve the legal system
a. simplified the French law code into the
Napoleonic Code

45. Napoleonic Code, 1804
• Purpose = reform the
French legal code to
reflect the principles
of the French Rev.
• Create 1 law code for
France
• Influenced European
legal codes

46. Building His Empire
 after defeating Austria and Italy, he convinced Russia to drop out of
the war
a. Also invaded Spain & Portugal
b. Britain was left as the only country opposing Napoleon
 Continental System – ordered all European nations to stop trade
with Britain
Goal = isolate Britain & promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe

47. The Continental
System

48. Napoleon’s Empire

49. Napoleon’s Empire

50. Downfall of Napoleon
 1812 – Napoleon invaded Russia with a 600,000 men
 the Russians executed a “scorched-earth” policy = no food or shelter
for French troops
 Napoleon had to withdraw because of the harsh Russian winter
 the Russians attacked them the whole way back
 500,000 died
French severely weakened = Spain, Russia, Prussia, Britain,
Austria and Italy attacked France
 March 14, 1814 – Napoleon was forced to abdicate
the throne and was exiled to Elba

51. Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of
Russia

52. Napoleon’s Empire
Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812
Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from
Russia

53. Napoleon on Elba
This should NOT be
a prison

54. Final Defeat
 Napoleon escapes Elba
 Leads France for 100 days
 Europeans invade France & defeat Napoleon for good at
Waterloo.
 Exiled to St. Helena

55. Battle of Waterloo
British and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good

56. Napoleon’s Downfall
Could not conquer British navy
Guerilla movements in Spain and
Portugal
Failed invasion of Russia
Final defeat at Waterloo

57. Napoleon Banished to St. Helena

58. Legacy of Napoleon
 Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under
French domination.
 Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern
European legal codes
 Spread of nationalism in Europe
 German and Italian unification
 Greek independence

59. Legacy of the French Revolution
 Global Independence movements
 Haitian Revolution
 Latin American independence
• Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain
 Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire
 Slave Trade and Slavery
 England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833
 Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)
 Abolition of serfdom
 Except in Russia