Abstract Hummingbird is a novel Ultra-light weight cryptographic encryption scheme used for RFID applications of privacy-preserving identification and mutual authentication protocols, motivated by the well known enigma machine. Hummingbird is expected to meet the stringent response time and power consumption requirements which can provide the designed security with a small block size.This algorithm is shown as it is resistant to the most common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis.Some properties for integrating this algorithm into a privacy identification and mutual authentification protocol is investicated.This is implemented using the LABVIEW software. Keywords: privacy-preserving identification,mutual authentication protocols,lightweight cryptography scheme
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna for base station applications through simulation. The proposed analysis is carried out using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In our method, to overcome several intrinsic limitations of patch antennas such as constrict bandwidth, low gain, excitation of surface waves, the EBG concept is applied. The patch antenna and patch antenna surrounded by the EBG cells are characterized in terms of return loss and radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber. Index Terms: Microstrip patch antenna, electromagnetic band gap structure, bandwidth, gain.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes a technique called Adaptive Recursive Least Squares (ARLMS) algorithms that are used to improve beamforming for smart antennas. ARLMS algorithms help minimize the mean square error of the signal, similar to the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. The document also presents simulation results showing that the proposed ARLS approach improves mean square error and resource utilization compared to the standard RLS algorithm.
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
Mimo and cooperative mimo comparison in energy constrained wireless sensor ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Wireless Sensor Network commonly referred as WSN, the hubs or nodes are operated by batteries so that the energy utilization should be diminished, while fulfilling the given throughput and given requirement. The paper studies about the performance and energy consumption of cooperative MIMO and MIMO (multi input multi output) based communication. The average energy usage comprises circuit energy and transmission energy consumption. The comparison between the multi-input- multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO techniques help us to choose the best scheme for energy constrained wireless sensor network application. The simulation result shows that energy efficiency of MIMO (multi-input-multi-output) and SISO (single-input-single-output) is better for longer distances and thud increase the system life time. Keywords: Cooperative MIMO, MISO, SISO, SIMO, wireless sensor network, energy efficiency, BER performance
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna for base station applications through simulation. The proposed analysis is carried out using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In our method, to overcome several intrinsic limitations of patch antennas such as constrict bandwidth, low gain, excitation of surface waves, the EBG concept is applied. The patch antenna and patch antenna surrounded by the EBG cells are characterized in terms of return loss and radiation pattern in an anechoic chamber. Index Terms: Microstrip patch antenna, electromagnetic band gap structure, bandwidth, gain.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes a technique called Adaptive Recursive Least Squares (ARLMS) algorithms that are used to improve beamforming for smart antennas. ARLMS algorithms help minimize the mean square error of the signal, similar to the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. The document also presents simulation results showing that the proposed ARLS approach improves mean square error and resource utilization compared to the standard RLS algorithm.
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
Mimo and cooperative mimo comparison in energy constrained wireless sensor ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Wireless Sensor Network commonly referred as WSN, the hubs or nodes are operated by batteries so that the energy utilization should be diminished, while fulfilling the given throughput and given requirement. The paper studies about the performance and energy consumption of cooperative MIMO and MIMO (multi input multi output) based communication. The average energy usage comprises circuit energy and transmission energy consumption. The comparison between the multi-input- multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO techniques help us to choose the best scheme for energy constrained wireless sensor network application. The simulation result shows that energy efficiency of MIMO (multi-input-multi-output) and SISO (single-input-single-output) is better for longer distances and thud increase the system life time. Keywords: Cooperative MIMO, MISO, SISO, SIMO, wireless sensor network, energy efficiency, BER performance
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
Application of MUSIC Algorithm for Adaptive Beamforming Smart AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using the MUSIC algorithm. It begins with an abstract that introduces DOA estimation and the MUSIC algorithm. It then provides background on smart antennas and switched beam arrays. The document presents the system model and mathematical formulation for signal propagation and antenna array output. It then describes the MUSIC algorithm, which uses eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix to estimate DOA. The algorithm is able to simultaneously measure multiple signals with high precision and resolution. The document concludes by discussing implementation of the algorithm using a 4-element antenna array to estimate DOA.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Mm Wave Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Unipla...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a Sierpinski fractal antenna loaded with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for 5G applications in the millimeter wave bands. The Sierpinski fractal antenna achieves multi-band operation at 29.05 GHz, 35.75 GHz, and 41 GHz but has low gain. An optimized unipolar EBG unit cell is proposed to load onto the antenna for gain enhancement. Simulation results show the EBG-loaded antenna achieves peak gains of 5.37 dBi at 28 GHz and 14.37 dBi at 68 GHz, improving on the low gain of the unloaded antenna. The compact, multi-band antenna design makes it a suitable
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
IRJET - Dual Band Low Profile MPA with I-shaped MTM Unit Cell for Satelli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the simulation of a dual-band low-profile microstrip patch antenna with an I-shaped metamaterial unit cell. The antenna is designed to operate at 10.5GHz and 12.2GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a fractional bandwidth of 6.58% at 10.5GHz and 2.41% at 12.2GHz. Peak gains are 4.81dB at 10.5GHz and 1.33dB at 12.2GHz. The metamaterial unit cell provides 46.63% miniaturization of the patch area. The antenna design demonstrates improved bandwidth and gain performance suitable for applications such as satellite communication and radar systems.
Detection of Defects in Solar Panels using Thermal Imaging by PCA and ICA MethodIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect defects in solar panels using thermal imaging and image processing techniques. Thermal images of solar panels are taken using an infrared camera. These images are then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to extract features that can identify defective regions in the panels. The method was able to accurately find the position of defects in a test solar panel image. This thermal imaging-based approach allows detecting defects without disrupting solar panel operation and could automate inspection of large solar farms in a time-saving and cost-effective manner.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Military ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of an E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for military applications operating at 2.54GHz (S-band). It discusses the design process, including calculating the antenna dimensions based on design equations. A prototype antenna was modeled in CST simulation software using FR-4 substrate. Simulation results showed the E-shaped patch antenna achieved improved gain and bandwidth compared to a conventional square patch antenna. Potential applications of the antenna include wireless communications and the antenna design could be further optimized for frequency agility.
This document discusses smart antenna investigations for wireless cellular systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how smart antennas can mitigate fading effects, increase traffic capacity through spatial division multiple access, and introduce frequency reuse. It then provides background on smart antennas, including that they are arrays that modify signal amplitudes and phases to improve reception. Key techniques discussed are direction of arrival estimation and adaptive beamforming, which allow forming beams toward intended users and nulls toward interferers. Simulation results show that increasing antenna array sizes reduces errors but increases complexity and cost. In conclusion, larger arrays can more accurately receive signals of interest while rejecting others not of interest.
This document describes a modified rectangular ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna for frequencies between 3.15GHz to 18.8GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch with round steps on the lower and upper corners along with a notched partial-circular ground plane. Simulation results show that the round steps and notched ground plane improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna was designed and simulated using ANSOFT HFSS and shows omnidirectional radiation patterns, making it suitable for applications such as short-range, high-speed indoor data communication.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
This summary provides an overview of a document describing a Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) designed for ultra-wideband applications:
1) The SCFMA is developed up to two iterations to maximize bandwidth by utilizing the space-filling and self-similar properties of the Sierpinski carpet fractal.
2) The monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall antenna area.
3) The SCFMA achieves bandwidth ranges of 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz, and 2.4-4.4 GHz for the base case, first, and second iterations, respectively, on an FR4
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Experimental study of strength and durability of concrete with sodium silicat...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in demand for the performance of the material, it is essential to have binder which is reasonably priced, environmental friendly and allow better process efficiency. With respect to the same, Sodium silicate based formulations have been used for increased efficiency. The paper presents the work carried out for the improvement of mechanical properties of fly ash by adding a binder sodium silicate. Sodium silicate is added as a binder with cement and fly ash and then compacted. .The compacts were treated in normal water at room temperature for 3 days, 7days and 28 days. The compressive strength, flexure strength were investigated. Sodium Silicate as surface treatment is also investigated by keeping at compacts in room temperature and curing is done under special condition. Lastly beneficial for protecting from chloride attack is also investigated. It was observed that compressive strength of fly ash increased with curing of sodium silicate and particles were dispersed and deviated from their globular equi axed shaped to multifaceted type. Key Words: Binder, Sodium Silicate, Fly ash, Chloride attack, equi axed shaped, multifaceted type
An algorithm for solving integer linear programming problemseSAT Journals
The document describes an algorithm for solving integer linear programming (ILP) problems by using the optimal solution of the related linear programming relaxation (RLP). It first obtains integer approximated solutions to the RLP. It then defines an objective hyperplane for the ILP and checks if any feasible integer solutions exist on that hyperplane. If so, that solution is optimal for the ILP. Otherwise, it uses a modified branch and bound algorithm to search for the optimal ILP solution on hyperplanes below the RLP optimal value. The algorithm provides a methodical way to leverage the RLP solution to find the optimal integer solution for the ILP.
Application of MUSIC Algorithm for Adaptive Beamforming Smart AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using the MUSIC algorithm. It begins with an abstract that introduces DOA estimation and the MUSIC algorithm. It then provides background on smart antennas and switched beam arrays. The document presents the system model and mathematical formulation for signal propagation and antenna array output. It then describes the MUSIC algorithm, which uses eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix to estimate DOA. The algorithm is able to simultaneously measure multiple signals with high precision and resolution. The document concludes by discussing implementation of the algorithm using a 4-element antenna array to estimate DOA.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Mm Wave Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Unipla...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a Sierpinski fractal antenna loaded with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for 5G applications in the millimeter wave bands. The Sierpinski fractal antenna achieves multi-band operation at 29.05 GHz, 35.75 GHz, and 41 GHz but has low gain. An optimized unipolar EBG unit cell is proposed to load onto the antenna for gain enhancement. Simulation results show the EBG-loaded antenna achieves peak gains of 5.37 dBi at 28 GHz and 14.37 dBi at 68 GHz, improving on the low gain of the unloaded antenna. The compact, multi-band antenna design makes it a suitable
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
IRJET - Dual Band Low Profile MPA with I-shaped MTM Unit Cell for Satelli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the simulation of a dual-band low-profile microstrip patch antenna with an I-shaped metamaterial unit cell. The antenna is designed to operate at 10.5GHz and 12.2GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a fractional bandwidth of 6.58% at 10.5GHz and 2.41% at 12.2GHz. Peak gains are 4.81dB at 10.5GHz and 1.33dB at 12.2GHz. The metamaterial unit cell provides 46.63% miniaturization of the patch area. The antenna design demonstrates improved bandwidth and gain performance suitable for applications such as satellite communication and radar systems.
Detection of Defects in Solar Panels using Thermal Imaging by PCA and ICA MethodIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect defects in solar panels using thermal imaging and image processing techniques. Thermal images of solar panels are taken using an infrared camera. These images are then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to extract features that can identify defective regions in the panels. The method was able to accurately find the position of defects in a test solar panel image. This thermal imaging-based approach allows detecting defects without disrupting solar panel operation and could automate inspection of large solar farms in a time-saving and cost-effective manner.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Military ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of an E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for military applications operating at 2.54GHz (S-band). It discusses the design process, including calculating the antenna dimensions based on design equations. A prototype antenna was modeled in CST simulation software using FR-4 substrate. Simulation results showed the E-shaped patch antenna achieved improved gain and bandwidth compared to a conventional square patch antenna. Potential applications of the antenna include wireless communications and the antenna design could be further optimized for frequency agility.
This document discusses smart antenna investigations for wireless cellular systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how smart antennas can mitigate fading effects, increase traffic capacity through spatial division multiple access, and introduce frequency reuse. It then provides background on smart antennas, including that they are arrays that modify signal amplitudes and phases to improve reception. Key techniques discussed are direction of arrival estimation and adaptive beamforming, which allow forming beams toward intended users and nulls toward interferers. Simulation results show that increasing antenna array sizes reduces errors but increases complexity and cost. In conclusion, larger arrays can more accurately receive signals of interest while rejecting others not of interest.
This document describes a modified rectangular ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna for frequencies between 3.15GHz to 18.8GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch with round steps on the lower and upper corners along with a notched partial-circular ground plane. Simulation results show that the round steps and notched ground plane improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna was designed and simulated using ANSOFT HFSS and shows omnidirectional radiation patterns, making it suitable for applications such as short-range, high-speed indoor data communication.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
This summary provides an overview of a document describing a Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) designed for ultra-wideband applications:
1) The SCFMA is developed up to two iterations to maximize bandwidth by utilizing the space-filling and self-similar properties of the Sierpinski carpet fractal.
2) The monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall antenna area.
3) The SCFMA achieves bandwidth ranges of 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz, and 2.4-4.4 GHz for the base case, first, and second iterations, respectively, on an FR4
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new design for a wideband microstrip patch antenna. The antenna uses an inverted slotted patch structure fed by a microstrip transmission line to improve bandwidth performance over a conventional microstrip antenna. It operates from 1-12 GHz, showing an impedance bandwidth of over 11 GHz. The design combines techniques such as an inverted patch structure, slotting of the patch, and microstrip line feeding to achieve a compact, low-profile antenna with enhanced bandwidth and high gain for ultra-wideband applications. Key aspects of the antenna's design and operating principles are discussed.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Experimental study of strength and durability of concrete with sodium silicat...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in demand for the performance of the material, it is essential to have binder which is reasonably priced, environmental friendly and allow better process efficiency. With respect to the same, Sodium silicate based formulations have been used for increased efficiency. The paper presents the work carried out for the improvement of mechanical properties of fly ash by adding a binder sodium silicate. Sodium silicate is added as a binder with cement and fly ash and then compacted. .The compacts were treated in normal water at room temperature for 3 days, 7days and 28 days. The compressive strength, flexure strength were investigated. Sodium Silicate as surface treatment is also investigated by keeping at compacts in room temperature and curing is done under special condition. Lastly beneficial for protecting from chloride attack is also investigated. It was observed that compressive strength of fly ash increased with curing of sodium silicate and particles were dispersed and deviated from their globular equi axed shaped to multifaceted type. Key Words: Binder, Sodium Silicate, Fly ash, Chloride attack, equi axed shaped, multifaceted type
An algorithm for solving integer linear programming problemseSAT Journals
The document describes an algorithm for solving integer linear programming (ILP) problems by using the optimal solution of the related linear programming relaxation (RLP). It first obtains integer approximated solutions to the RLP. It then defines an objective hyperplane for the ILP and checks if any feasible integer solutions exist on that hyperplane. If so, that solution is optimal for the ILP. Otherwise, it uses a modified branch and bound algorithm to search for the optimal ILP solution on hyperplanes below the RLP optimal value. The algorithm provides a methodical way to leverage the RLP solution to find the optimal integer solution for the ILP.
Secure system based on recombined fingerprints for sharing multimedia files i...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper the execution time is less when compared to previous algorithm. And also it provide security between the merchant and buyer The traitor tracing protocol is used to detect the illegal transaction. Here we used fingerprinting solution to avoid illegal redistribution of multimedia contents. Here we convert the multimedia video file into image then encrypting the image after the encrypted image will be transferred from merchant to buyer. The buyer receives the copyright protection from merchant, he decrypts the image then converts it into video. After that, the copyright protection of file is transferred to child buyer. Then tracing traitor protocol is used to checks the fingerprints for merchant to buyer and buyer to child buyer. Traitor tracing protocol is used to detect the illegal transaction of the content. The Blowfish algorithm is used to encrypt and decrypt the multimedia files. Finally we detect the performance of our work based on efficiency, accuracy and we achieve security. Keywords: Fingerprint, Multimedia files, Blowfish algorithm, Merchant, Buyer, Child Buyer, Copyright Protection
An effective method for semi automatic construction of domain module from ele...eSAT Journals
The document describes a method for semi-automatically generating a domain module from electronic textbooks. It uses techniques like natural language processing, ontologies, and heuristic reasoning. The domain module captures knowledge at two levels: a Learning Domain Ontology that represents topics and relationships between them, and a set of Learning Objects containing educational resources. The method involves preprocessing the textbook, analyzing its outline to generate an initial LDO, analyzing the full text to expand the LDO, and extracting Learning Objects. It was tested on an electronic textbook and the automatically generated knowledge was compared to a manually created domain module.
Analysis of protection measures on equipment of gis for very fast transient o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) have found a broad range of applications in power systems because of their high reliability, easy maintenance, small ground space requirements etc. In a Gas insulated substations, the operation of disconnector switches and circuit breakers can cause Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTOs), which will bring an instantaneous change in voltage with a very short rise time and it is normally followed by oscillation having high frequencies. For designing the insulation level of a substation, it is essential to know the maximum value of VFTO. Fast operating disconnector switches are usually used to reduce time of the breakdown; however, it cannot eliminate fully the effect of the VFTO. Very Fast Transient Overvoltages caused by disconnector switch operation of 1000 kv GIS is simulated and calculated in this paper using MATLAB. The various protection measures on equipment of GIS have been compared and analyzed by adding ferrite rings, opening and closing of resistor, metal oxide arrester and R-C absorber. Index Terms: Gas Insulated Substation, Very Fast Transient Overvoltage’s, Matlab/Simulink, Disconnector switch.
Managing over allocation of resource in steel industries using project manage...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine if implementing project management software, especially Microsoft Project, would increase effectiveness of organization’s project management and reduce project duration. It focuses on famous quote “Good project management cannot guarantee success, but poor management on significant projects always leads to failure.” Keywords: - Good Project management, Methodology, Microsoft Project, Project Duration, Software.
Ergonomics and occupational health in construction worker certification in in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In order to improve the professionalism of the construction workforce, Indonesian government through the Institute of Development Construction Services perform certification for experts named Competency Standards Expert (CSE) and skilled labor named Competency Standards Skilled (CSS) which are based on the Indonesian National Competence Standard (INCS). There are three competencies listed in INCS, namely general competency, core competencies, and competence option. In general competency containing the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), ergonomics is not included as an element of competence that must be possessed, eventhough ergonomics is closely related to occupational health. In this study the aspects of ergonomics is examined in the form of muscle pain (musculoskeletal disorder), and remedial efforts are made by improving the work method to met the principle of ergonomics to reduce the occurrence of such complaints. The results showed that ergonomic working methods can reduce muscle pain complaints on the work of masonry, plaster, ceramic, and painting significantly.
Keywords: competence certification, INCS, ergonomics, muscle pain complaints.
Modeling monthly average daily diffuse radiation for dhaka, bangladesheSAT Journals
Abstract The diffuse part of solar radiation is one of the elements necessary for the design and evaluation of energy production of a solar system. However, in most cases, when radiometric measurements are made, only global radiation is available. To remedy this situation, this paper presents a model of the scattered radiation measured on a horizontal surface for the capital city of Bangladesh. The correlation established for the chosen site was compared to the work of Liu anf Jordan, Page, Collares Pereira and Rabl, Modi and Sukhatme and Gupta el al. Keywords: Diffuse Radiation, Clearness Index, Regression analysis, Horizontal Radiation.
Swarm robotics for intelligent warehousingeSAT Journals
Abstract Warehousing has become an important part of the supply chain of any business. With a rise in global business there is increasing pressure to modernize and improve the critical component of warehousing. This paper proposes automation of warehousing by using swarm intelligence. It describes the various key features that define a swarm of robots, the various control mechanism. This paper proposes a sample design of the warehouse robot and the warehouse layout. It proposes some key infrastructural changes in order to enable swarm intelligence. It proposes a model and unique control mechanism between the various stakeholders of the warehousing system. It also demonstrates improvements in some areas such as effective utilization of space, reduction in retrieval time, reduction in power consumption and overall improvement in efficiency. Keywords: Swarm Robotics, Warehousing, Centralized Control
Seismic analysis of water tank considering effect on time periodeSAT Journals
Abstract While comparing both IS 1893-1984 and IS 1893(part II), first section we consider effect of Seismic responses-base shear, base moment, direction of seismic force, effect of vertical ground acceleration, maximum hydrodynamic pressure, sloshing wave height and additional parameters which calculated using response spectra with change in staging height and performing a few simple calculations and graphs. Here we observe the effect on time period with reference to the staging height in same sample calculations and graph obtained for different quantity. And also collecting the actual site dimension’s (parameters) situated in Nagpur, for evaluation effect of staging height on earthquake forces and effect of soil type conditions on earthquake forces with constant zone, analyzing the tank in SAP2000 for stiffness at different staging height. And analysis has been done by both IS codes. This analysis shows the difference between the all the parameters. Keywords: IS 1893-1984, IS 1893(part II), SAP2000
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Abstract The data can get lost, reordered or duplicated due to the presence of routers and buffer space over the unreliable channel in the conventional networks. The data link layer deals with frame formation, flow control, error control, and addressing and link management. All such functions will be performed only by data link protocols. The sliding window protocol will detect and correct error if the received data have enough redundant bits or repeat a retransmission of data. The paper shows the working of this duplex protocol of data link network. Keywords: ACK, GOBACK, ARQ, NACK.
Analysis of river flow data to develop stage discharge relationshipeSAT Journals
Abstract For investigation and design of river valley projects, assessment of the water resources potential of river basins and peak discharge is to be made. For these, the collection of daily discharge data is necessary. But direct measurement of daily discharge in a number of points in all streams is not only prohibitive in cost, but also very much time consuming, which can be best achieved by using stage-discharge relationship. In the present work, field data of three gauging sites, i.e. Theni (Basin: Mahanadi to Kanyakumari), Pingalwada (Basin: Mahi, Sabarmati and others) and Ghatsila (Basin: Subarnarekha, Burhabalang & Baitarni) were analysed to develop the steady-state stage-discharge relationship. Stage and Discharge data with the time of the gauging stations were available. Erroneous values were identified by comparative examination of the stage-hydrograph and discharge-hydrograph plotted one above the other. These values were rectified before developing stage-discharge equations. Keywords: Basins, Discharge, Gauge, Hydrograph, Rating curve and Stage.
Production of malto dextrin from broken riceeSAT Journals
Abstract Malto-dextrin, the mixture of glucose, maltose and dextrin is used in food industry, as bulking agent, fat replacer, and for medical/nutritional purpose. It is generally produced from cane sugar, maize (starch) etc. by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis. But presently its production rate is not so high. Malto-dextrin production from broken rice, a waste, is very beneficial because of its low cost and availability. In this paper, the objective of this study was to maximize the malto-dextrin production from rice starch by acid hydrolysis and also the effect of particle size on production of malto-dextrin. The rice starch was hydrolyzed by Hydrochloric acid (HCl). The range of the factors employed were particle mesh size, gelatinization pressure and time, saccharification time. The optimized gelatinization condition was 15psig for 30 minutes. The optimized acid hydrolysis condition was 67oC for 30 minutes. The optimized particle size was 18 meshes both for raw and parboiled rice. Maximum yield was 90.434% (before separation of proteins), and 94.43% (after separation of proteins). Keywords: malto-dextrin, rice starch, acid hydrolysis, particle mesh size
Automatic identification and classification of microaneurysms for detection o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have fabricated a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer. This automatically switches the high beam into low beam thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The construction, working and the advantages of this prototype model is discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: Headlight, automatic, dimmer, control, high beam, low beam, Kelvin (K).
Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed spindles supported on ball ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the dynamic spindle. Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite element modeling.
Effect of thermal barrier coating for the improvement of si engine performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract As per the second law of thermodynamics the efficiency of the engine depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimisation of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimise this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts is minimised by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of thermal and structural stresses by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. This study present the effect of coating on the piston and the performance of modified four stroke petrol engine and the emission characteristics of the exhaust gas. Key words: Yttrium – zirconium coating, Low heat rejection, Thermal barrier coatings, Engine performance and Emission characteristics
Implementation of pid control to reduce wobbling in a line following roboteSAT Journals
This document summarizes the implementation of a PID control system on a line following robot to reduce wobbling and improve tracking of the line. It describes the components of the robot including sensors, microcontroller, motors and power source. It discusses line following without PID which resulted in large deviations and inability to follow at high speeds. The document then provides details on how PID control was implemented, including definitions of target position, measured position, error, and the proportional, integral and derivative components. It explains how these factors were coded into the microcontroller to calculate motor speeds. The results showed much smoother line following with minimal wobbling even at high speeds compared to without PID control.
Analysis of image steganalysis techniques to defend against statistical attac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steganography is the art concealing information to transmit it in such a way that nobody but the intended receiver knows the existence of the message. Steganalysis techniques work on eliminating suspicion about the existence of a message. If suspicion is raised, then the message cannot be passed covertly. One of the ways to detect the hidden message is to view the statistical properties of the image or medium in which the message is hidden. This is called a statistical attack. In this paper, we explain the nature of such attacks and present our conclusions based on reviews of existing methods of defense against statistical attacks. Keywords– Steganalysis, Steganography, statistical attacks, JPEG images, OutGuess
Tariff Setting In the Indian Power Sector-An OverviewIOSR Journals
This document provides an overview of tariff setting in the Indian power sector. It discusses the pre-Availability Based Tariff scenario where generators and beneficiaries faced few incentives to follow schedules. The introduction of ABT in 2002 aimed to bring more accountability through a three-part tariff structure: capacity charges to recover fixed costs based on availability; energy charges based on scheduled generation; and unscheduled interchange charges for deviations linked to grid frequency. The ABT system provides incentives for better generation scheduling and grid discipline while facilitating full cost recovery. Key aspects like availability calculation, energy charge rates, and UI charge rates are also summarized.
This document proposes a new methodology for optimizing power plant operations to maximize revenue under India's availability-based tariff structure. It discusses how focusing only on maximizing positive unscheduled interchange (UI) charges can sometimes reduce profits, and proposes calculating the marginal gain or loss from deviations based on UI rates, power exchange prices, and fuel costs. A case study compares the profits and losses from over-injection versus under-injection in different time blocks. The goal is to incentivize optimal scheduling and control actions based on comprehensive financial impacts.
Market Based Criteria for Congestion Management and Transmission PricingIJERA Editor
Congestion Management is one of the major tasks performed by system operator to ensure the operation of transmission system within operating limits. In the emerging electric power market, the congestion management becomes extremely important and it can impose a barrier to the electricity trading. In the present paper, a concept of transmission congestion penalty factors is developed and implemented to control power overflows in transmission lines for congestion management. Here we presents a Re-dispatch methodology for cost of transmission network to its user. The transmission price computation considers the physical impact caused by the market agents in the transmission network. The paper includes case study for IEEE 5 bus power system.
Consideration of reactive energy in the tariff structureIAEME Publication
The document discusses considerations for including the cost of reactive energy in electricity tariffs. It proposes a framework to charge penalties to consumers that violate grid codes by drawing reactive power. The key points are:
1) Reactive power is important for grid stability but its value varies locally, so pricing should consider location.
2) A penalty tariff structure is proposed to charge consumers extra for reactive power drawn in violation of grid codes like unity power factor.
3) The cost of reactive energy would be estimated based on the existing tariff structure for active energy and demand charges, using the ratio of reactive demand to active demand costs. This allows distribution companies to recover costs for procuring reactive power.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Congestion management using facts devices in deregulated power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The deregulated power system offers more benefits to the customers so that it is quite popular in now days. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. This paper presents a new method to mitigate congestion in a deregulated Power system. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. So Transmission congestion, Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system Congestion is a tough task in Deregulated power system. This paper deals with the best location for TCSC using priority list to have minimum total congestion rent and minimum total generation cost .The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 9 bus system using Power world simulator 11.0. Keywords— Deregulated power system, Congestion, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Reactive power loss, Power Transfer capability,
This document discusses line-by-line embedded transmission pricing methodologies. It introduces concepts of deregulating the electric power industry and defines wheeling as transmitting electricity from a seller to buyer through a third party transmission network. It discusses different wheeling cost computation methodologies, including embedded and incremental cost approaches. It focuses on explaining the "line-by-line" embedded methodology in detail and how it can be used to calculate wheeling costs by allocating all existing and new transmission system costs to wheeling customers.
Deviation Settlement Mechanism for Improving Grid Frequency Regime in India.pptxSUBRATAMUKHOPADHYAY9
The article is concerning indirectly enabling proper maintenance of frequency within a narrow band during operation of power grid through commercial means.
This document summarizes research on approaches to managing congestion in deregulated electricity markets. It reviews various congestion management methods that have been proposed, including nodal pricing, price area congestion management, available transfer capability based approaches, using thyristor controlled phase shifting transformers, and flexible AC transmission systems devices. It also discusses optimization techniques that have been applied to congestion management problems, such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The document provides examples of research on applying these different congestion management methods and optimization techniques to address transmission network congestion issues in deregulated power systems.
Optimal scheduling and demand response implementation for home energy managementIJECEIAES
The optimal scheduling of the loads based on dynamic tariffs and implementation of a direct load control (DLC) based demand response program for the domestic consumer is proposed in this work. The load scheduling is carried out using binary particle swarm optimization and a newly prefaced nature-inspired discrete elephant herd optimization technique, and their effectiveness in minimization of cost and the peak-toaverage ratio is analyzed. The discrete elephant herd optimization algorithm has acceptable characteristics compared to the conventional algorithms and has determined better exploring properties for multi-objective problems. A prototype hardware model for a home energy management system is developed to demonstrate and analyze the optimal load scheduling and DLCbased demand response program. The controller effectively schedules and implements DLC on consumer devices. The load scheduling optimization helps to improve PAR by a value of 2.504 and results in energy cost savings of ₹ 12.05 on the scheduled day. Implementation of DLC by 15% results in monthly savings of ₹ 204.18. The novelty of the work is the implementation of discrete elephant herd optimization for load scheduling and the development of the prototype hardware model to show effects of both optimal load scheduling and the DLC-based demand response program implementation.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
A New Methodology for Active Power Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulate...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated power system. As the power loss is a nonlinear quantity, so to allocate the loss in a common transmission corrider is a difficult task. It allocates transmission losses to loads based on the actual power flow in the lossy lines due to the concerned load. Each lossy line is subdivided into as many sub-lines as corresponding to the numbers of load attached to it. The tracing of power flow through each sub-line is worked out by using proportional sharing method. The power loss in each lossy line is equal with the total loss due to all the sub-lines under it. Then by using Pro-rata for each lossy line, the individual loss for each sub-line is formulated. As the application of Pro-rata is limited to an individual line of the system, so the error in calculation is minimized. The total loss allocated to a particular load is the sum of losses occurred in each lossy lines through which the power is flowing to the concerned load. As this method is based on the actual flow of power in the transmission line corresponding to the concerned load, hence, the loss allocation made by the method gives proper and justifiable allocations to the different loads which are attached to the system. The proposed method is applied to a six-bus system and finds the mismatch in the commonly used methods. Then, it is applied to higher bus systems in which more accurate results are obtained compared to the other methods.
The generation revenue and demand payment assessment for pool based market mo...journalBEEI
The objective of this paper is to address the economic benefits in term of generation revenue and demand payment for the pool based market model in Malaysia electricity supply industry (MESI). In pool market model, there are issues on the benefit of the generators such as too high system marginal price (SMP) during peak demand and no revenue during low demand. Therefore, conceptual study for two bus test system in MESI involving four generators around Peninsular Malaysia is conducted to perform the economic analysis in term of generation revenue and demand assessment considering existing single buyer model and pool based market model, i.e., pool model, spot market model and the proposed model, in order to identify which market model is superior. As a result, the proposed model managed to decrease the demand payment as it is proportional to generation revenue, even though the generation revenue is at intermediate value and succeed to increase the low and medium generator’s revenue.
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an automatic demand response controller with a load shifting algorithm implemented using MATLAB software. The controller monitors generation capacity and customer demand to optimally schedule loads to reduce peak demand and stabilize the load curve. A mathematical model is presented that shifts loads in priority order from the lowest to highest load if total demand exceeds generation capacity. The model was tested on an 8 bus system in MATLAB and successfully stabilized the load curve to better manage power demand according to supply conditions.
This document discusses power system deregulation. It begins with an introduction that defines electric deregulation as changing rules and regulations that allow for competition among electricity suppliers. The objectives of deregulation are then outlined, including providing reliable supply at affordable prices. Key concepts like open access and the roles of generation companies, transmission companies, and distribution companies in the deregulated system are explained. The benefits of deregulation such as reduced prices and improved efficiency are also summarized. Organization models for restructuring the power utility are then described, followed by an explanation of how spot prices are calculated in a deregulated market.
Introducing LQR-fuzzy for a dynamic multi area LFC-DR modelIJECEIAES
It is well known that Load Frequency Control (LFC) model plays a vital role in electric power system design and operation. In the literature, much research works has stated on the advantages and realization of DR (Demand Response), which has proved to be an important part of the future smart grid. In an interconnected power system, if a load demand changes randomly, both frequency and tie line power varies. LFC-DR model is tuned by standard controllers like PI, PD, PID controllers, as they have constant gains. Hence, they are incapable of acquiring desirable dynamic performance for an extensive variety of operating conditions and various load changes. This paper presents the idea of introducing a DR control loop in the traditional Multi area LFC model (called LFC -DR) using LQR- Fuzzy Logic Control. The effect of DR-CDL i.e. (Demand Response Communication Delay Latency) in the design is also considered and is linearized using Padé approximation. Simulation results shows that the addition of DR control loop with proposed controller guarantees stability of the overall closed-loop LFC-DR system which effectively improves the system dynamic performance and is superior over a classical controller at different operating scenarios.
This document provides an overview of different methods for long-term electric load demand forecasting. It begins with an introduction to the importance of long-term demand forecasting for electric utility planning. It then describes several traditional parametric forecasting methods, including trend analysis, end-use modeling, and econometric modeling. The key differences between these methods are discussed. The document then introduces several artificial intelligence-based methods that have been used for long-term load forecasting, including neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, support vector machines, wavelet networks, and expert systems. Specific network architectures for neural networks that are suitable for long-term load forecasting are also described, such as recurrent neural networks, feed-forward back
This document informs Masoud Yadollahi zadeh that his paper titled "Profit Maximization in Competitive Electricity Markets" has been accepted for oral presentation at the IEEE 3rd International Power and Energy Conference (PECon2010) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from November 29 to December 1, 2010. The author is asked to address comments from reviewers to improve the paper and pre-register for the conference. The acceptance is conditional on at least one author attending to present the paper.
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conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
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aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Slides from talk presenting:
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Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
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IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
Impact of inadvertent interchange pricing in deregulated power sector
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 510
IMPACT OF INADVERTENT INTERCHANGE PRICING IN
DEREGULATED POWER SECTOR
Ved Parkash1
, Yog Raj Sood2
1
Research Scholar, 2
Professor, Electrical Department, NIT Hamirpur
ved_park@yahoo.co.in, yrsood@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper proposes an approach for analysis and determination of inadvertent interchange based on Frequency Based Tariff for
competitive electricity market. In this paper, combined model consisting of the pool, bilateral and multilateral transaction of
deregulated power sector has been considered [11]. In competitive electricity market, power schedule is decided 24 hours ahead of
real market but it has been observed that some of the market participants are diverted from their commitments regarding either supply
of scheduled generation or withdrawal of scheduled load from the pool. Due to these reasons, the power system deviates from the
optimized solutions. So there is an urgent need for determination of inadvertent interchange revenue paid by such defaulter market
participants. In this paper, frequency based technique has been applied for determination of inadvertent interchange revenue paid by
such defaulter market participants. The frequency based technique has been applied to double auction modified IEEE-30 bus test
system. The whole transmission system has been divided into three sections; prevailing frequency in these regions can be assumed due
to inadvertent interchange occurring in the system. In this paper, Frequency based tariff has been proposed for implementation to
generalized deregulated model consisting of the pool, bilateral and multilateral transaction.
Keywords: Availability Based Tariff, Deregulated Power Sector, Independent System Operator, Competitive Electricity
Market, Inadvertent Interchange, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, Locational Marginal Price.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the deregulated power sector market [1]
is to decrease the cost of electricity through competition. The
market environment typically consists of a pool and privately
negotiated contracts. The performance of a market is measured
by its social welfare, also called social benefit (SB). Social
benefit is the difference of society’s willingness to pay for
energy and its cost. So in the deregulated environment, the
objective functions consist of bid functions offered by
generation companies and retailers to the independent system
operator (ISO). The term Availability Based Tariff stands for a
rational tariff structure for power supply from generating
stations, on a contracted basis [2, 3]. The unique feature of this
tariff, to tackle the peculiar problems of grid operation in India,
is the frequency-linked pricing of the Unscheduled Interchange
(UI). In ABT mechanism, fixed and variable cost components
of power plant are treated separately. Unscheduled Interchange
[4] in a time block for a generating station/load means its total
actual generation/demand minus its total scheduled
generation/total scheduled drawal. All payments on account of
Unscheduled Interchange charges levied under Grid regulations
and these shall be utilized for serving of investment of
transmission schemes or for providing ancillary services
including but not only limited to load generation balancing
during low grid frequency to ensure grid security and safety.
Indian energy exchange is India’s first electricity exchange [5].
It is a transparent, neutral, nationwide, automated, online
electricity trading platform. It enables efficient price discovery
and price risk management for participants of the electricity
market including industries eligible for open access through
anonymous platform.
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) is a regulation made
by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission [6]. It lays
down the rules, guidelines and standards to be followed by
various persons and participants in the system to plan, develop,
maintain and operate the power system, in the most secure,
reliable, economic and efficient manner, while facilitating
healthy competition in the generation and supply of electricity.
India has a huge power shortage (unmet electricity demand),
which is retarding the nation’s progress. The mechanism of
Unscheduled Interchange (UI) [7, 8] if properly deployed, can
help in bringing more power into the electricity grids, enabling
the utilities to meet additional consumer load, both short-term
and long-term, and significantly reduce the quantum of load-
shedding. UI has generally been known as the third component
Availability Based Tariff (ABT), which was introduced in India
at the regional level in 2002-03. A real-time balancing market
based on real-time price signals derived from frequency to
maintain system frequency sufficiently close to nominal value
has been proposed [9]. It is used for settlement of real-time
imbalance between demand and supply during a trading period
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in deregulated markets. A frequency-linked bidding structure
for the frequency regulation service market has been proposed
[10]. A dynamic simulation model is developed for a two-area
interconnected power system that incorporates the features of
frequency regulation services to examine the performance of
the optimum regulation contracts.
Conventional Generation Scheduling GS algorithm is modified
to incorporate frequency dependant part of tariff [12]. Hourly
frequency and load using Statistical Analysis and Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) respectively are estimated. A technique
for determining loop flows and designating contribution factors
to utilities in a power system has been discussed [13].
Contribution factors are used to assess the participation of
generating utilities in causing unscheduled flow and assigning
equitable charge or compensation to utilities based on
participation. In a competitive electricity market [14], the
sellers and buyers submit bids for energy buy and sell. The bids
are generally in the form of price and quantity quotations and
specify how much seller or buyer is willing to buy or sell and at
what price. After the bids are available to the market operator it
settles the market based on optimization.
Frequency-based tariffs have been proposed in India to improve
unscheduled interchange [15], [16]. Such tariffs apply steeply
inclined prices to deviations from frequency. A very low price
is assigned to high frequencies, and a very high price is
assigned to low frequencies. The Wide Open Load Following
(WOLF) Method is similar to the UI Pricing Method except
that it includes time error, steeper prices, and a continuous
pricing formula for reactive power [15]. Prices also vary with
location due to line losses and transmission constraints [15],
[17] and [18]. Thus, WOLF provides a technique for
compensating specifically for unscheduled transmission usage
unlike the UI Pricing Method.[13], [19] introduce a technique
that shifts the focus from contributions of transmission
companies to contributions of GENCOs specifically. The
difference between actual flows and scheduled flows along
different contract paths is used to estimate minor loop flows in
an energy grid using various techniques to minimize the pth
norm, such as ordinary least squares, robust regression.
Contribution factors with different weighting mechanisms for
each utility are then determined [20]. A suggested “take-or-
pay” charge could then be levied to participating GENCOs
according to their unscheduled flow contribution as estimated
using the minor loop flow assumptions and associated errors
[21]. Availability Based Tariff comprises of three components:
(a) Capacity Charge (b) Energy Charge (c) Unscheduled Inter-
change (UI) Charge. In case there are deviations from the
schedule of generation or withdrawal of power, this third
component of ABT comes into picture. Deviations from
schedule are determined in 15-minute time blocks through
special metering and priced according to the system condition
prevailing at that time. If the frequency is above 50 Hz,
(nominal frequency in Indian System), UI rate will be low and
if it is below 50 Hz, it will be high. As long as the actual
generation / drawal is according to the given schedule, the third
component of ABT is zero. In case of deviation, market
participants have to pay UI charge according to the specified
frequency dependent rate. According to current guidelines of
CERC, this rate varies in frequency range of 49.5 Hz and 50.2
Hz.
This paper proposes an approach based on frequency based
tariff for determination of inadvertent interchange revenue as
penalty for defaulter demand market participants and profit for
generator participants who provides extra power for
stabilization to the system in competitive electricity market.
This frequency based approach has been applied to a
generalized model consisting of the pool and transactions such
as firm bilateral and multilateral for competitive electricity
market [11]. The proposed frequency based technique has been
analyzed on modified IEEE-30 bus double auction test system.
In the considered model, generation as well demand market
participants are allowed to offer and bid their prices along with
their maximum generation/demand limits to an independent
system operator (ISO). The bilateral and multilateral
transactions holders will request the ISO through a scheduling
coordinator (SC) for transaction of power specifying the
injections and extractions point as well as the amount of the
transaction.
2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
A methodology based on frequency linked tariff has been
formulated which will be helpful for assessment of inadvertent
interchange payment paid by the defaulter market participants
in deregulated power sector. Previous work on handling
inadvertent interchanges in a classical power system has been
extended and developed a solution methodology clearly
depicting how to handle these inadvertent interchanges in a
deregulated power market. This new balancing mechanism is
similar to a tariff scheme working successfully in India since
2002 and is based on real-time price signals derived from
frequency. The generators and loads under this framework can
self-schedule themselves based on real-time price signals
maximizing their benefit. This scheme does not require any
additional control and communication infrastructure as price is
communicated by means of frequency that can be sensed
anywhere in the grid. Penalty imposed on the defaulter market
participants depend on severity of deviation. It will be paid if
generator generates less than the schedule, or load overdraws
power, thereby decreasing frequency.The Proposed Technique
involves the following three steps:-
2.1 Assumption of Frequency of Particular Region
Power system is in balanced condition at nominal frequency of
the system, but frequency of the power sector deviates from the
nominal value due to imbalance between demand and supply of
system. If at any stage, electrical power available is more than
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required power, then frequency of the system becomes more
than the nominal frequency. On the other hand, if the power
available is less than the required power, then frequency of the
system becomes less than the nominal frequency. Df is demand
of the some particular area at current frequency f, whereas
Dnom is the demand or load of the system at nominal frequency
and fnom is nominal frequency of the system.
2.2 Determination of INADVERTENT
INTERCHANGE Price
In day a head market, hourly bids are taken from suppliers and
load serving entities to discover an hourly locational marginal
price (LMP). Based on settlement in day-ahead market an
hourly schedule for next day is prepared. This schedule
represents a perfect balance of supply and demand resulting in
nominal frequency. Any deviations from schedule will result in
deviation from nominal frequency. Locational Marginal Price is
the price of power at nominal frequency.
Figure1 depicts the variation of frequency based inadvertent
interchange price with frequency. Taking LMP as a reference
point we can construct a curve similar to INADVERTENT
INTERCHANGE curve to price deviations in schedule for the
proposed real-time market, Frequency dependent Inadvertent
Interchange Price curve. This curve joins two fixed points on
price vs. frequency chart. Let {fmin, fmax } be the range of
frequency over which real-time price will vary. The real-time
price called as Frequency dependent Inadvertent Interchange
Price is higher for frequencies below nominal value (i.e. when
demand is greater than supply) and lower for frequencies above
nominal value (i.e. when supply is greater than demand). Let
fnom be the nominal frequency, f be the current frequency and
fmax be the maximum frequency, where LMPij is the locational
marginal price in ith trading interval at jth
bus.
Frequency based Inadvertent Interchange price µ ($/MWh) at
any frequency f can be determined by the expression
μ = LMPij ×
fmax − f
fmax − fnom
= LMPij
× Frequency Deviation Ratio (2)
2.3 Determination of Profit/ Loss at any Bus
Frequency of the grid is a function of supply-demand imbalance
and not in control of one particular market participant. The
profit (loss) to any electricity market participants is the
difference of total revenue received and the cost of power
purchase or generation cost in real time market. Therefore
Profit/Loss in Inadvertent Interchange mechanism at any load
or generator bus can be defined as a function of deviation of
power. 𝛥𝑃= (Pact - Psch) where 𝛥𝑃 is the deviation of power
from the schedule in MW and is calculated by subtracting
declared schedule from the actual drawal for each 15 minutes
time block. Loss or Profit ($/h) in ith trading interval at
particular jth bus due to inadvertent interchange of power in the
real time market.
𝛼𝑖𝑗 𝛥𝑃 = 𝛥𝑃 × 𝑈𝐼𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑗 − 𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑖𝑗 (3)
where UIpriceij is inadvertent interchange price of jth bus in ith
trading interval in the real time market. 𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑖𝑗 is locational
marginal price of jth bus in ith trading interval in the real time
market. Net Profit or loss of the system in first trading interval
is given by
𝛼𝑖𝑗
𝑗,𝑖=1
= 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (4)
3. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
The main steps of the proposed algorithm can be described as
follows:-
Step1: Read the system data of deregulated double auction
modified IEEE 30- bus system.
Step2: Run the optimal power flow program in matpower for
optimal values of generation and demand
at generator and load buses and evaluate locational marginal
price at various buses of the system. Under this balance
condition, system frequency will be nominal thereby
Inadvertent Interchange Price be equal to locational marginal
price.
Step3: Note the uncommitted amount of power at various load
buses in the pool, bilateral and multilateral transactions in the
subject cited system.
Step4: Assume the prevailing frequencies in each of these three
areas of the deregulated system
Step5: Calculate the Inadvertent interchange price at various
buses of the system by equation (1).
Step6: Run again the optimal power flow for optimization of
new generation at various generations
buses corresponding to new load at load buses due to
inadvertent power exchange.
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Step7: Determine the inadvertent amount ($/h) received from
each defaulter load of the pool, bilateral and multilateral at
each bus for creating the disturbance in the system by equation
(2).
Step 8: Determine the inadvertent amount ($/h) paid to
generator buses of the pool, bilateral and multilateral for
balancing the system by equation (2).
Step9: Determine the net profit/ loss in the pool and
transactions by taking the difference between the payment
received from the load buses and amount paid to generator
buses. The flow chart of the proposed approach is represented
in Figure 2
4. METHODOLOGY OF WORK
The proposed frequency based technique has been tested and
analyzed on modified IEEE-30 bus test system shown in figure
3. It consists of 30 buses, 41 branches and six generating units.
The whole deregulated power system has been divided into
three sub sections; the prevailing frequencies in these areas can
be assumed by trend of the inadvertent interchange of power in
these areas with the help of equation . Then corresponding
inadvertent interchange (UI) prices are calculated at each bus
with the help of equation (1). First of all, run optimal power
flow in matpower software for scheduled power flow in the
system for optimal generation and demand at generator and
load buses and Locational Marginal Price (LMP) at each bus of
the system, then calculate UI price at each bus of competitive
electricity market. Now due to Inadvertent Interchange of
power at various buses of the system, there will be
corresponding increase in generation at various buses of the
system; these optimal values of generations can be found out by
running the optimal power flow again. Inadvertent Interchange
payment paid by load bus and received at every generator is
calculated on the basis of prevailing frequency in that section of
the power sector by equation (3). Net Profit or loss in the
system comprising of pool, bilateral and multilateral
transactions can be calculated by equation (4). Difference
between payment received from load buses and payment paid to
generator bus may be called as part of Social Benefit (SB) of
the system.
Fig 3 Single Line Diagram of Modified IEEE-30 Bus System
with Bilateral and Multilateral Transactions
A single-line diagram of modified IEEE 30 bus system with
bilateral and multilateral transactions is shown in Fig. 3. The
proposed approach dependent on frequency based tariff has
been tested and analysed on this system. Double auction
deregulated system has been taken for this purpose. All the six
generators connected at buses 1, 2, 22, 27, 23 and 13 are
assumed to offer the cost characteristics however, there are
bidding from some demand sided buses. Bilateral transactions
are additional to the pool transaction, these transaction occurs in
deregulated system due to the bilateral exchange of power
between one buying and one selling company. Multilateral
transactions are an extension of bilateral transactions. These are
also charged on the basis of LMP and UI price, because these
entities are also not bidding. In this study, two transactions,
one bilateral transaction of amount 2 MW and one multilateral
transaction of 10 MW are considered for the simulation.
Generator and load of bilateral transaction are connected at bus
number 6 and 22 whereas those of multilateral transaction is
connected at bus number 25 whereas loads are connected at and
9, 27, 28 respectively.
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Frequency of the area 1, 2 and 3 has been assumed 49.86, 49.81
and 49.85 Hz respectively as actual demand is more than the
scheduled demand.
Inadvertent Interchange price in area 1 2, 3 are UIprice = LMP*
Frequency Deviation Ratio by equation (1) Frequency
Deviation Ratio of an area is dependent on current, maximum
and nominal frequencies of that particular area. Frequency ratio
of area 1, 2 and 3 are calculated as 1.68, 1.95 and 1.75
respectively.
Table 1 show Inadvertent Interchange Revenue received from
load buses of the pool as well as transaction for inadvertent
power interchange by them. The inadvertent interchange
payment paid by each demand bus is calculated by multiplying
the difference between UI Price and LMP price with
inadvertent power of at that particular demand bus. The overall
inadvertent interchange payment paid by all such participants
are calculated by taking summation of payment paid by each
individual demand bus. Fixed power demands are also
penalized on the same basis, because these entities are not
bidding.
Table 1 Inadvertent Interchange Revenue received from load buses of the pool as well as transaction
Area 1, f=49.86 Hz, Deviation Ratio=1.68
Sr.
No.
Bus
No.
Demand
Bid
(MW)
Sch.
Demand
Psch
(MW)
Actual
Demand
Pact
(MW)
UI
Demand
ΔP
(MW)
LMP
($/MWh)
UI Price
($/MWh)
UI amount
received
from load
buses
($/h)
1 2 31.7 22.36 23.86 1.50 3.8794 6.517 3.957
2 3 31.4 31.40 33.2 1.80 3.9769 6.681 4.868
3 4 41.6 6.58 7.08 0.50 3.9775 6.682 1.352
4 7 32.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.9497 6.635 0.000
5 8 40 4.12 4.62 0.50 3.9709 6.671 1.350
6 28 Multi-
lateral
3.0 3.3 0.30 3.9531 6.641 0.806
Inadvertent Interchange Revenue received from load buses of Area 1 = 12.33($/h)
Area 2, f=49.82 Hz, Deviation Ratio=1.92
1 9 Bilateral 2.00 2.20 0.20 3.9958 7.672 0.74
2 10 25.8 25.80 27.80 2.00 4.0087 7.697 7.38
3 11 Multi-
lateral
3.00 3.30 0.30 3.996 7.672 1.10
4 12 51.2 11.98 13.48 1.50 3.9993 7.679 5.52
5 14 36.2 13.70 15.20 1.50 4.0997 7.871 5.66
6 27 Multi-
lateral
4.00 4.40 0.40 3.8496 7.391 1.42
7 29 22.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.9884 7.658 0.00
8 30 30.6 19.70 21.2 1.50 4.1476 7.963 5.72
Inadvertent Interchange Revenue received from load buses of Area 2 = 27.53($/h)
Area 3, f= 49.85 Hz, Deviation Ratio=1.75
1 15 38.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.0263 7.046 0.00
2 16 33.5 22.40 23.9 1.50 4.0893 7.156 4.60
3 17 29.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.0308 7.054 0.00
4 18 33.2 23.05 24.05 1.00 4.1495 7.262 3.11
5 19 29.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.106 7.186 0.00
6 20 32.2 1.51 1.71 0.20 4.0841 7.147 0.61
7 21 27.5 11.16 12.66 1.50 3.987 6.977 4.49
8 23 23.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.8755 6.782 0.00
9 24 28.7 7.22 7.92 0.70 3.9219 6.863 2.06
10 25 Multi-
lateral
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.8116 6.670 0.00
11 26 23.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.8089 6.666 0.00
Inadvertent Interchange Revenue received from load buses of Area 3 =14.87($/h)
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Net Inadvertent Interchange received from all defaulters load
buses of area 1, area 2 and area 3 of the pool =54.73 ($/h)
Table 2 shows Inadvertent Interchange Revenue paid to
generator buses of the pool as well as transaction for balancing
the system. The inadvertent interchange payment received by
each generator bus is calculated by multiplying the difference
between Inadvertent Interchange Price and LMP price with
inadvertent power at that particular generator bus. The overall
inadvertent interchange payment paid to all generators is
calculated by taking the summation of payment received by
each individual generator.
Table 2 Inadvertent Interchange Revenue paid to generator buses of the pool as well as transaction
Net Inadvertent Interchange Amount paid to all generator buses
of area 1, area 2 and area 3 of the Pool and transaction =
53.38($/h). Net Profit to ISO due to implementation of
Inadvertent Interchange in deregulated system=1.35 ($/h).
5. OBSERVATIONS
The following observations have been made by the simulation
with the proposed technique. In the deregulated model of the
deregulated power system consisting of pool bilateral
transactions, prevailing frequencies of area 1, 2 and 3 become
49.86 Hz, 49.82 Hz and of 49.85 Hz respectively due to
overdrawal of power by defaulters loads. These loads have been
heavily penalized as per inadvertent interchange price
determined by equation (2) dependent on the current frequency
of the region. Generator who are providing extra power into the
system for the compensation of the inadvertent load, have
received extra huge amount of money as profit dependent on
frequency, as the frequency of the system becomes less than the
nominal frequency. Finally evaluate the profit/loss to ISO in the
pool, bilateral and multilateral transaction due to
implementation of inadvertent interchange pricing is 1.35 $/h.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an approach for determination of
inadvertent interchange revenue at various generator and load
buses in the competitive electricity market model consisting of
pool, bilateral and multilateral transactions. In this paper a
double auction competitive electricity market model has been
analyzed with modified IEEE-30 bus test system. Frequency
has been assumed in each region by trend of the inadvertent
interchange of power in pool, bilateral and multilateral
transactions. Frequency linked tariff has been applied for
inadvertent variation of power in pool, bilateral and multilateral
transactions. Impact of inadvertent interchange of power based
upon the frequency variation has been analyzed on this bus
system. In this method, those defaulters load market
participants have paid huge amount who are diverting from
their schedule entitlement in the market and creating the
disturbance in the system by varying the frequency of the
system as well as those generator participants are rewarded who
maintains the frequency of the system in the nominal range by
providing extra power in the competitive market other than
their committed entitlements.
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Gen. Buses of All areas of pool and transaction
Sr.
No.
Bus No. Sch. Gen.
Psch
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ΔP
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 516
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