1. Spurred by Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought for independence from colonial rule in the early 1800s. 2. Creole leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutionary armies that liberated much of Latin America, with Bolívar freeing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia by 1824. 3. Mexico declared independence in 1821 led by Creole general Agustín de Iturbide, while Brazil peacefully separated from Portugal in 1822 under the leadership of Dom Pedro, who declared Brazil's independence and became its first emperor.

1. 24.1 Latin American24.1 Latin American
Peoples Win IndependencePeoples Win Independence
Spurred by discontent andSpurred by discontent and
Enlightenment ideas, peoples inEnlightenment ideas, peoples in
Latin America fight colonial rule.Latin America fight colonial rule.

2. Colonial Society DividedColonial Society Divided
 A Race and Class SystemA Race and Class System
• Latin America has social classes that determineLatin America has social classes that determine
jobs and authorityjobs and authority
 PeninsularesPeninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial—born in Spain, they head colonial
government and societygovernment and society
 CreolesCreoles—American-born Spaniards who can become—American-born Spaniards who can become
army officersarmy officers
 MestizosMestizos—have both European and Native American—have both European and Native American
ancestryancestry
 MulattosMulattos—have both European and African ancestry—have both European and African ancestry
 Slaves and Native Americans are at the bottom ofSlaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of
societysociety

4. Revolutions in the AmericasRevolutions in the Americas
 Revolution in HaitiRevolution in Haiti
• Haiti is the first Latin AmericanHaiti is the first Latin American
territory to gain freedomterritory to gain freedom
• Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture leadsleads
slave revolt against the Frenchslave revolt against the French
(1791)(1791)
• Toussaint eventually dies in aToussaint eventually dies in a
French prison in 1803.French prison in 1803.

5. Revolutions in HaitiRevolutions in Haiti
 Haiti’s IndependenceHaiti’s Independence
• Jean-Jacques DessalinesJean-Jacques Dessalines
declares Saint Domingue adeclares Saint Domingue a
country in 1804country in 1804
• Saint Domingue becomesSaint Domingue becomes
first black colony to winfirst black colony to win
independenceindependence
• Renames Haiti, meansRenames Haiti, means
“mountainous land” in the“mountainous land” in the
Arawak languageArawak language
• Emperor Jacques isEmperor Jacques is
assassinated in 1806 byassassinated in 1806 by
disaffected members of hisdisaffected members of his
administration.administration.

6. Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence
 The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasThe Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
• Enlightenment ideas inspire LatinEnlightenment ideas inspire Latin
American revolutionariesAmerican revolutionaries
 Creole LeadersCreole Leaders
• Simón BolívarSimón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads—wealthy Creole leads
Venezuela in revolutionVenezuela in revolution
• José de San MartínJosé de San Martín—leader of—leader of
Argentinean revolutionary forcesArgentinean revolutionary forces

7. 1. Bolivar’s 1807
return from
Europe by way
of the United
States allowed
him to study the
American
system of
government.
2. In 1810, Bolivar
went to London
to seek support
for the
revolution in
Latin America.
At the same
time, he studied
British
institutions of
government.

8. Portraits of Bolivar and San MartinPortraits of Bolivar and San Martin

9. Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence
 Bolívar’s Route to VictoryBolívar’s Route to Victory
• Venezuela declares independence inVenezuela declares independence in
1811; Bolivar wins war by 18211811; Bolivar wins war by 1821
 San Martín Leads SouthernSan Martín Leads Southern
Liberation ForcesLiberation Forces
• Argentina is independent in 1816; SanArgentina is independent in 1816; San
Martin helps free ChileMartin helps free Chile
• Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies driveBolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive
Spanish out of Peru in 1824.Spanish out of Peru in 1824.

10. Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule
 A Cry for FreedomA Cry for Freedom
• PadrePadre Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo
—priest who launches—priest who launches
Mexican revolt (1810).Mexican revolt (1810).
• 80,000 Indian and80,000 Indian and
Mestizo followers marchMestizo followers march
on Mexico Cityon Mexico City
• Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos——
leads revolt afterleads revolt after
Hidalgo’s defeat, butHidalgo’s defeat, but
losesloses
• Both Hidalgo andBoth Hidalgo and
Morelos were executed.Morelos were executed.

11. An artistic
representation
of the
execution of
Jose Maria
Morelos in
1815.

12. Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule
 Mexico’sMexico’s
IndependenceIndependence
• Mexican creoles react;Mexican creoles react;
Iturbide (a MexicanIturbide (a Mexican
General) declaresGeneral) declares
Mexico independentMexico independent
(1821)(1821)
• Iturbide reigns brieflyIturbide reigns briefly
as emperor until Marchas emperor until March
1823.1823.
• In 1823, CentralIn 1823, Central
America breaks awayAmerica breaks away
from Mexicofrom Mexico
Agustín de Iturbide

13. Iturbide is credited with designing the
first Mexican flag. (1821-1823)
Today’s Flag of Mexico
The tri-color flag is still
used, and the presence of
the eagle is also used in
the modern flag of Mexico
used since 1968.

14. Brazil’s Royal LiberatorBrazil’s Royal Liberator
 A BloodlessA Bloodless
RevolutionRevolution
• Napoleon invadesNapoleon invades
Portugal; royalPortugal; royal
family moves tofamily moves to
Brazil (1807)Brazil (1807)
• Portuguese courtPortuguese court
returns to Portugalreturns to Portugal
after Napoleon’safter Napoleon’s
defeat (1815)defeat (1815)
The Imperial Palace in Rio de
Janeiro where King John VI
of Portugal had transferred
the Portuguese Royal Court
to Brazil.

15. Brazil’s Royal LiberatorBrazil’s Royal Liberator
• Portuguese prince DomPortuguese prince Dom
Pedro stays behind inPedro stays behind in
BrazilBrazil
 Dom Pedro acceptsDom Pedro accepts
Brazilian’s request to ruleBrazilian’s request to rule
their own countrytheir own country
 He officially declaresHe officially declares
Brazil’s independenceBrazil’s independence
(September 1822)(September 1822)
• By 1830, nearly all ofBy 1830, nearly all of
Latin American regionsLatin American regions
win independencewin independencePedro I of Brazil

16. Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I