Abstract There have been many studies to improve the performance of the solar water heater. The long term goal of research is to obtain scientific information, teaching materials and as the foundation of scientific development of energy conversion. The specific objective of this study is to find or develop new models and models that can improve the efficiency of the solar water heater. Research methods; research conducted using the experimental method, which is to test the amount of cover glass, flow rate and preheat a working fluid that can improve the efficiency of solar water heater. Research output: 1) The efficiency of the best solar water heater is the sum of three layers of glass cover compared to the cover glass number two layers and one layer, 2) The greater the water flow rate, the efficiency of the solar water heater increases, 3) initial heating on water entry, exit and cause the water temperature absorber plate temperature is relatively the same, so the efficiency of the solar water heater close to zero. Keywords: number of glass cover, flow rate, initial heating, solar water heater
Differentiating the Performance of Solar Water Heater under Natural and Force...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study comparing the performance of a solar water heater under natural and forced circulation. Natural circulation systems are commonly used for homes due to their effectiveness but have lower efficiencies due to lower collector flow rates. Forced circulation systems offer higher efficiencies but require electricity. The study aims to determine the collector efficiencies of an integrated natural and forced circulation system by measuring water temperatures at the collector inlet and outlet over a range of ambient temperature differences. A solar water heater was constructed with a flat plate collector, storage tank, and connections for natural or forced circulation to test the system efficiencies.
An analysis of raw materials for concretes as metal sheets for solar radiatio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Time-dependent hydraulic conductivity during secondary consolidation of clayinventionjournals
Secondary consolidation occurs when excess pore pressure has dissipated in saturated compressible clay soils subjected to increased effective stress by the application of external loads. This paper provides time-dependent formulas for the hydraulic conductivity and the porosity during secondary consolidation. The formulas express the hydraulic conductivity and the porosity in terms of the void ratio during secondary consolidation. The intervening functional coefficients are obtainable from 1-D consolidation testing. An example illustrates the application of this paper’s results.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the productivity of a single basin solar still. Two similar solar stills were constructed, with one having a cooled glass cover. Cooling the glass cover with flowing water was found to increase the temperature difference between the evaporating water and condensing surface. Experimental results showed a 17% increase in distillate output and 4% increase in thermal efficiency for the still with the cooled glass cover. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were also higher for the still with the cooled cover. The study demonstrates that cooling the condensing surface is an effective way to improve the performance of single basin solar stills.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the productivity of a single basin solar still. Two similar solar stills were constructed and tested, with one having a water-cooled glass cover to reduce the condensing surface temperature. Over the course of eight-hour experiments on multiple days, temperatures and solar intensity were recorded every 30 minutes. Cooling the glass cover was found to increase both the convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients compared to the uncovered still. This led to a 17% increase in distillate output due to the higher temperature difference achieved between the evaporating and condensing surfaces.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of a shell-helical coiled tube heat exchanger used for solar water heating. Experiments were conducted with circulating flow rates of 1.8, 3, 6, and 9 L/min on clear days in Baghdad. Results showed that heat transfer inside the helical coils increased with higher flow rates and coil diameter ratios. Collector efficiency also increased with flow rate. Pressure drop decreased as solar radiation increased, and friction factor decreased with higher flow rates. The shell-triple concentric helical coil design performed more effectively than previous shell-single coil designs.
This document summarizes a literature review on experimental setups and performance analyses of solar air heaters with rib modifications. It discusses how ribs are commonly used to enhance heat transfer and the thermal efficiency of solar air heaters. The review examines 18 previous studies that tested different rib configurations and geometries, absorber plate materials and coatings, and the addition of features like baffles and wire meshes. The key findings are that artificial roughness like ribs are very effective at improving efficiency by increasing turbulence, and modifications to rib shape could provide new opportunities for performance optimization. The objective and scope of further studying rib modifications and their impact on solar air heater effectiveness are outlined.
A Comparison and Sustainability Analysis of Solar Thermal ReceiversPratish Rawat
Solar Thermal receivers are major component in applications, such as solar water heater for generating hot water for commercial and domestic purpose, solar space heating, concentrating solar power, or solar assist heating, ventilation and air conditioning. There are evacuated tubes and aerogel based solar receivers. A receiver should ideally absorb and convert incident sunlight into heat. For high efficiency receiver should not loss much heat out of its boundary. However, some radiation and convection heat loss occur in every receiver. In this paper comparative analysis of two type high efficiency receiver, evacuated tube and aerogel receivers has been done based on the parameters like sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and life cycle. A mathematical model of each receiver has been developed with other comparison parameter. Upon analysis it could be predict that aerogel receiver more sustainable and overall impact than vacuum or evacuated type receiver. Aerogel receiver also gives flexibility of design, geometry and temperature.
Differentiating the Performance of Solar Water Heater under Natural and Force...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study comparing the performance of a solar water heater under natural and forced circulation. Natural circulation systems are commonly used for homes due to their effectiveness but have lower efficiencies due to lower collector flow rates. Forced circulation systems offer higher efficiencies but require electricity. The study aims to determine the collector efficiencies of an integrated natural and forced circulation system by measuring water temperatures at the collector inlet and outlet over a range of ambient temperature differences. A solar water heater was constructed with a flat plate collector, storage tank, and connections for natural or forced circulation to test the system efficiencies.
An analysis of raw materials for concretes as metal sheets for solar radiatio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Time-dependent hydraulic conductivity during secondary consolidation of clayinventionjournals
Secondary consolidation occurs when excess pore pressure has dissipated in saturated compressible clay soils subjected to increased effective stress by the application of external loads. This paper provides time-dependent formulas for the hydraulic conductivity and the porosity during secondary consolidation. The formulas express the hydraulic conductivity and the porosity in terms of the void ratio during secondary consolidation. The intervening functional coefficients are obtainable from 1-D consolidation testing. An example illustrates the application of this paper’s results.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the productivity of a single basin solar still. Two similar solar stills were constructed, with one having a cooled glass cover. Cooling the glass cover with flowing water was found to increase the temperature difference between the evaporating water and condensing surface. Experimental results showed a 17% increase in distillate output and 4% increase in thermal efficiency for the still with the cooled glass cover. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were also higher for the still with the cooled cover. The study demonstrates that cooling the condensing surface is an effective way to improve the performance of single basin solar stills.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the productivity of a single basin solar still. Two similar solar stills were constructed and tested, with one having a water-cooled glass cover to reduce the condensing surface temperature. Over the course of eight-hour experiments on multiple days, temperatures and solar intensity were recorded every 30 minutes. Cooling the glass cover was found to increase both the convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients compared to the uncovered still. This led to a 17% increase in distillate output due to the higher temperature difference achieved between the evaporating and condensing surfaces.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of a shell-helical coiled tube heat exchanger used for solar water heating. Experiments were conducted with circulating flow rates of 1.8, 3, 6, and 9 L/min on clear days in Baghdad. Results showed that heat transfer inside the helical coils increased with higher flow rates and coil diameter ratios. Collector efficiency also increased with flow rate. Pressure drop decreased as solar radiation increased, and friction factor decreased with higher flow rates. The shell-triple concentric helical coil design performed more effectively than previous shell-single coil designs.
This document summarizes a literature review on experimental setups and performance analyses of solar air heaters with rib modifications. It discusses how ribs are commonly used to enhance heat transfer and the thermal efficiency of solar air heaters. The review examines 18 previous studies that tested different rib configurations and geometries, absorber plate materials and coatings, and the addition of features like baffles and wire meshes. The key findings are that artificial roughness like ribs are very effective at improving efficiency by increasing turbulence, and modifications to rib shape could provide new opportunities for performance optimization. The objective and scope of further studying rib modifications and their impact on solar air heater effectiveness are outlined.
A Comparison and Sustainability Analysis of Solar Thermal ReceiversPratish Rawat
Solar Thermal receivers are major component in applications, such as solar water heater for generating hot water for commercial and domestic purpose, solar space heating, concentrating solar power, or solar assist heating, ventilation and air conditioning. There are evacuated tubes and aerogel based solar receivers. A receiver should ideally absorb and convert incident sunlight into heat. For high efficiency receiver should not loss much heat out of its boundary. However, some radiation and convection heat loss occur in every receiver. In this paper comparative analysis of two type high efficiency receiver, evacuated tube and aerogel receivers has been done based on the parameters like sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and life cycle. A mathematical model of each receiver has been developed with other comparison parameter. Upon analysis it could be predict that aerogel receiver more sustainable and overall impact than vacuum or evacuated type receiver. Aerogel receiver also gives flexibility of design, geometry and temperature.
The document describes a study on improving the thermal efficiency of a solar tunnel drier. A working model of a solar tunnel drier was constructed using a single layer of polyethylene sheeting. Experiments were conducted to measure the temperature increase inside the drier compared to ambient temperature. Additional experiments used double layers of polyethylene sheeting with air gaps of 50mm and 100mm between the layers. The purpose was to determine if the additional insulation of an air gap improved the thermal efficiency of the drier. Temperature, humidity and solar intensity readings were taken over an 8 hour period and compared between the single layer and double layer configurations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
This document describes the performance evaluation of a hybrid modified micro-channel solar cell thermal tile through experimental validation. An indoor test setup and prototype tile were developed to study the tile's performance over different light intensities. The thermal and electrical efficiencies were found to be 35.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Overall energy and exergy analyses were also carried out based on the experimental results. Previous studies on hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems and their efficiency improvements are reviewed.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ARTICLE 58 IJAET VOLII ISSUE III JULY SEPT 2011Nirav Soni
The document reports on an experimental investigation of a double pass solar air heater with a corrugated absorber plate and Amul Cool aluminum cans. The study found that using a corrugated plate and aluminum cans in the double pass design increased the absorber plate temperature and thermal efficiency compared to a conventional single pass solar air heater. Tests were conducted to analyze how factors like time of day, solar insolation, and mass flow rate affected the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency of the modified solar air heater design.
The article deals with the important characteristics required in the design process of short-term and long-term heat batteries, as well as the heat physical properties of heat-collecting materials R.М. Makhmudov, Z.I.Kholmurodova, Sh.А.Usmonov, & S.Sh.Babanazarov. (2020). Efficient principles for heat batteries. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(12), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i12.1005 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/1005/954 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/1005
The use of solar energy for water desalination becomes vital for sustainable water supply.
This paper aims to analyze the experimental behavior of double slope solar theoretically still
(DSSS). In this work, we proposed a theoretical model that can predict the DSSS performance. The
theoretical results of temperatures and the impact of wind speed on water production are in good
agreement with experimental findings. It is found that the temperature augments with augmenting the wind speed until a critical value, where the temperature starts to drop. In addition, water
production increases with increasing speed. In this way, we determined the optimum wind speed
to have maximum water production with minimum energy consumption simultaneously. The validation of the theoretical model allows us to predict the DSSS production under different climatic
conditions and to scale DSSS dimensions according to the need of water. The salinity of the water
is not a determining factor in its production. The production at 4.2 kWh/m2 daily insolation was
0.58 L/d. The volume of distilled water reaches a maximum value (62.3% efficiency) when glass
and environment temperatures are similar. This phenomenon occurs at 5.5 m/s wind speed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Analysis of Solar Flat Plate Collector using Heat Transfer Enhancer A...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a solar flat plate collector with an absorber tube containing a heat transfer enhancer. Two types of heat transfer enhancers are tested - rectangular and square designs. The rectangular enhancer provides higher efficiency than the square design by increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient with minimal increase in pumping power. A theoretical model is developed and validated against experimental results from other studies. Analysis shows that the rectangular enhancer generates less entropy and exergy destruction than the square enhancer or plain tube. It also provides higher thermal efficiency, as it increases the surface area in contact with the absorbing fluid flow.
microclimatic modeling and analysis of a fog cooled naturally ventilated gree...IJEAB
In the present paper, a thermal model has been presented for predicting the thermal environment inside a fog cooled naturally ventilated greenhouse. Experiments were conducted on a polyethylene covered greenhouse having 250 m2 ground area located at Coochbehar (latitude: 26.2o N, longitude: 89oE), West Bengal, India. The greenhouse was cooled by intermittent fogging with three distinct fogging cycles during the experiments. The greenhouse air temperature profiles as predicted by theoretical model were validated for different fogging cycle configurations. The model prediction and experimental results build up a good match (co-efficient of correlation was in range of 0.85 to 0.97). It was observed that fogging cycle configuration (spray time and spray interval combination) influences greatly the cooling performance of the fogging system. Further analysis revealed that greenhouse temperature could be maintained 2-5oC below the ambient temperature by employing suitable fogging cycle, maintaining the relative humidity within acceptable level.
1. The document proposes a new cost-effective thermos flask design that uses aerogel blanket insulation instead of vacuum insulation.
2. The manufacturing process involves deep drawing stainless steel (SS1) and (SS2) into inner and outer bottles, with aerogel blanket inserted between.
3. Thermal analysis shows the aerogel blanket provides good insulation, as the temperature of the outer bottle surface (SS2) changes insignificantly over time.
An Experimental Investigations of Nusselt Number for Low Reynolds Number in a...IJMER
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of heat transfer in an agitated vessel with a helical coil. Key points:
- Experiments were conducted with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solutions) at different concentrations, flow rates, and coil lengths.
- Viscosity and heat transfer coefficients were measured and correlations developed to relate Nusselt number to Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and Dean number for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
- Results show that heat transfer coefficients were higher for non-Newtonian fluids and increased with impeller speed, consistent with improved mixing and turbulence inside the coil.
APPARI’S SIMPLE DESIGN – HOW TO GET EXTRA ENERGY FROM EXISTING RESOURCESIAEME Publication
Appari’s design is simple and applicable to get the extra energy from the existing recourses. The article focuses how to get the extra energy fro m wind and sun. Also it focuses the design and applicability of these energy sources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested the impact of aging and mechanical damage on the performance of flat plate solar collectors. Two identical collectors were tested simultaneously - one with a new black absorber coating and the other with an aged light grey coating. The black collector represented a new collector, while the light grey represented an older, more worn collector. Testing found that the black collector achieved higher water temperatures than the light grey collector. Average efficiencies were 55% for the black collector and 12% for the light grey. Additional testing of collectors with broken glazing found further reduced performance. The study aims to investigate how degradation of absorber coatings and damage impact collector performance over time in Jordan's climate.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses various methods of depreciation. It describes straight line depreciation where the cost of an asset is deducted equally over its estimated life. Diminishing balance depreciation charges higher depreciation in early years by deducting it from the book value. Double declining method allows deducting twice the straight line depreciation in the first year. Unit of production method allocates depreciation based on actual usage. The document recommends diminishing balance method for assets with long lives.
This progress contract outlines responsibilities for a student and teacher at North High School's Academic Support Lab to ensure academic success. The student agrees to complete a certain percentage of coursework weekly, attend class regularly, use extended day options as needed, and meet weekly with their case manager. The teacher agrees to provide a safe, comfortable learning environment, make time for extra help after school, provide clear expectations, and also meet weekly with the student to discuss progress. Both parties sign the contract.
Este documento lista los miembros de un club deportivo y el número de partidos jugados por cada uno durante varias temporadas. Los miembros con más partidos jugados son Juan Rojas con 52 partidos, José M. Alcaucín y Marino con 50 partidos cada uno, y Sergio Arrebola con 28 partidos.
The document describes a study on improving the thermal efficiency of a solar tunnel drier. A working model of a solar tunnel drier was constructed using a single layer of polyethylene sheeting. Experiments were conducted to measure the temperature increase inside the drier compared to ambient temperature. Additional experiments used double layers of polyethylene sheeting with air gaps of 50mm and 100mm between the layers. The purpose was to determine if the additional insulation of an air gap improved the thermal efficiency of the drier. Temperature, humidity and solar intensity readings were taken over an 8 hour period and compared between the single layer and double layer configurations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
This document describes the performance evaluation of a hybrid modified micro-channel solar cell thermal tile through experimental validation. An indoor test setup and prototype tile were developed to study the tile's performance over different light intensities. The thermal and electrical efficiencies were found to be 35.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Overall energy and exergy analyses were also carried out based on the experimental results. Previous studies on hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems and their efficiency improvements are reviewed.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ARTICLE 58 IJAET VOLII ISSUE III JULY SEPT 2011Nirav Soni
The document reports on an experimental investigation of a double pass solar air heater with a corrugated absorber plate and Amul Cool aluminum cans. The study found that using a corrugated plate and aluminum cans in the double pass design increased the absorber plate temperature and thermal efficiency compared to a conventional single pass solar air heater. Tests were conducted to analyze how factors like time of day, solar insolation, and mass flow rate affected the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency of the modified solar air heater design.
The article deals with the important characteristics required in the design process of short-term and long-term heat batteries, as well as the heat physical properties of heat-collecting materials R.М. Makhmudov, Z.I.Kholmurodova, Sh.А.Usmonov, & S.Sh.Babanazarov. (2020). Efficient principles for heat batteries. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(12), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i12.1005 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/1005/954 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/1005
The use of solar energy for water desalination becomes vital for sustainable water supply.
This paper aims to analyze the experimental behavior of double slope solar theoretically still
(DSSS). In this work, we proposed a theoretical model that can predict the DSSS performance. The
theoretical results of temperatures and the impact of wind speed on water production are in good
agreement with experimental findings. It is found that the temperature augments with augmenting the wind speed until a critical value, where the temperature starts to drop. In addition, water
production increases with increasing speed. In this way, we determined the optimum wind speed
to have maximum water production with minimum energy consumption simultaneously. The validation of the theoretical model allows us to predict the DSSS production under different climatic
conditions and to scale DSSS dimensions according to the need of water. The salinity of the water
is not a determining factor in its production. The production at 4.2 kWh/m2 daily insolation was
0.58 L/d. The volume of distilled water reaches a maximum value (62.3% efficiency) when glass
and environment temperatures are similar. This phenomenon occurs at 5.5 m/s wind speed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Analysis of Solar Flat Plate Collector using Heat Transfer Enhancer A...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a solar flat plate collector with an absorber tube containing a heat transfer enhancer. Two types of heat transfer enhancers are tested - rectangular and square designs. The rectangular enhancer provides higher efficiency than the square design by increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient with minimal increase in pumping power. A theoretical model is developed and validated against experimental results from other studies. Analysis shows that the rectangular enhancer generates less entropy and exergy destruction than the square enhancer or plain tube. It also provides higher thermal efficiency, as it increases the surface area in contact with the absorbing fluid flow.
microclimatic modeling and analysis of a fog cooled naturally ventilated gree...IJEAB
In the present paper, a thermal model has been presented for predicting the thermal environment inside a fog cooled naturally ventilated greenhouse. Experiments were conducted on a polyethylene covered greenhouse having 250 m2 ground area located at Coochbehar (latitude: 26.2o N, longitude: 89oE), West Bengal, India. The greenhouse was cooled by intermittent fogging with three distinct fogging cycles during the experiments. The greenhouse air temperature profiles as predicted by theoretical model were validated for different fogging cycle configurations. The model prediction and experimental results build up a good match (co-efficient of correlation was in range of 0.85 to 0.97). It was observed that fogging cycle configuration (spray time and spray interval combination) influences greatly the cooling performance of the fogging system. Further analysis revealed that greenhouse temperature could be maintained 2-5oC below the ambient temperature by employing suitable fogging cycle, maintaining the relative humidity within acceptable level.
1. The document proposes a new cost-effective thermos flask design that uses aerogel blanket insulation instead of vacuum insulation.
2. The manufacturing process involves deep drawing stainless steel (SS1) and (SS2) into inner and outer bottles, with aerogel blanket inserted between.
3. Thermal analysis shows the aerogel blanket provides good insulation, as the temperature of the outer bottle surface (SS2) changes insignificantly over time.
An Experimental Investigations of Nusselt Number for Low Reynolds Number in a...IJMER
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of heat transfer in an agitated vessel with a helical coil. Key points:
- Experiments were conducted with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solutions) at different concentrations, flow rates, and coil lengths.
- Viscosity and heat transfer coefficients were measured and correlations developed to relate Nusselt number to Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and Dean number for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
- Results show that heat transfer coefficients were higher for non-Newtonian fluids and increased with impeller speed, consistent with improved mixing and turbulence inside the coil.
APPARI’S SIMPLE DESIGN – HOW TO GET EXTRA ENERGY FROM EXISTING RESOURCESIAEME Publication
Appari’s design is simple and applicable to get the extra energy from the existing recourses. The article focuses how to get the extra energy fro m wind and sun. Also it focuses the design and applicability of these energy sources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested the impact of aging and mechanical damage on the performance of flat plate solar collectors. Two identical collectors were tested simultaneously - one with a new black absorber coating and the other with an aged light grey coating. The black collector represented a new collector, while the light grey represented an older, more worn collector. Testing found that the black collector achieved higher water temperatures than the light grey collector. Average efficiencies were 55% for the black collector and 12% for the light grey. Additional testing of collectors with broken glazing found further reduced performance. The study aims to investigate how degradation of absorber coatings and damage impact collector performance over time in Jordan's climate.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses various methods of depreciation. It describes straight line depreciation where the cost of an asset is deducted equally over its estimated life. Diminishing balance depreciation charges higher depreciation in early years by deducting it from the book value. Double declining method allows deducting twice the straight line depreciation in the first year. Unit of production method allocates depreciation based on actual usage. The document recommends diminishing balance method for assets with long lives.
This progress contract outlines responsibilities for a student and teacher at North High School's Academic Support Lab to ensure academic success. The student agrees to complete a certain percentage of coursework weekly, attend class regularly, use extended day options as needed, and meet weekly with their case manager. The teacher agrees to provide a safe, comfortable learning environment, make time for extra help after school, provide clear expectations, and also meet weekly with the student to discuss progress. Both parties sign the contract.
Este documento lista los miembros de un club deportivo y el número de partidos jugados por cada uno durante varias temporadas. Los miembros con más partidos jugados son Juan Rojas con 52 partidos, José M. Alcaucín y Marino con 50 partidos cada uno, y Sergio Arrebola con 28 partidos.
El documento describe las especificaciones técnicas de la PS4. Incluye detalles sobre su unidad óptica Blu-ray de 6x CAV y unidad DVD de 8x CAV, salidas HDMI, AV y digital, procesador personalizado de un chip con CPU de 8 núcleos AMD Jaguar y GPU de 1.84 TFLOPS basada en AMD Radeon, almacenamiento de 500GB, memoria GDDR5 de 8GB, puertos USB 3.0, Ethernet, WiFi 802.11 b/g/n y Bluetooth 2.1. El diseño y característic
El estudiante realizó varios trabajos en Microsoft Word y Excel como parte de un curso de primer grado. En Word, creó encabezados con su nombre, grado y grupo, e insertó una tabla con tipos de software y hardware con orientación y color. En Excel, creó tablas combinando celdas con WordArt y fórmulas para sumar costos y calcular promedios y si el estudiante recibiría un diploma. También hizo tablas de transporte y ventas trimestrales usando celdas combinadas, color de fondo y fórmulas
Abstract In this paper, the effect of Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window parameters Coherent Gain (CG), Incoherent Power Gain (ICG), Equivalent Noise Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss (SL) on the SNR values of MST Radar returns has been investigated. Six sets of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) RADAR are used for the result analysis. Prior to the Fourier Transform, the in-phase and quadrature components of the Radar echo samples are weighted with Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window Functions. It is observed that, with the increase in the parameter “” of Exponential and Cosine Hyperbolic Window and parameter “m” of Polynomial Window increases ENBW and SL, but decreases in CG and ICG. This observation can be used to establish in improving the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of MST RADAR signals. From this study it is reported that, the window e parameter “=6/m=4”can be suggested for optimum results of SNR improvement in MST RADAR signals. The optimum widow parameter“/m” in turn yields optimum Exponential window parameters as “CG=0.4768, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5371, SL=0.8536”, Cosine Hyperbolic window parameters as “CG=0.4769, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5366, SL=0.8535”, Polynomial window parameters as “CG=0.5719, ICG=0.4799, ENBW=1.4673, SL=0.8011”, and Kaiser window parameters as “CG=0.4991, ICG=0.3660, ENBW=1.4695, SL=0.8410”.Which corresponds to optimum mail lobe width and side lobe attenuation to increase the SNR of MST Radar noisy data.. Index Terms: CG, ICG, ENBW, SL, SNR, FFT, Spectral Analysis.
Este documento presenta una bibliografía de 5 artículos sobre el diagnóstico y prevención del dolor miofascial relacionado con disfunciones temporomandibulares. La bibliografía sigue el formato Vancouver y los artículos tratan sobre las características de pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular, el tratamiento con férulas oclusales versus eminectomía, la identificación de patologías articulares a través del estudio del ciclo de masticación y un enfoque interdisciplinario en casos de desorden temporomandibular
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento describe los nueve pasos para hacer un origami, comenzando con el paso 1 y terminando con el paso 9 para completar la figura de origami.
2016-06 Spain Car Sales Mercedes June 2016Uli Kaiser
The document reports on Mercedes vehicle sales in Spain for June 2016. It provides sales rankings and numbers of units sold for various Mercedes models. The top 5 selling models were the A Class, GLA, C Class, B Class, and GLC, with a total of 4,147 units sold. Models ranking 6-10 in sales included the CLA, E Class, V Class, M Class, and S Class.
As crianças da sala dos Sapinhos colheram limões de uma árvore na escola. Eles pesaram e dividiram os limões em sacos com quantidades iguais e diferentes. Eles agruparam os sacos por quantidade e descobriram que o conjunto com mais sacos continha 4 limões. Eles decidiram vender os sacos por 1 euro cada um para aprender sobre vendas e quantia total.
1) Philosophy is often seen as abstract and removed from reality, dedicated to theoretical speculations. However, it stems from people asking basic questions about their individual conditions and the meaning of life.
2) Doing philosophy leads people to question and challenge unreflective beliefs and ideas, and to evaluate them logically. It helps examine one's own life and gives existence meaning.
3) While people can accept views without questioning, philosophy challenges concepts consciously. It aims to examine the principles behind accepting or rejecting ideas, undermining some beliefs completely.
The document appears to be a summary of responses from students who have completed lessons in a Bible correspondence course. The students express that the lessons have provided enlightening and eye-opening revelations about topics they previously misunderstood or were unsure about, such as the concept of an immortal soul. They indicate that the lessons have taught them many new things and corrected misconceptions. One student recommends the correspondence course to everyone.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston's book "Essentials of Operations Management". It discusses the importance of operations performance for any organization and identifies social, environmental and economic factors that should be considered. Operations objectives like quality, speed, dependability, cost and flexibility are explained in terms of how they provide internal benefits to operations and external benefits to customers. The triple bottom line of people, planet and profit is introduced as a framework for measuring sustainability performance. Examples are provided to illustrate what quality, speed and dependability mean in different industry contexts like hospitals, automotive plants, bus companies and supermarkets.
2016-06 Germany Car Sales Opel June 2016Uli Kaiser
In June 2016, Opel's top selling models in Germany were the Astra, Corsa, Mokka, Adam, and Zafira, with over 128,000 units sold. The next most popular models were the Meriva, Zafira, Karl, Vivaro, and Cascada, with over 25,000 units sold. Opel sold over 16 different models in Germany in June 2016, with the Corsa, Astra, Mokka, Adam and Zafira as the top 5 performers.
With the help of GCHQ and Cert-UK, we've produced this presentation on reducing the impact of normal cyber attacks. It's not meant to be an exhaustive guide on cyber security threats. The presentation isn't tailored to individual needs, and it is not a replacement for specialist cyber security advice.
Future of Hospitality The Emerging View 09 10 15Future Agenda
After multiple discussions around the world, this is an emerging view on the future of hospitality being shared for further comment and feedback. Events hosted by IHG (Intercontinental Hotels Group) including workshops in London, Dubai, Singapore and New York have explored key drivers of change. Other events elsewhere have added in additional perspectives.
IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater wit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the thermal performance of an evacuated solar water heater with and without twisted tapes inserted inside the glass tubes. Key findings include:
- Temperature gain was higher at low and medium flow rates compared to high flow rates for both setups.
- The setup with twisted tapes inserted showed slightly higher temperature gains, around 1°C on average, compared to the setup without tapes, due to increased turbulence creating higher heat transfer.
- While improvements were small due to the small experimental setup, the results suggest twisted tapes can enhance thermal performance by inducing swirling flow and turbulence inside the glass tubes of an evacuated solar water heater.
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
The document compares the thermal performance of a serpentine tube solar water heater to a straight tube solar water heater. An experiment was conducted using both heaters with thermocouples placed at key locations to measure temperature changes. Results found that the straight tube heater initially achieved higher temperatures but the serpentine tube heater performed better later in the day, achieving temperatures up to 49°C. The document reviews previous studies on enhancing solar water heaters and discusses the experimental setup and results in more detail. It concludes that the serpentine design provides further opportunity for efficiency improvements through optimization.
Fabrication, Designing & Performance Analysis of Solar Parabolic TroughIJERA Editor
A parabolic trough solar collector uses a parabolic cylinder to reflect and concentrate sun radiations towards a receiver tube located at the focus line of the parabolic cylinder. The receiver absorbs the incoming radiations and transforms them into thermal energy, the latter being transported and collected by a fluid medium circulating within the receiver tube.This method of concentrated solar collection has the advantage of high efficiency and low cost, and can be used either for thermal energy collection, for generating electricity or for both, This paper focused on the fabrication and designing of solar parabolic trough, The designing of trough is depend upon the following parameters : Aperture of the concentrator , Inner diameter of absorber tube, Outer diameter of absorber tube, Inner diameter of glass tube, Outer diameter of glass tube, Length of parabolic trough, Concentration ratio, Collector aperture area, Specular reflectivity of concentrator, Glass cover transitivity for solar radiation, Absorber tube emissivity/emissivity, Intercept factor, Emissivity of absorber tube surface and Emissivity of glass. The performance analysis will be based on the Experimental data collection and calculations with reference to: Thermal performance calculations, Overall loss coefficient and heat correlations. Heat transfer coefficient on the inside surface of the absorber tube and Heat transfer coefficient between the absorber tube and the Cover.
IRJET- Efficiency Improvement of Flat Plate Solar Collector using PCM, Reflec...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on improving the efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using various methods. A prototype solar collector was fabricated with a copper tube, twisted tape insert, wire coil turbulator, reflectors on both sides, and phase changing material (paraffin wax). Experiments were conducted with and without reflectors on two days to compare collector efficiency. The results showed that using reflectors increased the maximum outlet temperature from 59.3°C to 68.1°C and improved collector efficiency from 71% to 84%. In general, the solar collector with reflectors performed better by concentrating solar radiation and increasing heat absorption. The collector efficiency was also found to decrease with increasing water flow rate due to less time for heat transfer
IRJET- Efficiency Improvement and Performance Analysis of Solar Collector...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using nanofluids to improve the efficiency of solar collectors. It summarizes the design and fabrication of a flat plate solar collector that uses different shaped copper tubes (circular, triangular, square) as absorber tubes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed and results were validated through experimentation on a fabricated solar collector setup. The goal was to increase collector efficiency by changing the absorber tube geometry to increase surface area for heat transfer.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
This document describes the design of six simple solar water heating systems suitable for use in Basra, Iraq. The systems are designed to be inexpensive and easy to build using locally available materials. The six designs include a basic galvanized iron tube collector, and designs that add features like a wooden insulation box, black paint coating, a copper plate reflector, aluminum sheet insulation, and a double tube collector. Experimental testing showed that the designs were able to heat water to temperatures over 90°C even on cold winter days in Basra. The theoretical model developed to analyze the systems showed good agreement with experimental data.
Experimental investigation on coupling evacuated heat pipe collector on singl...IAEME Publication
1) The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on coupling an evacuated heat pipe collector to a single basin single slope solar still to improve productivity.
2) The results show that coupling an evacuated heat pipe collector increased the solar still's productivity by 32% compared to the solar still alone, due to increased heat transfer and evaporation rate.
3) Testing also examined the effects of water depth, sun direction, and solar radiation on productivity. Productivity decreased with increased water depth and increased directly with solar radiation levels. The optimal sun direction was found to be 15 degrees west of geographic south for winter conditions.
Experimental analysis of solar water heater using porous medium and agitatorIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of a solar water heater using a porous medium and agitator. The study aimed to improve the thermal performance of a flat plate solar collector using low-cost enhanced heat transfer techniques. These included using an agitator in the riser tube to intensify heat transfer and packing the collector surface with pebbles and stainless steel chips for longer heat retention and enhanced heat capture. Experimental results found that the collector with an agitator and metal chips had the highest efficiency compared to other combinations. Temperature gradients in the stored water showed the hottest layer was slightly below the top, due to conduction and convection losses at the air interface.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SOLAR HEATING BY NATURAL HEAT CONVECTION AND RADIATIONADEIJ Journal
Heat storage is a good energy saving option these days. Heat storage makes it possible to use thermal
energy at the required time. Solar water heaters for construction purposes and industrial purposes are the
best source to maintain traditional energy sources and thus can maintain high quality energy and liquid or
steel fuel due to the highest rise in their prices. In recent years, using solar energy has become remarkably
cheap and especially noteworthy. The efficiency of natural solar water heater system depends on collector
and reservoir setting, design and environmental factors such as solar intensity, ambient temperature and
wind conditions. Also, the relative height of the tank and collector separation mainly affects the volume of
the Siphon thermal flow rates, including both forward and reverse flow at night. In this pilot investigation,
two parallel rectangular glass plates were connected to the hot water storage tank. The effect of the
separation space between the plates (collectors) (D) was investigated and reported. The results reported
that outlet temperature in case D= 15 cm for two plates decreased approximately 24% and 23% for two
plates. Also, the heat radiated to the room decreased as the inner space between the two plates increased,
and decreased to approximately 25% as compared to stack plates.
Experimental Investigation of Solar Water Heater Integrated with a Nanocompos...ijtsrd
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into improving the thermal energy storage capacity of an evacuated tube solar water heater by integrating it with phase change materials (PCMs) and nanocomposite phase change materials (NCPCMs). Three cases were tested - without PCM, with paraffin wax PCM, and with a paraffin wax-nanoparticle NCPCM. Testing involved measuring the temperature change in the water storage tank over 24 hours. The NCPCM case provided the best performance with higher water temperatures and energy/exergy efficiency compared to the non-PCM and PCM cases. In conclusion, integrating NCPCMs improves the performance and energy storage of solar water heaters
A cfd investigation and pressure correlation of solar air heaterIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the CFD investigation and pressure correlation of solar air heaters. The study analyzed solar air heaters both with and without porous media under different operating parameters. A mathematical model was developed using conservation equations and the problems were solved using finite difference methods. The study found that solar air heaters with porous media have higher thermal efficiency than those without porous media. Key factors affecting solar air heater efficiency like porous media, transmissivity-absorptivity product, and overall heat loss coefficient are discussed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
IRJET- Analysis of Solar Water Heating SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to analyze the thermal performance of flat plate solar water collectors with internal fins on riser pipes compared to collectors without fins. The CFD model simulated collectors from 10am to 3:30pm over half hour intervals at flow rates of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 kg/min. Results showed collectors with fins had higher heat transfer and 10-15% greater efficiency than plain tubes, with maximum efficiency at 0.4 kg/min flow rate. Experimental data validated the CFD results, showing temperature increases of 6-9°C for experiments and 7-11°C for CFD with fins, along with 9-
A theoretical evaluation of a double slope solar still using the Energy2D computer program is presented in this document. The heat absorbing plate is 0.25 m2 square, 5 cm high and constructed of stainless steel. The water film is 3 cm high. Conduction heat losses of three commercial thermal insulation were studied: (i) polyurethane (PU), (ii) glass wool (GW), and (iii) expanded polystyrene (EPS). The insulation thickness is 15 cm and the glass cover is tilted at an angle of 30°. For the simulation, thermal conductivity, specific heat, mass density, and optical properties such as emittance, absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance coefficients were considered. After five hours of simulation, the left, central and right zones of insulator indicates 29.7°C; 45.2°C; 25.2°C, while the left, central and right zones indicates 75.7°C; 75.0°C; 75.5°C. The heat flux insulator, water and glass cover in its central zones are: 16.4, 301 and 72.9 W.m–2, correspondingly. The lower heat loss was observed when PU is used as thermal insulation, while the greater loss when EPS is used. The three materials PU, EPS, and GW registered a temperature of 45°C, at a simulation time of 3 h, 1.5 h, and 45 min, respectively.
The document presents research on improving the performance of solar stills through the use of phase change materials (PCMs). It describes the experimental setup of a basin-type solar still and a similar still that uses stearic acid placed in the basin as a PCM. Testing found the still with PCM produced 28% more distilled water output per day compared to the basin-type still without PCM. The document analyzes temperature and output data collected from the two still designs. It concludes that using a PCM can provide continuous distilled water production during both day and night.
IRJET- Optimisation of Solar Collector’s Efficiency using Copper TubeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses optimizing the efficiency of a solar collector by using a copper tube filled with pebbles as the absorber.
2. Test results showed using the copper tube with pebbles increased maximum air temperature by about 20°C and collector efficiency by about 6% compared to using a plain copper tube.
3. Convection losses were reduced and heat transfer rate increased significantly when using the copper tube filled with pebbles absorber configuration.
Similar to Collectors innovation to increase performance solar water heater (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
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Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
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Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
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and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
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This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
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GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
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Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
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pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
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Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Collectors innovation to increase performance solar water heater
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 464
COLLECTORS INNOVATION TO INCREASE PERFORMANCE SOLAR
WATER HEATER
Mustafa1
, Ismail.N.R.2
1
Lecture of Merdeka University, Madiun, 2
Lecture of Widyagama University Malang, mustafaunmer@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
There have been many studies to improve the performance of the solar water heater. The long term goal of research is to obtain
scientific information, teaching materials and as the foundation of scientific development of energy conversion. The specific objective
of this study is to find or develop new models and models that can improve the efficiency of the solar water heater.
Research methods; research conducted using the experimental method, which is to test the amount of cover glass, flow rate and
preheat a working fluid that can improve the efficiency of solar water heater.
Research output: 1) The efficiency of the best solar water heater is the sum of three layers of glass cover compared to the cover glass
number two layers and one layer, 2) The greater the water flow rate, the efficiency of the solar water heater increases, 3) initial
heating on water entry, exit and cause the water temperature absorber plate temperature is relatively the same, so the efficiency of the
solar water heater close to zero.
Keywords: number of glass cover, flow rate, initial heating, solar water heater
-------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
According to Mustafa (2008), The efficiency of absorption of
solar heat on the double plate heater is higher than the
efficiency of conventional heater solar heat absorption and
heat absorption efficiency of the (Ti-Ta) / Gt dual plate solar
heater decline more sharply than a conventional diesel heater.
Mustafa (2009), In each test variation of the flow rate on the
heat absorption efficiency solar heater double plate is higher
than the efficiency of absorption of solar heat and a
conventional heater temperature solar water heater plate out
double in the afternoon decline is slower than the temperature
of the water out of conventional solar heater . Ismail (2008),
examined the absorber plate absorber double and single use
concrete in a simple solar water heater, solar water heater
efficiencies simple dual absorber plate is higher than single
absorber plate. Farid and Ismail (2010), concrete absorber
plate waveform generating efficiency of solar water heater is
higher than flat plate absorber.
According to Farid and Ismail (2006), the amount of glass
cover three layers with a thickness of 5 mm produce high
efficiency solar water heater is higher than using one or two
layers. According Anggraini (2001), using a thickness of 3
mm glass solar water heater has an efficiency higher than that
using a 5 mm glass thickness and spacing of the glass with the
best absorber plate is 20 mm.
From the research, more research needs to be done about the
amount of cover glass, water flow rate and initial heating plate
solar water heater double.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Solar Water Heating
Solar water heating systems can be broadly divided into three
main parts:
1. Solar collector that receive and transfer the sun's radiant
energy into thermal energy in the working fluid.
2. System of working fluid channel or pipe diverter, which is
the part that connects the collector to the storage.
3. Fluid storage tank that is part of the store and hold hot
water.
Based on the shape desired heat temperature heat collector can
be broadly grouped into three parts:
1. Centering collector with a low concentration of between
80o
C - 150o
C
2. Flat plate collectors for temperatures lower than 80o
C
2.2 Flat Plate Solar Collector
Solar water heaters generally consist of a thermal conductive
material selembaran called absorber plates that connect the
pipes carrier heat transfer fluid, usually water. Solar radiation
transmitted through transparent pipes and converted into heat
in the absorber plate and the bottom and sides isolated.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 465
2.3 Collectors Flat Plate Collector Efficiency
Collector panel efficiency is the ratio between the rates of
useful heat (QU) is transferred to a fluid divided by solar
radiation on the cover plate. Efficiency can be shown in the
equation of Duffie JA and Beckman W.A. (1980), as follows:
tc
u
i
GA
Q
From the equation above can also use the collector efficiency
equation below:
t
ai
LRRi
G
TT
UFF
)(
)(
Ct
inoutP
i
AG
TTCm
.
)(
Description:
Qu = The energy absorbed by the collector, (W/m2
)
Ac = The size of the collector,, (m2
)
FR = Collector heat loss factor
UL = Overall heat loss (W/m2
.0
C)
Gt = Total solar radiation intensity (W/m2
)
Ti = The temperature of the incoming water (0
C)
Tout = The temperature of the water out (0
C)
= Transmissivity glass cover
= Absorptivity of absorber plate
2.4 Older Studies
Research solar water heater and absorber plates have been
made by researchers. Some of them are used as a basis to
support the implementation of this study. Bhide et al. (1982),
introduces a simple method for comparing the thermal
performance of flat plate collectors which is coated with a
layer of a known value and power absorption reflected
sunlight. This is a simple way to get the value and the right to
a certain selection of collector surface. This method shows the
limit on the ratio of the inner layer and selects a value and will
benefit the total energy used in the selection of a good coating.
Rahmad (2001), conducted research on the absorber plate for
seawater distillation From some of the materials tested in this
study, obtained copper coated with matte black paint types
have good heat absorption coefficient, ie 0.82. In this research,
also carried out observations on the performance of solar still
with a size of 1 x 1 m with the addition of gravel on top of the
absorber plate, the test results showed absorber plate with the
addition of gravel on top of it has a good efficiency.
Kris and San (2001), parameters that affect the performance of
the collector including the thickness of the absorber plate and
the distance between the pipes collector called collector fin
efficiency. The results showed the thick absorber plates and
the smaller the distance between the collector pipes, fin
efficiency of the optimum collector.
Anggraini (2001), research was to determine the effect of the
temperature range kepelat glass plate stating the heat received.
Glass used for research are clear glass and frosted glass with a
thickness of 3 mm each and 5 mm. The results found that the
highest temperature is achieved when the glass plate used
types of clear glass with a distance of 3 mm glass into plates
20 mm.
Sambada (2004), circulation water from collector ketangki the
IAR solar heating termosifon occur naturally, due to
differences in the type of water dikolektor times with water in
the tank so it does not require a pump, but kerjanyanya
performance can be better than a solar water heating system
pump receipts. Research using simulation graph f that was
used to estimate the performance of the water heating system
with forced circulation pump The simulation shows the
number and wide collector, the number of daily hot water use
and the volume of water in storage tanks affect the fraction of
solar water heating systems termosifon.
Rahardjo (2005), using two glass cover obtained better
efficiency than using only one glass. The temperature
difference between the water out into the collector and the
collector glass cover with 2 layers could be higher by about 17
° C compared to the collector with a glass cover.
Ismail (2005), water flow rate on the solar heater, the faster
the flow, the resulting warm water has a lower temperature,
and the type of solar water heating collectors flat plate
collectors with tilt angle 0 ° produces the optimum water
temperature is by average temperature of 59 375 ° C and a
maximum temperature of 71 ° C.
Farid and Ismail (2006), the amount of glass cover three layers
with a thickness of 5 mm produce high efficiency solar water
heater is higher than using one or two layers.
Mustafa (2006), The efficiency of absorption of solar heat on
the double plate heater is higher than the efficiency of
conventional heater solar heat absorption and heat absorption
efficiency of the (Ti-Ta) / Gt dual plate solar heater decline
more sharply than a conventional diesel heater.
Ismail (2007), examined the rate of water flow in a simple
solar heater using a single absorber plate, resulting in the
faster the flow rate the performance of solar water heater
produces lower.
Ismail (2008), examined the absorber plate absorber double
and single use concrete in a simple solar water heater, solar
water heater efficiencies simple dual absorber plate is higher
than single absorber plate.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 466
Mustafa (2009), In each test variation of the flow rate on the
heat absorption efficiency solar heater double plate is higher
than the efficiency of absorption of solar heat and a
conventional heater temperature solar water heater plate out
double in the afternoon decline is slower than the temperature
of the water out of conventional solar heater .
Farid and Ismail (2010), concrete absorber plate waveform
generating efficiency of solar water heater is higher than flat
plate absorber.
3. METHODS
3.1 Stages of Research
Based on the background research on innovative solar water
heater, this study originated from the research that has been
done, either by the lead researcher, a research as well as by
other researchers. From these studies, then conducted research
to analyze the amount of cover glass double plates The
number of glass cover slip testing is one layer, two layers and
three layers. The best results of testing the amount of glass
followed by analyzing the flow rate of the working fluid and
the most recent test analysis preheat the working fluid to see
the maximum performance of solar water heater. At each stage
of testing and data collection, and performed data processing,
graphed, analyzed and then summarized.
3.2 Research Tools
Research equipment using solar heater plate collectors dual,
namely:
• Absorber plate of aluminum with a thickness of 3 mm
and painted matte black.
• Plate heat storage of PVC, thickness 10 mm.
• Glass covers 5 mm thick one side and north-facing
orientation.
• The distance between the absorber plate and the storage by
20 mm
• Insulation of 3 cm thick Styrofoam material.
• Angle Glass 150.
• Drains using PVC pipe 25.4 mm.
• Pump using aquarium pump
Ta
ADCPPI
Komputer
Pyranometer
Data
logger
Power
Tin
Tout
Tk
Kaca Penutup
Pelat Penyerap
Aluminium
Air
PVC
Pipa
Valve
Isolator
2.5 cm
Tpa
Tpvc
150
Isolator
Pompa
in
Air sumber
out
Tangki Air
Tpb
Figure1. Schematic experimental tools solar water heater
(side view)
90 cm
15 cm
Aluminium tebal 3 mm
PVC tebal 10 mm
2.5 cm
inout
180 cm
90 cm
inout
5 cm
5 cm
Kaca Penutup2.0 cm
Isolator tebal 3 cm
Figure2. Schematic experimental tools absorber plate and zig-
zag grooves (top)
3.3 The Testing Procedure
Observations were made starting at 10.00 WIB until 14.00
WIB (peak time) directly under the sun with the duration of
data recording is done every 10 minutes. Laboratory testing
location in Solar and Alternative Energy Department of
Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of
Brawijaya Malang
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 467
Testing Outcome Indicator
The number of
double glass cover
plate
Retrieved amount
of cover glass with
a solar water
heater efficiency
of the highest
Scientific
articles /
National Journal
/ Proceedings
The flow rate of
the working fluid
using a number of
the best double
glass cover plate
Retrieved working
fluid flow rate
efficiency solar
water heater with
the highest
preheat the
working fluid
using a flow rate
of the working
fluid and the
number of double
plate glass cover
best
Retrieved
maximum
efficiency of solar
water heater
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Testing Total Absorbent Glass Cover Plates Dual
use
The data taken in this study to test the amount of glass cover
plate solar heater consists of multiple solar radiation intensity,
water temperatures are in, the water temperatures are out, the
temperatures are absorber plate, glass cover temperature and
ambient temperature. Data recording is done every 10 minutes
to determine the time of data storage on DAI software.
Furthermore, the data is calculated, graphed and analyzed.
1. Temperature and total solar radiation intensity
average From the test result data can be graphed
average temperature and total solar radiation
intensity on the average number of glass cover testing
as follows:
Description:
1.1 = Tests using 1 piece of glass cover the first day
1.2 = Tests using 1 piece of glass cover day two
2.1 = Tests using 2 pieces of glass cover the first day
2.2 = Tests using 2 pieces of glass cover day two
3.1 = Tests using 3 pieces of glass cover the first day
3.2 = Tests using 3 pieces of glass cover day two
Figure3. Graph the temperature and intensity of solar
radiation on the average total number of glass cover testing
Solar radiation recorded by the data logger via pyranometer
during the test varies, so does the temperature of glass cover,
absorber plate temperature, ambient temperature, air
temperature and water temperature go out. Data obtained from
10:00 am until 14:00 in total then averaged and the result can
be seen in Figure 3. From the graph looks the intensity of total
solar radiation on average have the same pattern as the
average temperature (temperature of glass cover, absorber
plate temperature, the temperature of the incoming water
temperature and water out). Thus the amount of energy
absorbed by the solar water heater will be in accordance with
the energy source is solar radiation. For not all of the same
ambient temperature with solar radiation pattern, it is because
there are other factors that affect the temperature, the wind
speed and humidity.
2 The Efficiency of Heat Absorption Test Using a
Number of Glass Cover Plate Solar Water Heater
Double
From the research then calculated double plate solar water
heater using equation Kreith, 1982, 56 and Duffie, 1980, 252.
Sample calculations using cover glass number one fruit as
follows:
m = 0.01 kg / detik
Cp = 4100 J/kg.o
C
Tin = 37.82 o
C
Tout = 46.45o
C
Ac = 1.62 (m2
)
Gt = 918.98 (W/m2
)
%77.23
%100
62.1918.98
)82.3745.46(410001.0
%100
.
Tin)-(ToutxCpx
i
i
Ct
i
x
x
xx
x
AG
m
These calculations (Ti-Ta) / Gt dual plate solar heater, as
follows:
Given:
Tin = 37.82 o
C
Ta = 31.48 o
C
Gt = 918.98 (W/m2
)
007.0
98.918
48.3137.82
t
t
G
TaTi
G
TaTi
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 468
From the results of these calculations can be made connection
graph of the efficiency of solar water heater (Ti-Ta) / Gt. as
follows:
Figure4. Graph showing the relationship of the efficiency of
the solar water heater Ti-Ta/Gt on testing the amount of glass
cover
From the graph above it can be seen the efficiency of solar
water heater double plate glass cover with the number three
can produce high efficiency solar water heater, higher
efficiency and more gentle decline compared with the
efficiency of the solar water heater with cover glass number
one and two. This condition is caused by a glass cover that
serves as transmisifitas energy solar radiation and also serves
as an insulator, so the number three glass cover can improve
the efficiency of solar water heater.
4.2 Flow Rate Testing with Three Fruit Absorbent
Glass Cover Plates Dual use
From the results of testing the amount of glass that best cover
the amount of 3 pieces of cover glass used in the testing of
water flow rate. From the data obtained is then calculated, and
the results can be graphed.
1. Temperature and intensity of solar radiation on
average total flow rate testing
Data from the test results, it can be graphed the average
temperature and the intensity of total solar radiation on the
average water flow rate testing, as follows:
Description:
0.01.1 Tests using flow rate = 0.01 (liters / s) the first day
0.01.2 Tests using flow rate = 0.01 (liters / s) Second Day
0.02.1 Tests using flow rate = 0.02 (liters / s) the first day
0.02.2 Tests using flow rate = 0.02 (liters / s) Second Day
0.03.1 Tests using flow rate = 0.03 (liters / s) the first day
0.03.2 Tests using flow rate = 0.03 (liters / s) Second Day
Figure5.graphs of temperature and intensity of solar radiation
on average total flow rate testing
Solar radiation recorded by the data logger via pyranometer
during the test varies, so does the temperature of glass cover,
absorber plate temperature, ambient temperature, air
temperature and water temperature go out. Data obtained from
10:00 am until 14:00 in total then averaged and the result can
be seen in Figure 5. From the graph looks the intensity of solar
radiation on average total have the same pattern with the
average temperature (temperature of glass cover, absorber
plate temperature, ambient temperature, air temperature and
water temperature log out). Thus the amount of energy
absorbed by the solar water heater will be in accordance with
the energy source is solar radiation. Decline in the average
temperature is more visible on the test flow rate of 0:03 liters /
s compared to the rate of water flow underneath.
2. Efficiency of solar water heater at the test flow rate
of water using solar water heater with three double
plate glass cover
From the research then calculated using a multiple plate solar
heater equation Kreith, 1982, 56 and Duffie, 1980, 252, and
the results can be seen in the following graph:
Figure6. Graph showing the relationship of the efficiency of
the solar water heater Ti-Ta/Gt the flow rate testing using
solar heater double plate with 3 pieces of glass cover
From the graph above it can be seen the efficiency of solar
water heater double plate with flow 0:03 ltr / s using three the
number of cover glass to produce high efficiency solar water
heater, higher efficiency and decreased more sharply than the
efficiency of the solar water heater with a water flow rate of
0:01 ltr / s and 0:02 ltr / s. This condition is caused by the flow
rate itself, in which the flow rate in the calculation as a
multiplier, so the efficiency of the solar water heater is higher,
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 469
but the decline in the efficiency of the solar water heater (Ti-
Ta) / Gt sharper.
4.3 Initial testing using a plate absorber double
heating
This test uses preheated 30 o
C, 40 o
C, 50 o
C and 60 o
C with a
solar water heater equipment uses three pieces / layers of glass
cover with different flow rates (0.01 (l / s), 0.02 (l / s) and 0.03
(liter / s)).
1. Temperature and Solar Radiation Intensity Total
average on Warm Early Testing
From the data pre-heating test results, can be graphed average
temperature and total solar radiation intensity average
preheating testing, as follows:
Description:
30.0.01 Testing preheating = 30 o
C with a flow rate of 0.01
(liters / s)
30.0.02 Testing preheating = 30 oC with a flow rate of 0.02
(liters / s)
30.0.03 Testing preheating = 30 oC with a flow rate of 0.03
(liters / s)
40.0.01 Testing preheating = 40 ° C with the flow rate of 0.01
(liters / s)
40.0.02 Testing preheating = 40 ° C with the flow rate of 0.02
(liters / s)
40.0.03 Testing preheating = 40 ° C with the flow rate of 0.03
(liters / s)
50.0.01 Testing preheating = 50 ° C with a flow rate of 0.01
(liters / s)
50.0.02 Testing preheating = 50 ° C with a flow rate of 0.02
(liters / s)
50.0.03 Testing preheating = 50 ° C with a flow rate of 0.03
(liters / s)
60.0.01 Testing preheating = 60 ° C with a flow rate 0.01
(liters / s)
60.0.02 Testing preheating = 60 ° C with a flow rate 0.02
(liters / s)
60.0.03 Testing preheating = 60 ° C with a flow rate 0.03
(liters / s)
Figure7 Graphs of temperature and intensity of solar radiation
on average total test
Solar radiation recorded by the data logger via pyranometer
during testing is quite varied, so did the temperature of the
glass cover, absorber plate temperature, ambient temperature,
temperature of the incoming water temperature and water out.
Data obtained from 10:00 am until 14:00 in total then
averaged and the result can be seen in chart 5.5. From the
graph looks the intensity of total solar radiation on average
have the same pattern with an average ambient temperature,
but the temperature of the glass cover, absorber plate
temperature, the temperature of the incoming water
temperature and water out different patterns. These conditions
are caused by pre-heating the water in the reservoir.
Preheating water in a given reservoir will result in a rise in
water temperature into the solar water heater system. His
influence will be seen in the temperature of the absorber plate
a sharper decline, especially with the rate of change in the
flow of incoming water. The greater the addition of hot water
gets inside the tank to 60 ° C decrease in temperature will
cause the absorber plate and the water is getting smaller.
2 The efficiency of the solar water heater preheats
incoming water testing (in the reservoir) using dual
plate solar water heater
From the research then calculated using a multiple plate solar
heater equation Kreith, 1982, 56 and Duffie, 1980, 252, and
the results can be seen in the following graph:
From the results of these calculations can be made connection
graph of the efficiency of solar water heater (Ti-Ta) / Gt. as
follows
Figure8. Graph showing the relationship of the efficiency of
the solar water heater Ti-Ta/Gt on testing the addition of pre-
heating solar water heater using double plate
From the graph above it can be seen the efficiency of solar
water heater, dual plate preheat the incoming water to 30 oC
has a higher efficiency than the preheater 40 oC, 50 oC and 60
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 470
oC, and it all happens at all flow rates. Thus, the incoming
water temperature greatly affect the efficiency of the solar
water heater and water inlet temperature the greater the
efficiency of the solar water heater efficiency approaches zero,
the temperature of the water in and out relatively the same.
DISCUSSION
Of testing the amount of cover glass to look more and more
layers of glass cover up to three layers of lead abatement
transmissivity is relatively small, and the function of the larger
glass as an insulator. Such conditions can reduce the heat of
solar water heater equipment that comes out through the glass
cover to the environment, this increasing the efficiency of
solar water heater.
From the test results of water flow rate, the greater the flow
rate of water through 0:03 ltr / s, the efficiency of solar water
heater increases. This condition is caused by the equation,
where the rate of water flow is used as a multiplier, so the
efficiency of solar water heater increases.
From the results of initial testing of incoming water heating
located within the reservoir, the greater the warming seen in
the reservoir water temperature absorber plate out and the
temperature is relatively the same. These conditions lead to
high efficiency solar water heater close to zero. And with a
variety of flow rates, there was a similar pattern, there is a
difference scale efficiency of solar water heater. Where the
greater the flow rate the greater the efficiency of solar water
heater, because the flow rate is used as a multiplier in the
equation system.
CONCLUSIONS
From the results of the study can be summarized as follows:
1 Efficiency of Solar Water Heater is best to cover the
amount of three layers of glass compared to the amount
of cover glass and one layer of the bilayer.
2. The greater the water flow rate, the efficiency of the
solar water heater increases.
3. early heating on the incoming water, causing the water
exit temperature and the temperature of the absorber
plate is relatively the same, so the efficiency of the
solar water heater close to zero
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