World History Patterns of Interaction

1. The Atlantic World, 1492—1800
Chapter 20
pgs. 483—503

2. SPANISH CONQUESTS IN THE
AMERICAS
Section 1
pgs. 483-489

3. Christopher Columbus
• Instead of sailing east, he sailed west in search of
a direct route to Asia and its riches
– Never reached Asia, reached island in the Caribbean
• Named it San Salvador
• Mistakenly gave Native Americans name los
indos, thinking he was in India
• Interested in gold
• Later journey back to America, not as an explorer,
but as an empire bulder, and began to colonize
America

4. Los Indios
• Native American’s
misleading nickname
• Given to Native Americans
by Chrisopher
Columbus, thinking they
were India

5. Taino
• Natives to San
Slavador, the island in the
Bahamas, that was
“discovered” by
Columbus

6. Pedro Alvares Cabral
• Portuguese explorer
• Reached the shores
of modern-day Brazil
and claimed the land
for Portugal

7. Amerigo Vespucci
• An Italian explorer, working for Spain
• Traveled along the eastern coast of South
America
• Claimed that the newly discovered land wasn’t
part of Asia, but part of a “new world”
• America named after him

8. Ferdinand Magellan
• 230 men, 5 ships
• Sailed around the southern end of South America
and into the unknown waters of the Pacific
– Sailed for months without seeing land
– Bad food, conditions
• Eventually reached the Philippines
– Became involved in local war
• killed
• 18 of original crew returned home
• First people to sail around the world

9. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
• Spanish explorer
• Walked through Panama
• Became the first
European to ever see the
Pacific Ocean

10. Hernando Cortez
• Spaniard who landed on the shores of Mexico
• Colonized several Caribbean islands
• Began looking towards the American inland as a
source of income
• “conquistador”
• Refused to accept Montezuma II’s offer of a share
to the gold that the Aztecs already had
• Driven out by Aztec rebels
• Conquered Aztecs

11. Conquistadors
• Conquerors
• Spanish explorers
• Carved out regions
that would later
become Mexico,
South America, and
the U.S.

12. Aztecs
• Lived in present-day
Mexico
• Wealthy
– Lots of silver/gold as natural
resources
• Capital Tenochtitlan
• Conquered by Cortes

13. Montezuma II
• Aztec’s emperor
– Beloved ruler with great speaking ability
• Believed Cortes was an armor-clad god
• Agreed to give the Spanish a portion of the
gold/silver that they already had
• Later denounced a traitor when he tried to
stop the Aztecs from fighting Spain

14. Aztecs Fall
• Rebelled against intruders and drove out
Cortes
– Cortes struck back and conquered the Aztecs
• Cortes able to win rebellion because
– Spanish had superior weapons
– Help from locals who hated the Aztecs
– Aztec’s immune system unable to cope with
diseases brought over by Europeans

15. Francisco Pizarro
• Conquistador
• Conquered the Incans
– Altahualpa
– Cajamarca

16. Atahualpa & Cajamarca
• Atahualpa
– Incan ruler
– Offered Cortes a room filled
with silver and gold for his
release
• Pizarro took ransom and was
killed
• Cajamarca
– Incan capital
– Conquered by Pizarro

17. Incans
• Empire in Peru
• Conquered by Pizarro
• Rich in natural resources, like silver
and gold

18. Reconquista
• Spaniards used
techniques from
this period while
they established
their new American
empire

19. peninsulares
• Spanish settlers to
America
• Mostly men
– Marriage between
natives/Spaniards

20. Mestizo
• Mix between
peninsulares and
natives
• Mostly men came to
colonies and the
natives where the
only women

21. Ecomienda
• Spaniards forced Native
Americans to labor, in
an effort to get more
resources from the land
• Natives
mined, farmed, or
ranched for Spanish
landlords
• Many where abused to
death

22. Brazil
• Cabral claimed present-
day Brazil for Portugal
• Brazil had little natural
resources and the settlers
farmed
– Produced a lot of sugar

23. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
• Led an expedition
throughout present-day
Arizona
• Searched for wealthy
empires to conquer
• Little gold/resources
– Spain assigned mostly priests
to explore and colonize
America

24. Pedro de Peralta
• Governor of Spain’s
northern holdings
– New Mexico
• Led settlers to a
tributary on the
upper Rio Grange &
built a capital called
Santa Fe

25. Bartolomé de Las Casas
• Dominican monk
• Resented Spain's
treatment of the
natives
• Suggested use
Africans as slaves
instead

26. Popé
• Pueblo ruler
• Led well-organized
uprising against the
Spanish
– Drove Spanish back
into New Spain for 12
years

27. COMPETING CLAIMS IN NORTH
AMERICA
Section 1
pgs. 490-494

28. Giovanni da Verrazzano
• Italian in the service of
France
• Sailed to North America in
search of a possible sea
route to the Pacific
• Discovered modern-day
New York Harbor

29. Jacques Cartier
• Frenchman
• Reached a gulf off the coast of the eastern
coast of Canada, that led to a broad river
– St. Lawrence River
• Followed river until he reached large island
– Named it Mount Royal
– Renamed it Montreal

30. Samuel de Champlain
• Sailed up the St.
Lawrence
• Claimed region, he
called Quebec
– Later become the
basis of France’s
colonial empire in
North America,
known as New France

31. New France
• France’s colonial
empire in
America
• Quebec base

32. Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet
• Marquette: French
Priest
• Joliet: trader
• Explored the Great
Lakes and the upper
Mississippi

33. Sieur da LaSalle
• Explored the lower
Mississippi
• Claimed the entire
river valley for France
• Named it Louisiana in
honor of Louis XIV

34. Jamestown
• English colony in Virginia
• Named Jamestown in honor of King James
• Start was disastrous
– More interested in finding gold than planting crops
– 7/10 people died from hunger, disease, or fighting with the
Native Americans
• England's first permanent settlement in North America
• Earned a lot of money selling tobacco
• Became stable after James took control, and made it a
royal colony

35. Pilgrims
• Founded England’s
second colony in
Plymouth
• Persecuted for their
religious beliefs in
England, they sought
religious freedoms

36. Puritans
• Sought religious freedoms
• Established colony nearby Massachusetts bay
• Wanted to build a model community that
would set an example for other Christians to
follow
• Colonist were families, not males like in
Jamestown

37. Henry Hudson
• Englishman in the
service of the
Netherlands
• Searching for a
northwest route to
Asia
– Didn’t find route
– Found Hudson
River, Hudson Bay, and
Hudson Strait

38. New Netherlands
• Dutch holdings in North America
• Profited from fur trade
• Slow to attract colonists
• Made up of land claimed by Henry Hudson
• “Confusion of to ungues”
– Dutch, Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other
European settled there
– Protestants, Catholics, Muslims, and Jews

39. English overpower the Dutch
• “Dutch Wedge” separated its northern and
southern colonies
• Charles II granted his brother, Duke of York
permission to drive out the Dutch
– Dutch surrendered without firing a shot
• Dutch gone and English continued to colonize
– Colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia

40. French and Indian War
• Known as Seven Years War in Britain
• Britain and France battled for territory and
supremacy in the West Indies
• In North America, the British colonists, with
the help of the British Army, defeated the
French in 1763
– French surrendered their holdings in America
– British seized control of nearly the eastern half of
North America

41. Relations with Natives
French
– mostly cooperative
• Mutual benefit of fur trade
– Occasionally fought
English
– early relations were cooperative
– Worsened over the issues of land and religion
– English pushed the Native of their land to
accommodate population of colony

42. Heathens
• People without faith
• English colonists believed that Native
Americans were Heathens
– Puritans viewed them as agents of the devil and as
a threat to their godly society
– Native Americans developed a similar veiw to the
colonists
• Caused strained relations

43. Powhatan Tribe
• Attacked colonial
villages around
Jamestown, killing
about 350 settlers
– Colonists retaliated by
massacring the
Powhatan

44. Metacom
• “King Phillip”
• Led an attack on 52 colonial villages
throughout Massachusetts
• Months followed both massacred the other
side
• After year of fighting, colonists defeated the
Natives

45. Natives killed by disease
• Europeans brought many diseases with them
• Smallpox dropped Native American
population from 24,000 to 750
• Natives death caused the colonist to look for a
new way of labor—Africans

46. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Section 3
pgs. 495-499

47. Slavery in Africa
• Introduction of Islam in Africa increased slavery
– Muslim beliefs that non-Muslim prisoners of war
could be sold into slavery
• 650—1600 Muslims delivered 4.8 million
Africans to SW Asia
• Slaves had some legal rights opportunities of
social mobility
– Could be general in army
– Could buy land and own slaves
– Children of slaves weren’t born slaves

48. Desire for Africans
• As natives began dying from disease, the
colonies needed new workers
• Advantages of Africans
– Been exposed to Europeans and built up immune
system to their diseases
– Had experience farming and would be able to
work on plantations
– Unfamiliar to land
• No familiar tribes in which to hide in
• Less likely to escape

49. Atlantic Slave Trade
• The buying and selling of African slaves for
work in the Americas
• 1500-1600, 300,000 Africans were brought to
the Americas

50. Slavery in Americas
• Majority of slaves worked on
sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations
• England began to dominate the Atlantic Slave
Trade, as it grew
– Imported 1.7 million slaves to colonies

51. African Cooperation
• Many african merchants and rulers supported
the Atlantic Slave Trade
– Didn’t see difference from seliing to Westerners
• African merchants, with the help of the local
rulers captured Africans to be enslaved
– Exchanged for guns, gold, and other goods

52. King Nzinga Mbemba
• Didn’t agree with Atlantic Slave Trade
• “Affonso”
• Originally participated in the slave trade
• Wrote letter to the king of Portugal in which
he protested the taking of Africans for slaves

53. Triangular Trade
• Transatlantic trading
network
– Between British
Colonies, Africa, and
Britain

54. Middle Passage
• The voyage that
brought captured
slaves from Africa to
the Americas
• Horrible conditions for
the slaves and many
people died or
committed suicide
– About 20% died

55. Ouaudah Eauiano
• Recalled inhumane conditions on his trip to the West
Indies, at age 11 in 1756
– I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received
such a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never
experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of
the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low
that I was not able to eat . . . but soon, to my grief, two of
the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to
eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me
across . . . The windlass, while the other flogged me
severely.
OLAUDAH EQUIANO, quoted in
Eyewitness: The Negro in American History

56. Harsh Life of Slaves
• After arriving in America, slaves were
auctioned off to the highest bidder
• Had hard jobs
• Little to eat
• Often suffered whippings and beatings
• Slavery was hereditary
– Slaves children were born slaves

57. Slave Resistance/Rebellion
• made themselves less productive, as though
to hurt their owners profits
• 1522 slaves revolted, killing several Spanish
colonists
• In Columbia, slaves destroyed the entire town
of Santa Marta

58. Stono Rebellion
• Group of slaves in South Carolina led an
uprising
• Killed several colonists
• Engaged the local militia in battle
• Many slaves died during the fight
• Those captured were executed
• Despite failures, uprisings continued into the
1800s

59. Consequences of Atlantic Trade
• Africa
– Numerous cultures lost entire generations
– Introduced guns
• Colonies
– economic and cultural development
– New growing techniques
– Larger African American population

60. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND
GLOBAL TRADE
Section 4
pgs. 500-503

61. Colombian Exchange
• A global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that
occurred during the European colonization of North
America

62. Commercial Revolution
• The expansion of trade and business that had
transformed European economics
• New business and trade practices

63. Capitalism
• Economic system based on private ownership
and investment of wealth for profit
• Merchants, who had gained money
overseas, were investing money in other
enterprises
– Business across Europe flourished
• Inflation caused prices of goods to rise

64. Joint-Stock Company
• Number of people pooling their wealth for a
common purpose
– Failed/prospered wouldn’t loose/gain as much
• Joint-stock companies used to establish
colonies
– Jamestown developed through joint-stock
company

65. Mercantilism
• A countries power depended mostly on its
wealth
• It was wealth that allowed nations to build
strong armies, and purchase vital goods
• Goal of every nation was to become wealthy

66. Favorable Balance of Trade
• A country sold more
goods than it bought