Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Vocabulary
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This document defines key terms from the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment periods. It includes definitions for important figures like Galileo, Newton, Columbus, and da Gama who advanced scientific thinking and exploration. It also defines Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, and concepts like natural rights that shaped new ideas about government, society and politics.
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1) Absolute monarchs claimed unlimited power that was believed to be granted by God. They could make and change laws without limits.
2) In the 17th century, as wars increased taxes and unrest, many monarchs strengthened their power and tightly controlled aspects of society and the economy to impose order.
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The document defines key terms related to religious dissent, the Protestant Reformation, scientific revolution, European colonization of the Americas, and major political revolutions in France and England such as the English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, and French Revolution. It provides definitions for concepts like heretic, indulgence, heliocentric theory, scientific method, colony, mercantilism, absolute monarchy, Declaration of the Rights of Man, and Reign of Terror.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
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The philosophes were groups of thinkers in 18th century France who met to discuss social and political issues and solutions to social problems. They rejected the ideas of absolute monarchy and favored democracy. Some of the most influential philosophes included Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. They believed that reason and science should guide society rather than religion or tradition. Their ideas helped spark the French Revolution by challenging the status quo and authority of the monarchy and church.
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2) In the 17th century, as wars increased taxes and unrest, many monarchs strengthened their power and tightly controlled aspects of society and the economy to impose order.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period in Europe. It outlines causes of the Scientific Revolution such as trade, universities, and the Renaissance. It then lists important scientists from the era like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. It discusses new attitudes around skepticism and rationalism that developed. It also summarizes major philosophers from this period and their ideas, including Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hobbes, and others. Finally, it discusses some of the lasting legacies of the Enlightenment like the development of civil society and an emphasis on individual rights and democracy.
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The philosophes were groups of thinkers in 18th century France who met to discuss social and political issues and solutions to social problems. They rejected the ideas of absolute monarchy and favored democracy. Some of the most influential philosophes included Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. They believed that reason and science should guide society rather than religion or tradition. Their ideas helped spark the French Revolution by challenging the status quo and authority of the monarchy and church.
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This document provides an overview of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century and some of its key thinkers and ideas. It summarizes that the Enlightenment was an age of optimism in humanity's ability to use reason to reform society and advance knowledge. Major figures discussed include Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. Voltaire and other philosophes advocated using reason to critique tradition and institutions in order to promote freedom, rights, and social progress. Rousseau emphasized concepts like the social contract and general will. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations analyzed free market economics. Enlightened despots also sought to implement Enlightenment ideals through legal and economic reforms.
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This document summarizes key figures and ideas from the Enlightenment period. It profiles scientists like Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton, who made important discoveries about astronomy, physics, and mathematics that changed views of humanity's place in the universe. Philosophers such as Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire advocated new social contract theories and expanding individual freedoms and rights. The document also outlines several enlightened despots, including Frederick the Great, Maria Theresa, and Catherine the Great, who instituted reforms in Prussia, Austria, and Russia to modernize governments and societies.
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This document provides information on philosophers who influenced the French Revolution:
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The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille and led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. The monarchy was overthrown in 1792 followed by the September Massacres and the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. The Reign of Terror began later that year. The Directory was established in 1795 before Napoleon overthrew it in 1799.
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Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history who conquered much of Europe. He centralized power in France and introduced important legal reforms like the Napoleonic Code, though he also ruled as a tyrant, controlling the press and censoring dissent. Napoleon's expansion of his empire through military victories led him to invade Russia in 1812, which proved to be his downfall as his army was decimated in the Russian winter.
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The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille and led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. The monarchy was overthrown in 1792 followed by the September Massacres and the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. The Reign of Terror began later that year. The Directory was established in 1795 before Napoleon overthrew it in 1799.
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The document outlines the timeline of major works and thinkers during the Enlightenment period from 1690 to 1795. It discusses how Enlightenment philosophers built upon the Scientific Revolution to apply reason to the study of human society and government. They criticized absolute monarchy and proposed reforms to promote individual freedom and rights. The two main views on government during this time came from Thomas Hobbes, who argued for a strong sovereign to maintain order, and John Locke, who believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments derived power from the consent of the governed.
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The document summarizes key aspects and figures of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century. Some of the major ideas discussed include John Locke's view of tabula rasa and people being molded by experience, Montesquieu's separation of powers in government, Voltaire's advocacy of deism and religious toleration, Diderot's work on the Encyclopedia to change common thinking, and Adam Smith's view of laissez-faire economics and limited government roles. Later Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau and Wollstonecraft addressed issues like inequality, the social contract, and women's rights respectively.
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In the late 1700s, France was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility comprising the first two estates and owning most of the land and wealth while paying little to no taxes. The third estate, made up of the bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants, was heavily taxed but had little political power. Growing discontent with this unequal system and influence from Enlightenment ideas led to calls for political reform. King Louis XVI, who faced economic problems and resistance to tax changes, called the Estates-General assembly in 1789 in an attempt to address these issues, but this further fueled the revolutionary sentiment among the third estate members.
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How Did The Enlightenment Philosophies Influence Modern Political Thought
The enlightenment philosophies of freedom, democracy, reason, and separation of church and state greatly influenced modern political thought. These ideas challenged traditional systems of monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Adams, Hume, and Jefferson promoted natural rights, consent of the governed, and prioritized human reason over tradition and divine right. Their ideas shaped the American and French Revolutions and continue to underpin democratic systems today.
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The document summarizes French philosophers from the Enlightenment era and their ideas. It discusses key philosophers like Descartes, Rousseau, and Voltaire and how they questioned authority and promoted reason. The Enlightenment challenged the dominance of the monarchy and church through new scientific thought and philosophy. French thinkers had immense influence by promoting ideas like separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and democracy.
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The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of the Old Regime. Financial troubles and Enlightenment ideas led the Third Estate to revolt and form the National Assembly. This triggered unrest across France and the storming of the Bastille. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establishing France as a constitutional monarchy. However, further unrest and conflict with other European nations led the monarchy to be abolished and the First French Republic established under the radical Jacobins. The Reign of Terror and rule of Robespierre followed before the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and his crowning as Emperor in 1804.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany a lecture on the Enlightenment for courses in Western Civilization, World History, and European History.
For more instructional materials, check out my website: http://www.tomrichey.net
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During the Scientific Revolution, Francis Bacon and other natural philosophers developed inductive reasoning as an alternative to the deductive method that had been in use since Aristotle's time. Today, both methods are used by those trying to understand the universe in which we live.
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Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who was one of the most influential thinkers of the Scientific Revolution. He is most famous for saying, "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). These slides were created to accompany a brief lecture introducing Descartes and his philosophy.
Check out the e-lecture on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l04HlEP-N60
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- 1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Vocabulary
- 2. Scientific Revolution Vocabulary Scientific Revolution--The series of events that led to the birth of modern science New World—America Circumnavigate-- Travel all the way around the earth
- 3. Scientific Revolution Vocabulary Galileo--Italian scientist that published a book in which he stated that the Earth orbited the sun Sir Isaac Newton--Made contributions in both Math and Science- Known for his observations about gravity, the force that attracts objects to each other
- 4. Scientific Revolution Vocabulary Queen Isabella-- Queen of Spain that funded the explorations of Christopher Columbus Vasco da Gama--Portuguese explorer that sailed around the southern tip of Africa and on to the west coast of India
- 5. Scientific Revolution Vocabulary Christopher Columbus-- Italian sailor. He led voyages to the Americas in 1492 while trying to find a route east to India and China. Ferdinand Magellan-- Portuguese navigator and explorer. He was the first person to try and circumnavigate the Earth
- 6. Enlightenment Vocabulary Enlightenment—(Age of Reason) The use of reason in shaping people’s ideas about society and politics John Locke--English philosopher; had a major influence on Enlightenment. Thought government should be a contract between the ruler and the people
- 7. Enlightenment Vocabulary Jean-Jacques Rousseau—philosopher who believed that citizens give the government the power to make and enforce laws. He believed that if a government created laws that did not serve the people the government should give up its power. English Bill of Rights--1689 Outlawed cruel and unusual punishment. Guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament Declaration of Independence--1776 Declared that people have natural rights that governments must protect. Argued that people have the right replace their government
- 8. Enlightenment Vocabulary French Revolution– started by anger over the differences between social classes. Started in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille. Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen— An attempt made during the French Revolution to write a French constitution that guaranteed French citizens some rights and fairer taxes. Those rights included: freedom of speech, press and religion. Reign of Terror--Bloody period of the French Revolution during which the government executed
- 9. Enlightenment Vocabulary Napoleon Bonaparte--French General who took control over France after the French Revolution and conquered much of Europe Congress of Vienna– Occurred in 1814. It was when European leaders met and redrew the map of Europe in hopes of keeping any country from ever becoming powerful enough to threaten Europe again.