The document provides an overview of key philosophical movements and thinkers during the Enlightenment period. It discusses rationalism, which held that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and empiricism, which believed knowledge comes from sensory experience. Major rationalist thinkers discussed include Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Empiricists covered include Locke, Hume, and Berkeley. Descartes used rationalism to develop his famous "I think therefore I am" argument and the mind-body dualism. Spinoza argued reality is a single unified substance with God and nature being the same. Leibniz separated truths into analytic and synthetic statements. Major empiricists rejected innate ideas and believed knowledge comes only from

1. Introduction to Philosophy IS-VNU Mr. Mike Lecture 7