The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individualism. Key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and Newton used careful observation and experimentation to challenge accepted beliefs and prove theories like heliocentrism and gravity. Meanwhile, philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau advocated for ideals like tolerance, liberty, and democracy based on logic and natural rights. The Scientific Revolution and Age of Reason transformed thought and helped ushered in principles of the modern world.

1. Enlightenment
Enlightenment=movementthatemphasize
reason,logicandindividualism

2. • Scientific Revolution
• New way of thinking about
the natural world
• Based on careful observation
and question accepted
beliefs
• Exploration and invention of
printing press
• Opened others to new
knowledge, new truths,
challenging ideas

3. •NicolasCopernicus
Heliocentric
Theory- sun-
centered (planets
revolve around the
sun)

4. • Realized planets revolve in
elliptical orbits
• Proved Copernicus basic
theory
“I much prefer the sharpest
criticism of a single intelligent
man to the thoughtless
approval of the masses”
JohannesKepler

5. GalileoGalilei(1609)
• Built telescope (led to new
theories in astronomy)
• Announced Jupiter has four
moons and sun has dark
spots
• Moon has uneven surface
• Observations supported
Copernicus
“All truths are easy to
understand once they are
discovered; the point is to
discover them”

6. • ConflictwithChurch
• Newideasanddiscovermay
questionsChurchteachings
• Galileo was told to be quiet but
continued to do research
• Church summoned him to Rome
before the Inquisition
• 1633threatoftortureforced
Galileotorecanthisfindingabout
Copernicus(sun-centered)
• Has been house arrest until the
day he died (1642)
• 1992 Catholic Church
acknowledged his findings)

7. • New approach to science
• Logical procedure for
testing and gathering
ideas
• Begins with a problem
• Hypothesis
• Observe/Experiment
• Interpret Data to
reach Conclusion
ScientificMethod

8. • Encourage experiments to draw
conclusion- experimental
method
“Read not to contradict and confute:
nor to believe and take for granted;
nor to find talk and discourse; but to
weigh and consider.”
“KNOWLEDGE IS POWER”
FrancisBacon

9. • Developed analytical geometry
• Used mathematics and logic
“I think
therefore I
am”
Doubt everything until
proven with reason
Rene Descartes

10. • All physical objects were
affected equally by the same
forces
• Same force applied to all
matters on earth and space
• The motion is the law of
gravitation
Live your life as an
exclamation rather than
an explanation
IsaacNewton

11. • Writespoetry,essay,drama,philosophy
• Ontolerance,reason,freedomof
religious,freedomofspeech
Voltaire(FrancoisMarieArouet)
“I do not agree with a
word you say but will
defend to the death
your right to say it.”

12. Montesquieu
•Ideaofseparationof
powers
•Laterwillbecome
“checksandbalance”

13. Rousseau
• “IdeaofDirectDemocracy–
governmentformedbythe
people
• Peoplegiveupsome
freedomforthecommon
good
“Man is born
free, and
everywhere he
is in chains”

14. • JohannSebastianBach-Germany
• GeorgeFriedrichHandel–England
Austria
• FranzJosephHaydn
• WolfgangAmadeusMozart
• LudwigvanBeethoven

15. ScientificRevolution
Name Picture Invention/discovery Image of
invention/theory/
discovery
Quotes
Nicolaus
Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Isaac Newton

16. AgeofReason
Name Picture Theory/ Ideas Quotes
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke

17. Music
Name Picture Famous piece Quotes
Johann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich
Handel
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven

19. • Social critics known as Philosophes
• Core beliefs
• Reason- logic thinking
• Nature- natural is good and reasonable
• Happiness – seek happiness on earth
• Progress – humankind can improve
• Liberty -

20. • Zacharias Janseen-invented
microscope
• Evangelista Torricelli- developed
mercury barometer
• Gabriel Fahrenheit- first
thermometer to use mercury
(freezing at 32°
• Anders Celsius- used different
scale for mercury thermometer
(freezing at 0 °)

21. • Andres Vesalius- dissected human corpse, produced detailed anatomy
of human body
• Edward Jenner- vaccine for smallpox
• Robert Boyle
• Chemistry: explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect
each other

22. • Denis Diderot
• Large set of books where leading scholars contribute articles and essay-
Encyclopedia

23. Baroque- grand ornate design