Abstract In this paper, the effect of Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window parameters Coherent Gain (CG), Incoherent Power Gain (ICG), Equivalent Noise Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss (SL) on the SNR values of MST Radar returns has been investigated. Six sets of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) RADAR are used for the result analysis. Prior to the Fourier Transform, the in-phase and quadrature components of the Radar echo samples are weighted with Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window Functions. It is observed that, with the increase in the parameter “” of Exponential and Cosine Hyperbolic Window and parameter “m” of Polynomial Window increases ENBW and SL, but decreases in CG and ICG. This observation can be used to establish in improving the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of MST RADAR signals. From this study it is reported that, the window e parameter “=6/m=4”can be suggested for optimum results of SNR improvement in MST RADAR signals. The optimum widow parameter“/m” in turn yields optimum Exponential window parameters as “CG=0.4768, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5371, SL=0.8536”, Cosine Hyperbolic window parameters as “CG=0.4769, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5366, SL=0.8535”, Polynomial window parameters as “CG=0.5719, ICG=0.4799, ENBW=1.4673, SL=0.8011”, and Kaiser window parameters as “CG=0.4991, ICG=0.3660, ENBW=1.4695, SL=0.8410”.Which corresponds to optimum mail lobe width and side lobe attenuation to increase the SNR of MST Radar noisy data.. Index Terms: CG, ICG, ENBW, SL, SNR, FFT, Spectral Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sidelobe rejection in a uniform linear array antenna using windowing techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of inadvertent interchange pricing in deregulated power sectoreSAT Journals
Abstract Hummingbird is a novel Ultra-light weight cryptographic encryption scheme used for RFID applications of privacy-preserving identification and mutual authentication protocols, motivated by the well known enigma machine. Hummingbird is expected to meet the stringent response time and power consumption requirements which can provide the designed security with a small block size.This algorithm is shown as it is resistant to the most common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis.Some properties for integrating this algorithm into a privacy identification and mutual authentification protocol is investicated.This is implemented using the LABVIEW software. Keywords: privacy-preserving identification,mutual authentication protocols,lightweight cryptography scheme
Backtracking Search Optimization for Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Se...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to energy limitation and constraint in communication capabilities, the undesirable high
battery power consumption has become one of the major issues in wireless sensor network (WSN).
Therefore, a collaborative beamforming (CB) method was introduced with the aim to improve the radiation
beampattern in order to compensate the power consumption. A CB is a technique which can increase the
sensor node gain and performance by aiming at the desired objectives through intelligent capabilities. The
sensor nodes were located randomly in WSN environment. The nodes were designed to cooperate among
each other and act as a collaborative antenna array. The configuration of the collaborative nodes was
modeled in circular array formation. The position of array nodes was determined by obtaining the optimum
parameters pertaining to the antenna array which implemented by using Backtracking Search Optimization
Algorithm (BSA). The parameter considered in the project was the side-lobe level minimization. It was
observed that, the suppression of side-lobe level for BSA was better compared to the radiation
beampattern obtained for conventional uniform circular array.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sidelobe Roll-Off Ratio for Various Window Functi...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sidelobe roll-off ratio of the Kaiser, Cosh, and Exponential window functions. It shows through simulation results that the Exponential window provides the highest sidelobe roll-off ratio compared to the other windows. A low pass FIR filter is designed using each window function, and the filter designed with the Exponential window achieves the maximum far-end stopband attenuation.
Design and Analysis of Wideband Microstip Patch Antenna Employing EBG and Par...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a wideband microstrip patch antenna employing EBG structures and a partial ground plane. Initially, a simple patch antenna was designed as a baseline, then various modifications were made, including cutting an H-slot in the patch, cutting the patch into a star shape, adding EBG structures, and adding a DGS structure. The proposed antenna design uses EBG structures within the patch and a partial ground plane. Simulation results show it resonates at four frequencies between 2.5-12.9 GHz with return losses between -13.96 to -19.0 dB, indicating a wide bandwidth. The antenna also has an omni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 6.33
This document describes a method for identifying vulnerable or cheating anchor nodes in a wireless sensor network using trilateration and maximum likelihood expectation. Trilateration is used to localize anchor nodes based on distance measurements, which can identify potential cheating nodes. The localized nodes are then analyzed using maximum likelihood expectation to determine the most probable nodes and validate if identified nodes are legitimate or cheating with high accuracy. The method was tested through simulation in ns-3, and was able to significantly reduce localization errors compared to other techniques.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sidelobe rejection in a uniform linear array antenna using windowing techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of inadvertent interchange pricing in deregulated power sectoreSAT Journals
Abstract Hummingbird is a novel Ultra-light weight cryptographic encryption scheme used for RFID applications of privacy-preserving identification and mutual authentication protocols, motivated by the well known enigma machine. Hummingbird is expected to meet the stringent response time and power consumption requirements which can provide the designed security with a small block size.This algorithm is shown as it is resistant to the most common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis.Some properties for integrating this algorithm into a privacy identification and mutual authentification protocol is investicated.This is implemented using the LABVIEW software. Keywords: privacy-preserving identification,mutual authentication protocols,lightweight cryptography scheme
Backtracking Search Optimization for Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Se...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Due to energy limitation and constraint in communication capabilities, the undesirable high
battery power consumption has become one of the major issues in wireless sensor network (WSN).
Therefore, a collaborative beamforming (CB) method was introduced with the aim to improve the radiation
beampattern in order to compensate the power consumption. A CB is a technique which can increase the
sensor node gain and performance by aiming at the desired objectives through intelligent capabilities. The
sensor nodes were located randomly in WSN environment. The nodes were designed to cooperate among
each other and act as a collaborative antenna array. The configuration of the collaborative nodes was
modeled in circular array formation. The position of array nodes was determined by obtaining the optimum
parameters pertaining to the antenna array which implemented by using Backtracking Search Optimization
Algorithm (BSA). The parameter considered in the project was the side-lobe level minimization. It was
observed that, the suppression of side-lobe level for BSA was better compared to the radiation
beampattern obtained for conventional uniform circular array.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sidelobe Roll-Off Ratio for Various Window Functi...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sidelobe roll-off ratio of the Kaiser, Cosh, and Exponential window functions. It shows through simulation results that the Exponential window provides the highest sidelobe roll-off ratio compared to the other windows. A low pass FIR filter is designed using each window function, and the filter designed with the Exponential window achieves the maximum far-end stopband attenuation.
Design and Analysis of Wideband Microstip Patch Antenna Employing EBG and Par...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a wideband microstrip patch antenna employing EBG structures and a partial ground plane. Initially, a simple patch antenna was designed as a baseline, then various modifications were made, including cutting an H-slot in the patch, cutting the patch into a star shape, adding EBG structures, and adding a DGS structure. The proposed antenna design uses EBG structures within the patch and a partial ground plane. Simulation results show it resonates at four frequencies between 2.5-12.9 GHz with return losses between -13.96 to -19.0 dB, indicating a wide bandwidth. The antenna also has an omni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 6.33
This document describes a method for identifying vulnerable or cheating anchor nodes in a wireless sensor network using trilateration and maximum likelihood expectation. Trilateration is used to localize anchor nodes based on distance measurements, which can identify potential cheating nodes. The localized nodes are then analyzed using maximum likelihood expectation to determine the most probable nodes and validate if identified nodes are legitimate or cheating with high accuracy. The method was tested through simulation in ns-3, and was able to significantly reduce localization errors compared to other techniques.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
IRJET- Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and performance analysis of linear antenna arrays using different substrate materials at 2.4GHz. Single element and two element arrays were designed using FR-4 and Arlon AD250 substrates. Four element arrays were also designed using both materials. Simulation results showed that arrays using Arlon substrate achieved better gain and lower side lobe levels compared to FR-4. When the four element Arlon array was optimized, it achieved a gain of 13.3dB, side lobe level of -15.4dB, and bandwidth of 55.6MHz. In conclusion, Arlon material provided better performance but FR-4 achieved higher bandwidth for four element arrays.
This document presents a comparative study of three microstrip patch antennas - square, circular, and equilateral triangular - for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antennas were designed to operate at 3.5 GHz using a low-cost glass epoxy substrate. Results showed that all three antennas exhibited broadside radiation patterns. Measurement data indicated that the square patch antenna achieved the highest gain of 0.8 dB and bandwidth of 2.94%, making it most suitable for WLAN applications. Overall, this study evaluates different patch antenna geometries to help antenna designers select options for specific use cases.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Enhancing the Radiation Pattern of Phase Array Antenna Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
The document describes a study that uses particle swarm optimization to enhance the radiation pattern of a phase array antenna by minimizing sidelobe levels. It first provides background on issues with high sidelobes in phase array antennas, such as power losses and interference. It then summarizes previous research using techniques like genetic algorithms for antenna array optimization. The study models the radiation pattern of linear arrays with different element numbers and calculates gain, finding that gain increases with more elements. However, sidelobe levels also increase relatively. Therefore, the study proposes using particle swarm optimization to optimize current excitation and control sidelobe levels while maintaining a narrow beamwidth.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
This paper proposes a flexible compact bowtie antenna for medical application that operates at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antennas are miniaturized using meander technique. Both substrates and conducting material of the antenna are made of flexible material semi-transparent film as the substrate and shieldit fabric as the conducting material which suitable for wearable and on body application. The results show that the total length of the antenna is significantly reduced by up to 38%. However, the gain of the antenna is slightly decreased when the size of the antenna become smaller. The results of this research could provide guidance and has significant implication for future development of wearable electronics especially in medical monitoring application.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
This document summarizes and compares different atmospheric channel models for free space optics communication. It discusses the Lognormal, Negative Exponential and Gamma-Gamma channel models. The Lognormal model is accurate for weak turbulence over short distances, while the Negative Exponential model applies to strong turbulence over long distances. The Gamma-Gamma model can describe weak to strong turbulence. It analyzes the probability distribution functions and bit error rate versus signal-to-noise ratio performance of these models. Additionally, it briefly introduces the K channel model for strong turbulence and the I-K channel model, which can apply to both weak and strong turbulence scenarios.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna operating at 28GHz for 5G applications. The antenna was designed using HFSS simulation software. It has a single rectangular radiating patch with inset feed on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. Simulation results showed a gain of 8dB, VSWR of 1.75, and reflection coefficient of -34.05dB at a center frequency of 27.91GHz. The antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and dimensions of 14.71mm x 7.9mm x 0.254mm, making it suitable for future compact 5G devices.
CST STUDIO SUITE 2011 is a software that provides electromagnetic and circuit simulation tools. It includes solvers for microwave, static electric and magnetic, particle, cable, printed circuit board, thermal, and mechanical analysis. The suite has a common interface that facilitates multi-physics simulations and co-simulation of electromagnetic and circuit models.
A Review and study of the design technique of Microstrip Patch Antenna Techno...IJERA Editor
In this paper,study and survey of microstrip antenna elements is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and
practical design techniques and material used, as previous study have been proved that material used play
significant role in the performance such as gain ,directivity ,frequency of radiation Available substrate materials
are reviewed along with the relation between dielectric constant tolerance and resonant frequency of microstrip
patches. Several theoretical analysis techniques are summarized. Practical procedures are given for both
standard rectangular and circular patches. The quality, bandwidth, and efficiency factors of typical patch designs
are discussed.
Optimization of rectangular microstrip patch antenna parameters in l band by eIAEME Publication
This document describes the simulation and analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with a proposed composite metamaterial structure. The metamaterial structure is placed at a height of 3.2mm above the ground plane of the antenna. Simulation results show that the proposed design improves the antenna's performance over a simple rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Specifically, the impedance bandwidth increases to 20.4MHz from 8.2MHz, and the return loss improves to -25dB from -10.3dB. The directivity also remains nearly unchanged at 6.856dBi. The Nicolson-Ross-Weir approach is used to extract the effective permeability and permittivity from S-parameters, validating the double-negative properties
Minimum image disortion of reversible data hidingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a method for minimum image distortion in reversible data hiding. It aims to hide data in image files while maintaining high image quality after extraction.
2) The method assigns different weights to pixels for feature extraction in steganalysis based on their probability of being altered. It focuses on regions likely changed to reduce the effect of unchanged smooth areas.
3) Experimental results on four common mobile steganography techniques demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, particularly at low embedding rates, in identifying areas containing hidden data while maintaining perceptual image quality.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
IRJET- Tool: Segregration of Bands in Sentinel Data and Calculation of NDVIIRJET Journal
This document discusses using satellite imagery and vegetation indices to analyze and map vegetation. It summarizes several research papers on using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with different sensors and techniques. Specifically, it examines calculating NDVI from mountain terrain satellite data, using selected bands from Sentinel-2 satellite data for agriculture applications, extracting buildings from satellite images using shadow detection, and applying NDVI to unmanned aerial system multispectral remote sensing for post-disaster assessment. The document also discusses preprocessing techniques and algorithms like random forests and support vector machines for satellite image classification.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses various methods of depreciation. It describes straight line depreciation where the cost of an asset is deducted equally over its estimated life. Diminishing balance depreciation charges higher depreciation in early years by deducting it from the book value. Double declining method allows deducting twice the straight line depreciation in the first year. Unit of production method allocates depreciation based on actual usage. The document recommends diminishing balance method for assets with long lives.
El estudiante realizó varios trabajos en Microsoft Word y Excel como parte de un curso de primer grado. En Word, creó encabezados con su nombre, grado y grupo, e insertó una tabla con tipos de software y hardware con orientación y color. En Excel, creó tablas combinando celdas con WordArt y fórmulas para sumar costos y calcular promedios y si el estudiante recibiría un diploma. También hizo tablas de transporte y ventas trimestrales usando celdas combinadas, color de fondo y fórmulas
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
IRJET- Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and performance analysis of linear antenna arrays using different substrate materials at 2.4GHz. Single element and two element arrays were designed using FR-4 and Arlon AD250 substrates. Four element arrays were also designed using both materials. Simulation results showed that arrays using Arlon substrate achieved better gain and lower side lobe levels compared to FR-4. When the four element Arlon array was optimized, it achieved a gain of 13.3dB, side lobe level of -15.4dB, and bandwidth of 55.6MHz. In conclusion, Arlon material provided better performance but FR-4 achieved higher bandwidth for four element arrays.
This document presents a comparative study of three microstrip patch antennas - square, circular, and equilateral triangular - for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antennas were designed to operate at 3.5 GHz using a low-cost glass epoxy substrate. Results showed that all three antennas exhibited broadside radiation patterns. Measurement data indicated that the square patch antenna achieved the highest gain of 0.8 dB and bandwidth of 2.94%, making it most suitable for WLAN applications. Overall, this study evaluates different patch antenna geometries to help antenna designers select options for specific use cases.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Enhancing the Radiation Pattern of Phase Array Antenna Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
The document describes a study that uses particle swarm optimization to enhance the radiation pattern of a phase array antenna by minimizing sidelobe levels. It first provides background on issues with high sidelobes in phase array antennas, such as power losses and interference. It then summarizes previous research using techniques like genetic algorithms for antenna array optimization. The study models the radiation pattern of linear arrays with different element numbers and calculates gain, finding that gain increases with more elements. However, sidelobe levels also increase relatively. Therefore, the study proposes using particle swarm optimization to optimize current excitation and control sidelobe levels while maintaining a narrow beamwidth.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
This paper proposes a flexible compact bowtie antenna for medical application that operates at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antennas are miniaturized using meander technique. Both substrates and conducting material of the antenna are made of flexible material semi-transparent film as the substrate and shieldit fabric as the conducting material which suitable for wearable and on body application. The results show that the total length of the antenna is significantly reduced by up to 38%. However, the gain of the antenna is slightly decreased when the size of the antenna become smaller. The results of this research could provide guidance and has significant implication for future development of wearable electronics especially in medical monitoring application.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
This document summarizes and compares different atmospheric channel models for free space optics communication. It discusses the Lognormal, Negative Exponential and Gamma-Gamma channel models. The Lognormal model is accurate for weak turbulence over short distances, while the Negative Exponential model applies to strong turbulence over long distances. The Gamma-Gamma model can describe weak to strong turbulence. It analyzes the probability distribution functions and bit error rate versus signal-to-noise ratio performance of these models. Additionally, it briefly introduces the K channel model for strong turbulence and the I-K channel model, which can apply to both weak and strong turbulence scenarios.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna operating at 28GHz for 5G applications. The antenna was designed using HFSS simulation software. It has a single rectangular radiating patch with inset feed on a Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. Simulation results showed a gain of 8dB, VSWR of 1.75, and reflection coefficient of -34.05dB at a center frequency of 27.91GHz. The antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and dimensions of 14.71mm x 7.9mm x 0.254mm, making it suitable for future compact 5G devices.
CST STUDIO SUITE 2011 is a software that provides electromagnetic and circuit simulation tools. It includes solvers for microwave, static electric and magnetic, particle, cable, printed circuit board, thermal, and mechanical analysis. The suite has a common interface that facilitates multi-physics simulations and co-simulation of electromagnetic and circuit models.
A Review and study of the design technique of Microstrip Patch Antenna Techno...IJERA Editor
In this paper,study and survey of microstrip antenna elements is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and
practical design techniques and material used, as previous study have been proved that material used play
significant role in the performance such as gain ,directivity ,frequency of radiation Available substrate materials
are reviewed along with the relation between dielectric constant tolerance and resonant frequency of microstrip
patches. Several theoretical analysis techniques are summarized. Practical procedures are given for both
standard rectangular and circular patches. The quality, bandwidth, and efficiency factors of typical patch designs
are discussed.
Optimization of rectangular microstrip patch antenna parameters in l band by eIAEME Publication
This document describes the simulation and analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with a proposed composite metamaterial structure. The metamaterial structure is placed at a height of 3.2mm above the ground plane of the antenna. Simulation results show that the proposed design improves the antenna's performance over a simple rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Specifically, the impedance bandwidth increases to 20.4MHz from 8.2MHz, and the return loss improves to -25dB from -10.3dB. The directivity also remains nearly unchanged at 6.856dBi. The Nicolson-Ross-Weir approach is used to extract the effective permeability and permittivity from S-parameters, validating the double-negative properties
Minimum image disortion of reversible data hidingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a method for minimum image distortion in reversible data hiding. It aims to hide data in image files while maintaining high image quality after extraction.
2) The method assigns different weights to pixels for feature extraction in steganalysis based on their probability of being altered. It focuses on regions likely changed to reduce the effect of unchanged smooth areas.
3) Experimental results on four common mobile steganography techniques demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, particularly at low embedding rates, in identifying areas containing hidden data while maintaining perceptual image quality.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
IRJET- Tool: Segregration of Bands in Sentinel Data and Calculation of NDVIIRJET Journal
This document discusses using satellite imagery and vegetation indices to analyze and map vegetation. It summarizes several research papers on using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with different sensors and techniques. Specifically, it examines calculating NDVI from mountain terrain satellite data, using selected bands from Sentinel-2 satellite data for agriculture applications, extracting buildings from satellite images using shadow detection, and applying NDVI to unmanned aerial system multispectral remote sensing for post-disaster assessment. The document also discusses preprocessing techniques and algorithms like random forests and support vector machines for satellite image classification.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses various methods of depreciation. It describes straight line depreciation where the cost of an asset is deducted equally over its estimated life. Diminishing balance depreciation charges higher depreciation in early years by deducting it from the book value. Double declining method allows deducting twice the straight line depreciation in the first year. Unit of production method allocates depreciation based on actual usage. The document recommends diminishing balance method for assets with long lives.
El estudiante realizó varios trabajos en Microsoft Word y Excel como parte de un curso de primer grado. En Word, creó encabezados con su nombre, grado y grupo, e insertó una tabla con tipos de software y hardware con orientación y color. En Excel, creó tablas combinando celdas con WordArt y fórmulas para sumar costos y calcular promedios y si el estudiante recibiría un diploma. También hizo tablas de transporte y ventas trimestrales usando celdas combinadas, color de fondo y fórmulas
Collectors innovation to increase performance solar water heatereSAT Journals
Abstract There have been many studies to improve the performance of the solar water heater. The long term goal of research is to obtain scientific information, teaching materials and as the foundation of scientific development of energy conversion. The specific objective of this study is to find or develop new models and models that can improve the efficiency of the solar water heater. Research methods; research conducted using the experimental method, which is to test the amount of cover glass, flow rate and preheat a working fluid that can improve the efficiency of solar water heater. Research output: 1) The efficiency of the best solar water heater is the sum of three layers of glass cover compared to the cover glass number two layers and one layer, 2) The greater the water flow rate, the efficiency of the solar water heater increases, 3) initial heating on water entry, exit and cause the water temperature absorber plate temperature is relatively the same, so the efficiency of the solar water heater close to zero. Keywords: number of glass cover, flow rate, initial heating, solar water heater
This progress contract outlines responsibilities for a student and teacher at North High School's Academic Support Lab to ensure academic success. The student agrees to complete a certain percentage of coursework weekly, attend class regularly, use extended day options as needed, and meet weekly with their case manager. The teacher agrees to provide a safe, comfortable learning environment, make time for extra help after school, provide clear expectations, and also meet weekly with the student to discuss progress. Both parties sign the contract.
2016-06 Spain Car Sales Mercedes June 2016Uli Kaiser
The document reports on Mercedes vehicle sales in Spain for June 2016. It provides sales rankings and numbers of units sold for various Mercedes models. The top 5 selling models were the A Class, GLA, C Class, B Class, and GLC, with a total of 4,147 units sold. Models ranking 6-10 in sales included the CLA, E Class, V Class, M Class, and S Class.
Este documento lista los miembros de un club deportivo y el número de partidos jugados por cada uno durante varias temporadas. Los miembros con más partidos jugados son Juan Rojas con 52 partidos, José M. Alcaucín y Marino con 50 partidos cada uno, y Sergio Arrebola con 28 partidos.
Este documento presenta una bibliografía de 5 artículos sobre el diagnóstico y prevención del dolor miofascial relacionado con disfunciones temporomandibulares. La bibliografía sigue el formato Vancouver y los artículos tratan sobre las características de pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular, el tratamiento con férulas oclusales versus eminectomía, la identificación de patologías articulares a través del estudio del ciclo de masticación y un enfoque interdisciplinario en casos de desorden temporomandibular
El documento describe las especificaciones técnicas de la PS4. Incluye detalles sobre su unidad óptica Blu-ray de 6x CAV y unidad DVD de 8x CAV, salidas HDMI, AV y digital, procesador personalizado de un chip con CPU de 8 núcleos AMD Jaguar y GPU de 1.84 TFLOPS basada en AMD Radeon, almacenamiento de 500GB, memoria GDDR5 de 8GB, puertos USB 3.0, Ethernet, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n y Bluetooth 2.1. El diseño y característic
Este documento describe los nueve pasos para hacer un origami, comenzando con el paso 1 y terminando con el paso 9 para completar la figura de origami.
As crianças da sala dos Sapinhos colheram limões de uma árvore na escola. Eles pesaram e dividiram os limões em sacos com quantidades iguais e diferentes. Eles agruparam os sacos por quantidade e descobriram que o conjunto com mais sacos continha 4 limões. Eles decidiram vender os sacos por 1 euro cada um para aprender sobre vendas e quantia total.
1) Philosophy is often seen as abstract and removed from reality, dedicated to theoretical speculations. However, it stems from people asking basic questions about their individual conditions and the meaning of life.
2) Doing philosophy leads people to question and challenge unreflective beliefs and ideas, and to evaluate them logically. It helps examine one's own life and gives existence meaning.
3) While people can accept views without questioning, philosophy challenges concepts consciously. It aims to examine the principles behind accepting or rejecting ideas, undermining some beliefs completely.
The document appears to be a summary of responses from students who have completed lessons in a Bible correspondence course. The students express that the lessons have provided enlightening and eye-opening revelations about topics they previously misunderstood or were unsure about, such as the concept of an immortal soul. They indicate that the lessons have taught them many new things and corrected misconceptions. One student recommends the correspondence course to everyone.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston's book "Essentials of Operations Management". It discusses the importance of operations performance for any organization and identifies social, environmental and economic factors that should be considered. Operations objectives like quality, speed, dependability, cost and flexibility are explained in terms of how they provide internal benefits to operations and external benefits to customers. The triple bottom line of people, planet and profit is introduced as a framework for measuring sustainability performance. Examples are provided to illustrate what quality, speed and dependability mean in different industry contexts like hospitals, automotive plants, bus companies and supermarkets.
2016-06 Germany Car Sales Opel June 2016Uli Kaiser
In June 2016, Opel's top selling models in Germany were the Astra, Corsa, Mokka, Adam, and Zafira, with over 128,000 units sold. The next most popular models were the Meriva, Zafira, Karl, Vivaro, and Cascada, with over 25,000 units sold. Opel sold over 16 different models in Germany in June 2016, with the Corsa, Astra, Mokka, Adam and Zafira as the top 5 performers.
With the help of GCHQ and Cert-UK, we've produced this presentation on reducing the impact of normal cyber attacks. It's not meant to be an exhaustive guide on cyber security threats. The presentation isn't tailored to individual needs, and it is not a replacement for specialist cyber security advice.
Future of Hospitality The Emerging View 09 10 15Future Agenda
After multiple discussions around the world, this is an emerging view on the future of hospitality being shared for further comment and feedback. Events hosted by IHG (Intercontinental Hotels Group) including workshops in London, Dubai, Singapore and New York have explored key drivers of change. Other events elsewhere have added in additional perspectives.
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
Design and simulation of passive uhf rfid temperature sensor tag using 3 d em...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Improved Snr Of Mst Radar Signals By Kaiser-Hamming And Cosh-Hamming Window F...IJERA Editor
In this paper the effect of window shape parameter „α‟ in Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming window functions on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) values of the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar is computed. The six parts of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the MST radar are utilized for the analysis of results. Prior to the Fourier transformation, the in-phase and quadrature components of radar echo samples are weighted with proposed windows based on the Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions. The effects of data weighting with the change of the window shape parameter „α‟ of the Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are given in it. It is noted that the increase of variable window shape parameter „α‟ increases the signal to noise ratio values and a better improvement is reported. For Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are proposed to analyze the MST radar return signals to obtain optimum values of the window shape parameter. The results shows the improvement of signal to noise ratio of noisy data due to the effect of side lobe reduction and demands for the design of the optimal window functions.
Enhancing the Capacity of the Indoor 60 GHz Band Via Modified Indoor Environm...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a study that examines enhancing the capacity of indoor 60 GHz wireless communications bands through modifying indoor environments. Specifically, it investigates using ring frequency selective surface wallpapers to control signal propagation. Both MATLAB and CST Microwave Studio are used to analyze the transmission and reflection properties of the designed ring FSS wallpaper. Wireless InSite simulations then demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing signal reception in single input single output and multiple input multiple output scenarios, both with and without human bodies present. Path loss models are also analyzed and compared. Results show that modifying indoor environments with ring FSS wallpaper can significantly improve 60 GHz wireless communication capacities.
Design and implementation of microstrip rotman lens for ISM band applicationsjournalBEEI
This work presents the design and implementation of Rotman lens as a beam steering device for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. 2.45 GHz is considered as a center frequency design with (2-6) GHz frequency bandwidth. The beam steering is examined to cover ±21o scan angle with maximum main lobe magnitude 10.1 dBi, rectangular patch antennas are used as radiation elements to beam the output far field. The work is extended to compare between the tapered line which is used for matching between 50-Ω ports and lens cavity. CST microwave simulation studio results show that the rectangular taper line can yield 2 dB return loss less than linear taper line with a little bit shifting in responses for same input and load impedance.
An Aperture Coupled Printed Antenna for Broadband Radio ServicesIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design and simulation of an aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna for broadband radio services.
2) The antenna is designed to resonate at 2.56 GHz using an aperture coupling technique for improved isolation and lower cross polarization.
3) Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24.5 dB at 2.56 GHz with a 140 MHz bandwidth, a maximum gain of 3.08 dBi, and radiation patterns suitable for broadband applications.
Improved performance of scs based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Tremendous growth in current wireless networks raises the demand of more frequency spectrum, over the finite availability of spectrum resource. Although, the research has specifies that the available primary users (i.e. licensed user) has not occupying the channel all the time. The most effective technology known as Cognitive radio giving promises for a solution of under utilization of available frequency spectrum in wireless communication. In cognitive radio network two types of wireless user can be define as primary user and secondary user. Primary users have highest priority to utilize the available band of frequency and secondary user can utilize these services only when the channel is vacant by primary user and there will be no any interference. The optimization of this may be implemented by a smart technique such as cognitive radio, which is fully automated intelligent wireless sensor tool having capability to sense, learn & adjust relevant operating parameters dynamically in radio atmosphere. This can be happen if we prefer the appropriate window technique to evaluate system parameter for sensing the availability of vacant band. We show that by comparing the different windows techniques, cognitive radios not only provide better spectrum opportunity but also provide the chance to huge number of wireless users.
Keywords: Primary user, Secondary user, Spectrum Sensing and Window technique etc.
Design and Analysis of Tiny Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a tiny microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 28-35 GHz. The antenna has dimensions of 5.5x5.5x0.017 mm and is made of ROGERS RT5880 substrate. Simulation results show the antenna has a resonance frequency of 33.4 GHz and return loss of -50.95 dB, making it suitable for wearable public safety communications devices.
Clutter reduction technique based on clutter model for automatic target class...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Classification becomes one of the important elements in the forward scatter radar (FSR) micro-sensors network. This classification performance is dependent on the target’s profile behaviour and the network’s surrounding; and one of the factors that cause the reduction of classification probability is the presence of ground clutter. As the volume of clutter increases, their masking effect becomes greater and may result in more significant errors in target classification. Hence, to reduce misclassification in the FSR sensor network, a new clutter reduction technique based on the ground clutter model is proposed. Simulated ground clutter is modeled based on the estimated signal to clutter ratio (SCR) of the received signal. The clutter effect is diminished by eliminating simulated like-clutter from the receiving signals. The result shows improvement in the classification accuracy, especially for the minimum value of the SCR and this new technique uses only one database which will shorten the processing time and reduce the overall database’s size.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Broad Band Micro strip Patch Antenna Design-a Critical reviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for designing broadband microstrip patch antennas. It discusses how microstrip patch antennas inherently have narrow bandwidths, and various techniques that have been used to enhance the bandwidth in recent decades. These techniques include using shorting pins, slot loading on patches, planar meta-material unit cells, and conductive biasing. The review then examines specific examples from literature on compact circularly polarized patch designs using slots, and UWB designs using parasitic elements and slots. Overall, the document aims to critically review different approaches for fabricating microstrip patch antennas with broader bandwidths.
A Review paper on design for microstrip patch antennaIRJET Journal
This document reviews techniques for designing efficient microstrip patch antennas. It summarizes several papers that propose different techniques such as slot cutting, fractal geometry, and defected ground structures to improve antenna characteristics like bandwidth and gain. It then describes the design of an initiator patch antenna, including selecting parameters like operating frequency, dielectric constant, and substrate height. Dimensions of the initiator patch are calculated and different shaped slots are analyzed to modify the design. In conclusion, while techniques can improve limitations, further research is still needed to address issues like complex structures and reduced bandwidth or gain.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
A design of triple band slot loaded circular microstrip antenna for c- and x-...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Development of High Gain Patch Antenna Array for ISM ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the design and development of a high gain patch antenna array for ISM applications. Specifically, it describes the design of a 4x4 microstrip stacked patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz for ISM and WLAN uses. The antenna array was designed and simulated using IE3D software. Key features included enhanced gain through the use of an antenna array configuration and suitability for industrial, scientific and medical wireless applications.
In this paper microstrip patch antenna is designed for 2.4GHz frequency. For the antenna miniaturization and bandwidth improvement H-shaped DGS on microstrip patch antenna (MSA) is used. The design of DGS has been analyzed for different dimensions of H-slot and achieved optimized dimensions.The simulation process has been done through Finite Element Machine (FEM) based software High Frequency Structure Simulator ( HFSS) software. The properties of antenna such as reflection co-efficient, bandwidth and gain are determined and compared with the properties of single element square patch antenna.Further proposed antennas performance is studied for different size of defect on the same patch antenna. Proposed antenna finds its application in wireless LAN protocols such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and in 2.4GHz ISM Band.
Design and simulation of a tunable frequency microstrip patch antennaeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of frequency reconfigurable patch antennas for X-band, using PIN diode as a switch. A pin diode is incorporated in the slot etched on rectangular patch antenna. The frequency band selectivity can be achieved by controlling the state of switch inserted in the antenna. We are using IE3D simulation software for designing and analysis. We have discussed and analyzed the performance of unslotted Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna and slotted rectangular patch antenna with PIN diode in ON and OFF states. Keyword: Microstrip Antenna, Return Loss, Radiation pattern, IE3D.
A Novel Approach for Size Reduction in Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna U...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a novel approach to reducing the size of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for GSM applications through the use of slots.
2) A microstrip patch antenna was initially designed to operate at 3.11GHz without slots. By adding three slots to the patch, the resonant frequency was reduced to 0.932GHz, achieving a size reduction of 89%.
3) The slots included a T-shaped slot, a lower part of a T-shaped slot, and a rectangular slot below the T-shaped slot. Computer simulations were used to analyze the return loss and directivity of the antennas both with and without slots.
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In upcoming generations, wireless communication system requires a higher standard in order to provide high quality of services to customers. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique of forthcoming wireless systems which can be implemented easily. In this paper, an effort has been made to analyze how well an OFDM system can perform when a signal is transmitted over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel using 16 QAM modulation techniques. The performance of OFDM system with pulse shaping filters are also evaluated and results reveal that the pulse shaped OFDM improve the overall performance of the system in terms of BER. We use Different pulse shaping filters such asRaised cosine, FIR Nyquist and SQRT Raised Cosine for analyzingthe Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Index Terms: AWGN, ICI, OFDM, Bit Error Rate.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
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1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 282
THE EFFECT OF EXPONENTIAL/COSINE HYPERBOLIC/
POLYNOMIAL/ KAISER WINDOW PARAMETERS CG-ICG-ENBW-SL
ON THE SNR IMPROVEMENT OF MST RADAR SIGNALS
B.Ramesh Reddy1
, A.Subbarami Reddy2
, P.Chandrashekar Reddy3
1
Professor and HOD, Dept of ECE, LBR College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India, brrece73@gmail.com
2
Principal, Srikalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
Professor, Dept of ECE, JNTU College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window parameters Coherent Gain (CG), Incoherent
Power Gain (ICG), Equivalent Noise Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss (SL) on the SNR values of MST Radar returns has
been investigated. Six sets of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-
Troposphere (MST) RADAR are used for the result analysis. Prior to the Fourier Transform, the in-phase and quadrature components
of the Radar echo samples are weighted with Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window Functions. It is observed
that, with the increase in the parameter “” of Exponential and Cosine Hyperbolic Window and parameter “m” of Polynomial
Window increases ENBW and SL, but decreases in CG and ICG. This observation can be used to establish in improving the Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR) of MST RADAR signals. From this study it is reported that, the window e parameter “=6/m=4”can be suggested
for optimum results of SNR improvement in MST RADAR signals. The optimum widow parameter“/m” in turn yields optimum
Exponential window parameters as “CG=0.4768, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5371, SL=0.8536”, Cosine Hyperbolic window parameters
as “CG=0.4769, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5366, SL=0.8535”, Polynomial window parameters as “CG=0.5719, ICG=0.4799,
ENBW=1.4673, SL=0.8011”, and Kaiser window parameters as “CG=0.4991, ICG=0.3660, ENBW=1.4695, SL=0.8410”.Which
corresponds to optimum mail lobe width and side lobe attenuation to increase the SNR of MST Radar noisy data..
Index Terms: CG, ICG, ENBW, SL, SNR, FFT, Spectral Analysis.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents the effect of Exponential / Cosine
Hyperbolic / Polynomial / Kaiser window parameters
Coherent Gain (CG), Incoherent Power Gain (ICG),
Equivalent Noise Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss
(SL) on the SNR of Radar returns and proposed an optimum
value of “ or m” with which data may be weighed using
above window functions. Harmonic analysis with the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) plays a central role in radar signal
processing. The significance of using data weighting windows
with the DFT [1]-[3] plays an important role in resolving the
frequency components of the signal buried under the noise.
Since the use of an inappropriate window can lead to
corruption of the principal spectral parameters, hence it is
important to consider the criteria by which the choice of data
weighting window to be selected for optimum results [4]. Here
we will observe the effects of “ or m” in recently proposed
adjustable windows based on the Exponential [5] and Cosine
Hyperbolic [6] and Polynomial [7] Window Functions on the
SNR of RADAR returns.
2. THE DATA WEIGHTING WINDOWS
There are many types of data weighting windows, which are
used to select finite number of samples of impulse response.
Among them some are fixed length windows and some
adjustable width windows. Here our presentation is on
adjustable windows. Windows are time-domain weighting
functions that are used to reduce Gibbs‟ oscillations resulting
from the truncation of a Fourier Series [8]. Their roots date
back over one-hundred years to Fejer‟s averaging technique
for a truncated Fourier Series and they are employed in a
variety of traditional signal processing applications including
power spectral estimation, beam forming, and digital filter
design.
In Digital Signal Processing we have Rectangular Window,
Hanning Window, Hamming Window, Blackmann Window,
Barlett Window or Triangular Window and Kaiser Window.
Windows have been employed to aid in the classification of
cosmic data [9]-[10] and to improve the reliability of weather
prediction models [11]. It is well known [1]-[3] that the
application of FFT to a finite length data gives rise to leakage
and picket fence effects. Weighting the data with suitable
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 283
windows can reduce these effects. However the use of the data
windows other than the rectangular window affects the bias,
variance and frequency resolution of the spectral estimates
[2]-[3]. In general, variance of the estimate increases with the
use of a window. An estimate is to be consistent if the bias and
the variance both tend to zero as the number of observations is
increased. Thus, the problem associated with the spectral
estimation of a finite length data by the FFT techniques is the
problem of establishing efficient data windows or data
smoothing schemes. The observed Doppler spectra therefore
represent convolutions of the Fourier transforms of the
original signals with those of the data weighting windows
projected onto the discrete frequencies [1]. Data windows are
used to weight time series of the in-phase and quadrature
phase components of the radar return samples prior to
applying the DFT.
3. SPECTRAL LEAKAGE
For signal frequencies, observed through the rectangular
window, which do not correspond exactly to one of the
sampling frequencies, the pattern is shifted such that non-zero
values are projected onto all sampling frequencies. This
phenomenon of spreading signal power from the nominal
frequency across the entire width of the observed spectrum is
known as spectral leakage [1], [12]-[13]. The effect of data
windowing on the SNR improvement of MST Radar signals
has been reported in the literature [14]-[22]. By properly
selecting the shape parameters of the adjustable windows, it is
made possible to achieve the SNR improvement with the
optimum shape parameters [15]-[22].In literature many
windows have been proposed [1], [23]-[27]. They are known
as suboptimal solutions, and the best window is depending on
the applications.
Windows can be categorized as fixed or adjustable [28]. Fixed
windows have only one independent parameter, namely, the
window length which controls the main-lobe width.
Adjustable windows have two or more independent
parameters, namely, the window length, as in fixed windows,
and one or more additional parameters that can control other
window characteristics [1],[24]-[25],[29]-[30]. The Kaiser and
Saramaki windows [23]-[24] have two parameters and achieve
close approximations to discrete prolate functions that have
maximum energy concentration in the main lobe. The Dolph-
Chebyshev window [25],[29] has also two parameters and
produces the minimum main-lobe width for a specified
maximum side-lobe level. With adjusting their two
independent parameters, namely the window length and the
shape parameter, it can be controlled the spectral parameters
of main lobe width and ripple ratio for various applications.
Kaiser window has a better sidelobe roll-off characteristic than
the other well known adjustable windows such as Dolph-
Chebyshev [19] and Saramaki [28], which are special cases of
ultra-spherical window [27], but obtaining a window which
performs higher sidelobe roll-off characteristics for the same
main lobe width than Kaiser Window will be useful.
The Atmospheric Radar returns considered to be composed of
a quasi-monotonic (atmospheric) signal superimposed on a
background of white noise. As might be expected, since the
signal does not correspond exactly to one of the sampling
frequencies, the forms of the signal portions of the spectra
follow those of the envelopes of the side lobe maxima.
Spectral leakage from the signal therefore exceeds noise level,
evaluated by the method of Hildebrand and Sekhon [31], and a
corresponding underestimate of Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
4. PROPOSED WINDOW FUNCTIONS
There are many window functions, which are used in signal
processing applications like, Rectangular Window, Hanning
Window, Hamming Window, Blackmann Window, Barlett
Window, etc. Here we will discuss about Exponential window
and Cosine Hyperbolic window and Polynomial window and
Kaiser Window.
4.1 Exponential Window
For discrete time, the Exponential window [5] is defined in the
following equations in terms of uniformly spaced samples.
)1(
0
2
1
)exp
1
2
1exp
)
2
e, otherwis
N
n,
(α
N
n
α
(n,αwe
Where „α‟ is the adjustable shape parameter
4.2 Cosine Hyperbolic Window
Cosine Hyperbolic Window [6] can be defined as
e, otherwis
N
n,
Cosh(α
N
n
αCosh
(n,αwc
0
)2(
2
1
)
1
2
1
)
2
Where „α‟ is the adjustable shape parameter
4.3 Polynomial Window
Continuous time Polynomial window function [7] can be
defined as
2 1
,
0
( ) 1
m
m n
m m m n
n
w t K A t
----------------(3)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 284
Where
m=Order of the window function
2
(2 1)!( 1)
( !)
m
m
m
K
m
----------------- (4)
,
( 1)
2 1
n m
n
m n
C
A
m n
----------------------- (5)
!
!( )!
m
n
m
C
n m n
---------------------- (6)
The expression for the window function in the interval [−1, 1]
instead of [0, 1], the absolute value of t can be used as the
independent variable rather than t, i.e.,
2 1
,
0
( ) 1 [ 1 1]
m nm
m m m n
n
w t K A t for t
------- (7)
The DT form of the window function can be obtained by
replacing “t” using the following relation.
2
( 1)
k
t
N
for
( 1) ( 1)
2 2
N N
k
-------(8)
The Fourier transformation for the window function wm (t)
can be given by
( ) ( ) iwt
m mW w w t e dt
--------- (9)
The recurrence formula for frequency response is expressed as
2 1 , 2
0
(2 1)(2 1)
( ) 2 , 0
m
m m m n m n
n
m n m
W w K I A m
w
------ (10)
Here,
0
1 2
sin( )
cos( ) sin( ) 1
w
I
w
w w w
I
w
------------------(11)
4.4 Kaiser Window
In discrete time domain, Kaiser Window is defined by [23]
)12(
0
2
1
)
1
2
1
)
0
2
0
e, otherwis
N
n,
(αI
N
n
αI
(n,αwk
Where „α‟ is the adjustable shape parameter, and I0(x) is the
modified Bessel function of the first kind of order zero and it
is described by the power series expansion as
)13(
2!
1
1)(
2
1
0
k
k
x
k
xI
The two parameters useful to obtain the desired amplitude
response pattern of the above defined windows are the length
of the sequence N and a shape parameter “ or m”. As the No
of FFT points considered in the MST Radar data of each range
bin is fixed to 512, the window length N is fixed to 512.
Hence the shape parameter “ or m” can be only varied to
achieve the desired pattern of the magnitude response of the
window used.
As the shape parameter“ or m” increases, the side lobe level
of the magnitude response decreases at the cost of main lobe
width [1]-[3]. In this paper we have investigated the SNR
variation of MST radar data as a function of the shape
parameter “ or m” with respect to side lobe level and main
lobe width variations. The results of SNR improvement of the
MST Radar data are evaluated in terms of Mean Value Below
Zero (MVBZ) SNR and Mean Value Above Zero (MVAZ)
SNR [15]-[22].
5. WINDOW PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Performance of window functions can be computed from
figure of merits, like Coherent Gain(CG), Incoherent Power
Gain(ICG), Equivalent Noise Band Width(ENBW) and
Scalloping Loss(SL).
5.1 Coherent Gain
Averaging of the window function w(nT) is called Coherent
Gain. It can be computed from the formula
n
nTw
N
CG )(
1
-------------------- (14)
For the rectangular window, the CG is 1, whereas for any
other window functions, the CG is reduced due to the window
smoothly going to zero at the boundaries. CG shows the
reduction in signal power.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 285
5.2 Incoherent Power Gain
Averaging of the square of window function w(nT) is called
Incoherent Power Gain. It can be computed from the formula
n
nTw
N
ICG
2
)(
1
-------------------- (15)
ICG gives the accumulated noise power of the window. ICG is
Similar to CG, for the rectangular window, the ICG is 1,
whereas for any other window functions, the ICG decreases.
5.3 Equivalent Noise Band Width
The ratio between ICG and square of CG is called Equivalent
Noise Band Width. It can be computed from the formula
2
2
2
)(
)(
n
n
nTw
nTw
N
CG
ICG
ENBW
---- (16)
ENBW determines the capability of a window function w(nT)
to extract the signal amplitude from back ground noise. The
lower value of ENBW gives better signal extraction from back
ground noise. The rectangular window has the best possible
value for ENBW equal to 1. All other window functions will
have ENBW greater than 1. Since the window function
attenuates the signal at interval ends, it reduces the overall
signal power. As a consequence of this, the amplitude
measured at the DFT bin is not the same as the real amplitude
of the signals frequency component at that frequency.
5.4 Scalloping Loss
An important consideration related to minimum detectable
signal is called Scalloping loss or picket-fence effect. It is
another useful parameter, used to obtain the performance of
window function. SL can be defined as the ratio between the
power gain for a signal frequency component located halfway
between DFT bins to the coherent power gain for a signal
frequency component located exactly on the DFT bin
n
n
Nnj
nTw
enTw
SL
)(
)( )/(
------------- (17)
6. WINDOWS APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC
RADAR SIGNALS
We can apply all fixed length windows and adjustable width
windows for atmospheric RADAR signals. Under adjustable
width windows, here I am presenting exponential/Cosine
Hyperbolic/Polynomial windows for the result analysis and
finally we will compare above windows. Wind profile
detection of a MST Radar signal meant the measurement of
Doppler‟s of the signal due to scattering of the atmospheric
elements. Atmospheric Radar signal meant the signal received
by the Radar due to the back scattering property of the
atmospheric layers, stratified or turbulent. The back-scattered
signal from the atmospheric layers is very small in terms of
power with which it was emitted. The received back-scattered
signals otherwise called as Radar returns are associated with
Gaussian noise. The noise dominates the signal as the
distance between the Radar and the target increases and this
leads to a decrease in Signal to Noise ratio. This makes the
detection of the signal difficult. Doppler profile information is
obtained from the power spectrum using Fast Fourier
Transform. Frequency characteristics of the back-scattered
signals of the Radar are analyzed with power spectrum, which
specifies the spectral characteristics of a signal in frequency
domain.
The specifications of the RADAR data are given in table.1.
The SNR analysis is performed on MST Radar data
corresponds to the lower stratosphere obtained from the
NARL, Gadanki, India. The Radar was operated in Zenith X,
Zenith Y, North, South, West and East directions with an
angle of 10Po from the vertical direction. The data obtained
from the six directions are used to carry on the analysis. The
algorithm presented below, uses MATLAB to study the effect
of “ or m” on the SNR of the Radar returns.
7. ALGORITHM AND RESULTS
The implementation scheme is presented here.
a) Compute the window with the specified “ or m”
b) Taper the radar data with the windows weights
specified in (a).
c) Perform the Fourier analysis of the above tapered
data [32]-[34].
d) Compute the SNR using the procedure [31]-[34]
e) Compute the Mean Value Below Zero SNR‟S
(MVBZ) [17]-[18]
f) Compute the Mean Value Above Zero SNR‟S
(MVAZ) [17]-[18]
g) Update the value of “ or m” and repeat the steps (b)
to (f).
The data used in this paper and in MST RADAR centre,
Gadanki, India for the computation of mean SNR due to the
scattering of signals from the lower stratosphere (up to 30
Km) as given below.
No. of Range Bins : 150
No. of FFT points : 512
No. of Coherent Integrations : 64
No. of Incoherent Integrations : 1
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 286
Inter Pulse Period : 1000sec
Pulse Width : 16sec
Beam : 10
Table -1: Specifications of the MST RADAR, INDIA
(data on which the analysis is Performed)
Period of Observation 2008-2010
Pulse Width 16 μs
Range resolution 150 m
Inter Pulse Period 1000 μs
No of Beams-6 E10y,W10y,Zy,Zx,N10x,S10x
No of FFT points 512
No of incoherent
integrations
1
Max. Doppler Frequency 3.9 Hz
Maximum Doppler
Velocity
10.94 m/s
Frequency resolution 0.061 Hz
Velocity resolution 0.176 m/s
Comparison of Exponential window, Cosine Hyperbolic
window, Polynomial window and Kaiser window in terms of
Mean Value Above Zero (MVAZ) and Mean Value Below
Zero (MVBZ) towards East, West, North, South, Zenith X
and Zenith Y as shown in table 2.
Table -2: Comparison of Windows in terms of
MVAZ and MVBZ
Window /
Performan
ce
Exponenti
al
Window
(=6)
Cosine
Hyperbolic
Window(=
6)
Polynomi
al
Window
(m=4)
Kaiser
Windo
w
(=6)
MVAZ
East Beam
8.7235 8.7237 8.9883 9.0227
MVBZ
East Beam
-7.3089 -7.3104 -6.7513
-
7.4469
MVAZ
West
Beam
9.9974 9.9951 9.3861 9.9494
MVBZ
West
Beam
-6.8891 -6.8909 -6.7102
-
7.1290
MVAZ
North
Beam
12.0574 12.2462 11.6055
11.985
4
MVBZ
North
Beam
-8.2761 -8.1785 -8.0110
-
8.5596
MVAZ
South
Beam
11.3295 11.3258 11.1207
11.450
9
MVBZ -6.6630 -6.6644 -6.3978 -
South
Beam
6.7901
MVAZ
ZenithX
12.4528 12.4634 12.3754
12.505
6
MVBZ
ZenithX
-7.2073 -7.2079 -6.7835
-
7.4145
MVAZ
ZenithY
14.4015 14.4070 14.1277
14.336
2
MVBZ
ZenithY
-6.7303 -6.7314 -6.6980
-
6.9176
Performance of Exponential window, Cosine Hyperbolic
window, Polynomial window and Kaiser window for different
shape parameters (α or m=1 to α or m=8) in terms of Coherent
Gain (CG), Incoherent Power Gain (ICG), Equivalent Noise
Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss (SL) as shown in
Table 3 to Table 6.
Table -3: Performance of Exponential Window
Parameter CG ICG ENBW SL
α=1 0.8246 0.7068 1.0395 0.6973
α=2 0.7068 0.5618 1.1247 0.7453
α=3 0.6235 0.4768 1.2267 0.7828
α=4 0.5618 0.4206 1.3325 0.8120
α=5 0.5144 0.3802 1.4366 0.8351
α=6 0.4768 0.3495 1.5371 0.8536
α=7 0.4462 0.3251 1.6334 0.8686
α=8 0.4206 0.3052 1.7254 0.8809
Table -4: Performance of Cosine Hyperbolic Window
Parameter CG ICG ENBW SL
α=1 0.8784 0.7830 1.0147 0.6739
α=2 0.7253 0.5785 1.0995 0.7337
α=3 0.6282 0.4795 1.2148 0.7787
α=4 0.5630 0.4210 1.3281 0.8108
α=5 0.5147 0.3803 1.4352 0.8348
α=6 0.4769 0.3495 1.5366 0.8535
α=7 0.4462 0.3251 1.6332 0.8685
α=8 0.4206 0.3052 1.7253 0.8809
Table -5: Performance of Polynomial Window
Parameter CG ICG ENBW SL
m =1 0.8843 0.7928 1.0127 0.6633
m =2 0.7432 0.6013 1.0884 0.7337
m =3 0.6312 0.5546 1.4171 0.7617
m =4 0.5719 0.4799 1.4673 0.8011
m =5 0.5230 0.4075 1.4849 0.8348
m =6 0.4923 0.3633 1.4991 0.8412
m =7 0.4513 0.3297 1.6191 0.8521
m =8 0.4398 0.3292 1.7018 0.8713
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Table -6: Performance of Kaiser Window
Parameter CG ICG ENBW SL
α=1 0.9280 0.8651 1.0047 0.6576
α=2 0.7948 0.6618 1.0476 0.7038
α=3 0.6832 0.5311 1.1377 0.7506
α=4 0.6026 0.4534 1.2485 0.7888
α=5 0.5438 0.4026 1.3613 0.8183
α=6 0.4991 0.3660 1.4695 0.8410
α=7 0.4637 0.3380 1.5720 0.8589
α=8 0.4349 0.3157 1.6690 0.8732
Variation in CG/ICG and ENBW/SL due to increase in
window shape parameter “ or m” for Exponential window
shown in Fig. 1(a) to Fig. 1(b), for Cosine Hyperbolic window
shown in Fig. 2(a) to Fig. 2(b), for Polynomial window shown
in Fig. 3(a) to Fig. 3(b), and for Kaiser window shown in Fig.
4(a) to Fig. 4(b).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VARIATION OF CG and ICG-Exponential Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
CG/ICG
CG
ICG
Fig. 1(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
VARIATION OF ENBW and SL-Exponential Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
ENBW/SL
ENBW
SL
Fig. 1(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VARIATION OF CG and ICG-Cosinehyperbolic Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
CG/ICG
CG
ICG
Fig. 2(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
VARIATION OF ENBW and SL-Cosinehyperbolic Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
ENBW/SL
ENBW
SL
Fig. 2(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VARIATION OF CG and ICG-Polynomial Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
CG/ICG
CG
ICG
Fig. 3(a)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
VARIATION OF ENBW and SL-Polynomial Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
ENBW/SL
ENBW
SL
Fig. 3(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VARIATION OF CG and ICG-Kaiser Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
CG/ICG
CG
ICG
Fig. 4(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
VARIATION OF ENBW and SL-Kaiser Window
PARAMETER “Alpha”
ENBW/SL
ENBW
SL
Fig. 4(b)
8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The SNR computation [31[-[34] for the six sets of Radar data
(East, West, North, South, Zenith X and Zenith Y beams) is
carried on and presented in table. 2 and the performance
analysis is presented in table. 3 to table.6. The Mean Value of
Below Zero SNR‟S (MVBZ), in all the cases increases with
the shape parameter “ or m”. The increase in MVBZ
continues up to certain value of the shape parameter now
onwards called optimum “” value. Further increase in the
shape parameter “”, no appreciable change in MVBZ SNR is
observed.
This fact clearly demonstrates that even if the sidelobe
reduction, which contributes the SNR improvement at the cost
of main lobe width shows the improvement in SNR. Further
increasing the “ or m” value still decreases the side lobe
level but due to the increase in the main lobe width
compensates the increase in the MVBZ SNR. Hence the
MVBZ SNR value attains almost constant in all the six sets of
Radar data. On the other hand in all the six-sets of data, there
is no appreciable change in the Mean Value of the Above Zero
SNR‟S (MVAZ) with sidelobe attenuation “ or m”. These
results are important since the back-scattered signal from the
middle and uppermost bins are very week and improvement in
SNR is highly desirable in spectral estimation. Therefore
selection of the shape parameter plays important role in
achieving SNR improvement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Dr. S. Jayaraman, Director,
NARL, and Gadanki, India for permitting to use the facilities
at the Radar centre. The first author is thankful to Dr. L.S.S
Reddy, Director Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of
Engineering, mylavaram for his encouragement towards
research work and interest shown in the present work. Second
author is thankful to the Management of Srikalahasteeswara
Swamyvari Devasthanam, Srikalahasthi.
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BIOGRAPHIES
First Author, Prof B Ramesh Reddy received the
B.Tech., degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in the year 1995
from NBKRIST, SV University, Tirupati, Andhra
Pradesh, India. He obtained M.E., degree in
Electronics in the year 2002 from UVCE, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India. Now he is pursuing PhD in the area
“Improvement in SNR of MST RADAR Signals” at JNTU,
Hyderabad, India. He has been working as Professor and HOD
in the department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering in Lakireddy Balireddy College of Engineering,
Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. He has 17 years of
teaching experience.
Second Author, Dr. A. Subbarami Reddy, Research
Supervisor for the first author‟s work, is working as Principal
in Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Chittoor Dist,
Andhrapradesh, India.
Third Author, Dr. P. Chandrashekar Reddy, co-supervisor for
the first author‟s work, is working as Professor of
Coordination, JNTU, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India