In this paper the effect of window shape parameter „α‟ in Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming window functions on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) values of the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar is computed. The six parts of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the MST radar are utilized for the analysis of results. Prior to the Fourier transformation, the in-phase and quadrature components of radar echo samples are weighted with proposed windows based on the Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions. The effects of data weighting with the change of the window shape parameter „α‟ of the Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are given in it. It is noted that the increase of variable window shape parameter „α‟ increases the signal to noise ratio values and a better improvement is reported. For Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are proposed to analyze the MST radar return signals to obtain optimum values of the window shape parameter. The results shows the improvement of signal to noise ratio of noisy data due to the effect of side lobe reduction and demands for the design of the optimal window functions.
Reduction of Azimuth Uncertainties in SAR Images Using Selective RestorationIJTET Journal
The document proposes a framework to reduce azimuth uncertainties in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It identifies azimuth uncertainty using a local average SAR image, system parameters, and a metric from the azimuth antenna pattern. Uncertainties are classified as isolated or clustered based on size. Isolated ambiguities consisting of smaller interconnected pixel regions are restored using compressive imaging. Clustered ambiguities consisting of larger interconnected pixel regions are restored using exemplar-based image inpainting. The proposed method was tested on real TerraSAR-X data and was able to effectively remove azimuth uncertainties and enhance image quality.
A SWITCHED-ANTENNA NADIR-LOOKING INTERFEROMETRIC SAR ALTIMETER FOR TERRAIN-AI...csandit
Conventional terrain-aided navigation (TAN) technique uses an altimeter to locate the position of an aerial vehicle. However, a major problem with a radar altimeter is that its beam (or pulse) footprint on the ground could be large, and therefore the nadir altitude cannot be estimated
accurately. To overcome this difficulty, one may use the nadir-looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique to reduce the along-track beam width, while the cross-track ambiguity is
resolved with the interferometry technique. However, the cross-track resolution is still far from satisfactory, because of the limited aperture size of antennas. Therefore, the usual three-antenna array cannot resolve multiple terrain points in a same range bin, effectively. In this paper, we
propose a technique that can increase the cross-track resolution using a large number of antennas, but in a switched fashion, not raising hardware cost.
The document compares the performance of a Root Raised Cosine matched filter implemented using hybrid-logarithmic arithmetic versus standard binary and floating point arithmetic. Simulations showed that the hybrid logarithmic structure offered superior performance to fixed point solutions while having significantly reduced complexity compared to floating point equivalents. The use of hybrid logarithmic arithmetic also has the potential to reduce power consumption, latency, and hardware complexity for mobile applications.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sidelobe Roll-Off Ratio for Various Window Functi...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sidelobe roll-off ratio of the Kaiser, Cosh, and Exponential window functions. It shows through simulation results that the Exponential window provides the highest sidelobe roll-off ratio compared to the other windows. A low pass FIR filter is designed using each window function, and the filter designed with the Exponential window achieves the maximum far-end stopband attenuation.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
This document proposes a new SAR superresolution imaging algorithm based on adaptive sidelobe reduction (ASR). It outlines issues with conventional weighting methods and describes how the new algorithm uses ASR to suppress sidelobes without degrading resolution. Simulation results show the new method improves resolution and lowers sidelobes compared to conventional Fourier techniques.
Interferogram Filtering Using Gaussians Scale Mixtures in Steerable Wavelet D...CSCJournals
An interferogram filtering is presented in this paper. The main concern of the proposed scheme is to lower the residues count mean while preserving the location and jump height of the lines of phase discontinuity. The proposed method is based on a statistical model of the coefficients of multi-scale oriented basis. Neighborhoods of coefficients at adjacent positions and scales are modeled as the product of two independent random variables: a Gaussian vector and a hidden positive scalar multiplier. Under this model, the Bayesian least squares estimate of each coefficient reduces to a weighted average of the local linear estimates over all possible values of the hidden multiplier variable. The performance of this method substantially has the advantages of reducing number of residuals without affecting line of height discontinuity.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Reduction of Azimuth Uncertainties in SAR Images Using Selective RestorationIJTET Journal
The document proposes a framework to reduce azimuth uncertainties in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It identifies azimuth uncertainty using a local average SAR image, system parameters, and a metric from the azimuth antenna pattern. Uncertainties are classified as isolated or clustered based on size. Isolated ambiguities consisting of smaller interconnected pixel regions are restored using compressive imaging. Clustered ambiguities consisting of larger interconnected pixel regions are restored using exemplar-based image inpainting. The proposed method was tested on real TerraSAR-X data and was able to effectively remove azimuth uncertainties and enhance image quality.
A SWITCHED-ANTENNA NADIR-LOOKING INTERFEROMETRIC SAR ALTIMETER FOR TERRAIN-AI...csandit
Conventional terrain-aided navigation (TAN) technique uses an altimeter to locate the position of an aerial vehicle. However, a major problem with a radar altimeter is that its beam (or pulse) footprint on the ground could be large, and therefore the nadir altitude cannot be estimated
accurately. To overcome this difficulty, one may use the nadir-looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique to reduce the along-track beam width, while the cross-track ambiguity is
resolved with the interferometry technique. However, the cross-track resolution is still far from satisfactory, because of the limited aperture size of antennas. Therefore, the usual three-antenna array cannot resolve multiple terrain points in a same range bin, effectively. In this paper, we
propose a technique that can increase the cross-track resolution using a large number of antennas, but in a switched fashion, not raising hardware cost.
The document compares the performance of a Root Raised Cosine matched filter implemented using hybrid-logarithmic arithmetic versus standard binary and floating point arithmetic. Simulations showed that the hybrid logarithmic structure offered superior performance to fixed point solutions while having significantly reduced complexity compared to floating point equivalents. The use of hybrid logarithmic arithmetic also has the potential to reduce power consumption, latency, and hardware complexity for mobile applications.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sidelobe Roll-Off Ratio for Various Window Functi...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sidelobe roll-off ratio of the Kaiser, Cosh, and Exponential window functions. It shows through simulation results that the Exponential window provides the highest sidelobe roll-off ratio compared to the other windows. A low pass FIR filter is designed using each window function, and the filter designed with the Exponential window achieves the maximum far-end stopband attenuation.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
This document proposes a new SAR superresolution imaging algorithm based on adaptive sidelobe reduction (ASR). It outlines issues with conventional weighting methods and describes how the new algorithm uses ASR to suppress sidelobes without degrading resolution. Simulation results show the new method improves resolution and lowers sidelobes compared to conventional Fourier techniques.
Interferogram Filtering Using Gaussians Scale Mixtures in Steerable Wavelet D...CSCJournals
An interferogram filtering is presented in this paper. The main concern of the proposed scheme is to lower the residues count mean while preserving the location and jump height of the lines of phase discontinuity. The proposed method is based on a statistical model of the coefficients of multi-scale oriented basis. Neighborhoods of coefficients at adjacent positions and scales are modeled as the product of two independent random variables: a Gaussian vector and a hidden positive scalar multiplier. Under this model, the Bayesian least squares estimate of each coefficient reduces to a weighted average of the local linear estimates over all possible values of the hidden multiplier variable. The performance of this method substantially has the advantages of reducing number of residuals without affecting line of height discontinuity.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
TH1.L10.5: VALIDATION OF TIE-POINT CONCEPTS BY THE DEM ADJUSTMENT APPROACH OF...grssieee
The document discusses validation of tie-point concepts for DEM calibration using TanDEM-X data. It describes extracting calibration points from overlap areas between acquisitions and from ICESat data to serve as ground control points. It compares using single points versus area-based approaches for tie-points and examines the impact of varying numbers of ICESat points and tie-points on calibration accuracy. Analysis of ICESat parameters aimed to identify the most accurate ground control points.
This document models indoor wireless signal propagation using log-normal shadowing. It collected over 100 RSS measurements in different locations and distances from an access point transmitting at 2.4GHz and 5GHz. It analyzed the data to determine the path loss exponent n and standard deviation σ for each band. For 2.4GHz, n=2.31 and σ=6.42, accurately predicting signal levels within 30 meters of the access point. For 5GHz, n=2.55 and σ=7.58, accurately predicting signal levels within the test areas. The model provides a simple yet reasonably accurate way to predict indoor wireless coverage.
9A_1_On automatic mapping of environmental data using adaptive general regres...GISRUK conference
1. The document discusses using an adaptive general regression neural network (GRNN) for automatic mapping of environmental data.
2. A GRNN is a modification of the Nadaraya-Watson nonparametric regressor that can perform nonlinear modeling, feature selection, and characterize uncertainties to produce quality maps.
3. An illustrative case study applies GRNN to precipitation data in Switzerland, showing it can automatically filter out irrelevant variables and produce accurate interpolation maps and uncertainty analyses of residuals.
IRJET- High Speed Multi-Rate Approach based Adaptive Filter using Multiplier-...IRJET Journal
This document presents a high-speed multi-rate approach for an adaptive filter using a multiplier-less technique. The proposed approach uses decimator and interpolator structures in VHDL to design a narrow band filter. Each structure is simulated using an FPGA and compared to existing structures. The resulting structure is more hardware efficient and uses fewer logic slices than existing structures. Key aspects of multi-rate signal processing and the proposed narrow band filter design using decimation and interpolation are discussed. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces hardware complexity and resource usage compared to direct-form implementation of the filter.
5.computer analysis of the cost 231 hata model for path loss estimation at 90...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the suitability of the COST 231 Hata model for predicting radio signal propagation across mountainous terrain in Nigeria. Measurements of signal strength were taken from 5 base stations and compared to predictions from the COST 231 Hata model and a least squares approximation model. The COST 231 Hata model was found to have a root mean square error of 10.25dB, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 6dB, indicating it is not suitable for this terrain. A modified COST 231 Hata model was proposed by subtracting the root mean square error, and was found to have improved accuracy with a root mean square error of 5.1dB, indicating it is suitable for predicting signal propagation across this mountainous
Projected Barzilai-Borwein Methods Applied to Distributed Compressive Spectru...Polytechnique Montreal
Cognitive radio allows unlicensed (cognitive) users to use licensed frequency bands by exploiting spectrum sensing techniques to detect whether or not the licensed (primary) users are present. In this paper, we present a compressed sensing applied to spectrum-occupancy detection in wide-band applications. The collected analog signals from each cognitive radio (CR) receiver at a fusion center are transformed to discrete-time signals by using analog-to-information converter (AIC) and then employed to calculate the autocorrelation. For signal reconstruction, we exploit a novel approach to solve the optimization problem consisting of minimizing both a quadratic (l2) error term and an l1-regularization term. In specific, we propose the Basic gradient projection (GP) and projected Barzilai-Borwein (PBB) algorithm to offer a better performance in terms of the mean squared error of the power spectrum density estimate and the detection probability of licensed signal occupancy.
This document proposes and evaluates a new chaotic communication system called Correlation Delay Shift Keying (CDSK). It summarizes the characteristics and advantages of using chaotic signals for communication. It then describes the CDSK system and compares its bit error rate performance using two different chaos maps (Tent map and a newly proposed Boss map) in additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels. The results show that the Boss map provides better bit error rate performance than the Tent map.
Pre emphasis on data for an adaptive fingerprint image enhancementIAEME Publication
The document presents a method for pre-emphasis on data for adaptive fingerprint image enhancement. It applies preprocessing using histogram equalization for contrast improvement. Global and local analysis is then performed to estimate the fundamental frequency and extract local spectral features, which are used to design matched directional filters for enhancement. The proposed adaptive approach automatically adjusts local filter parameters based on input fingerprint image characteristics.
Video Stitching using Improved RANSAC and SIFTIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses techniques for stitching multiple video frames into a panoramic video using Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and an improved RANSAC algorithm.
2. Key points and feature descriptors are extracted from frames using SIFT to find correspondences between frames. The improved RANSAC algorithm is used to estimate homography matrices between frames and filter outlier matches.
3. Frames are blended together to compensate for exposure differences and misalignments before being mapped to a reference plane to create the panoramic video mosaic. The algorithm aims to produce a high quality panoramic video in real-time.
Realization of high order iir digital bandstop filter using domain transfer a...Subhadeep Chakraborty
B(z)
A(z)
- This document describes the design and realization of a high order IIR digital bandstop filter using the Domain Transfer Algorithm (DTA).
- The DTA efficiently maps the transfer function from the analog domain (s-plane) to the digital domain (z-plane), allowing for the design of the digital filter. This is done with less computational time and error compared to other analog to digital mapping techniques.
- An analog bandstop filter is first designed using either passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, or active components like op-amps. The transfer function is then obtained in the s-domain.
- DTA applies
This document describes an adaptive Kalman filter implementation for video denoising. It proposes processing video frames independently in the spatial domain and then applying an adaptive temporal Kalman filter to each pixel sequence to reduce complexity. An adaptive Kalman filter is used which can adjust its parameters based on noise statistics variations and detected motions between frames. The algorithm is tested through MATLAB simulation on sample video frames, showing it produces a denoised output with reduced noise while still responding to changes in pixel values over time. The design considerations for FPGA implementation focus on using fixed-point arithmetic and shift operations instead of division to optimize for the FPGA hardware.
Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction in MIMO-OFDMIJARBEST JOURNAL
Authors: Jayaraman.G1, VeeraKumar K2, Selvakani.S3
Abstract— In communication system, it is aimed to provide highest possible
transmission rate at the lowest possible power and with the least possible noise. MIMOOFDM
has been chosen for high data rate communications and widely deployed in many
wireless communication standards. The major drawback in OFDM signal transmission is
high PAPR. In previous, use clipping technique to tackle this problem. In this paper, use
EM-GAMP algorithm to reduce PAPR in considerable amount.
Compressive spectrum sensing using two-stage scheme for cognitive radio netwo...IJECEIAES
The modern applications of communications that use wideband signals suffer the lacking since the resources of this kind of signals are limited especially for fifth generation (5G). The compressive spectrum sensing (COMPSS) techniques address such issues to reuse the detected signals in the networks and applications of 5G. However, the raw techniques of COMPSS have low compression ratio and high computational complexity rather than high level of noise variance. In this paper, a hybrid COMPSS scheme has been developed for both non-cooperative and cooperative cognitive radio networks. The proposed scheme compiles on discrete wavelet transform single resolution (DWT-SR) cascaded with discrete cosine transform (DCT). The first is constructed according to the pyramid algorithm to achieve 50% while the second performed 30% compression ratios. The simulation and analytic results reveal the significant detection performance of the proposed technique is better than that of the raw COMPSS techniques.
Design of Linear Array Transducer Using Ultrasound Simulation Program Field-IIinventy
This document summarizes a study that used the ultrasound simulation program Field II to model and simulate the pressure field generated by a linear array transducer and its propagation through biological tissue. The study designed a 16-element linear array transducer with Field II and simulated its impulse response. It then propagated the acoustic field through a human kidney tissue and observed the pressure profile and beam pattern at the focal point. The study also compared the impulse response, pressure field, beam pattern and detected images produced by linear arrays with 32 elements versus 64 elements. The results demonstrated Field II's ability to simulate ultrasound transducers and propagate fields through tissue.
This document summarizes a technique for generating highly accurate 3D surface models from sparse sensor data using sparse surface adjustment. It proposes modeling the surface as small planar patches called surfels, optimizing the poses of the sensor and surfels jointly to minimize errors, and iteratively refining correspondences between surfels. Experiments on environmental and object datasets demonstrate improved consistency over standard SLAM techniques.
This document presents a methodology for land use mapping using segmentation techniques on coarse resolution SAR data. It explores extracting urban extents using the BuiltArea algorithm, then segmenting the SAR images using different algorithms like Canny edge detection. Land use classes like commercial, residential and green areas are classified after feature selection and majority rule application. Testing on Shanghai showed potential for moderate SAR in urban monitoring. Preliminary fusion with optical data from Beijing-1 satellite improved segmentation accuracy and classification results. Future work will explore polarimetric features and additional classes with multitemporal SAR segmentation approaches.
DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) BY COMPARING...AM Publications
The QC (Quality Control) testing of spatial resolution in CR (Computed Radiography) using ESF-PSF and IP-PSF methods has been investigated. The object used in this study is a phantom made of copper with 15 cm both in lenght and widht, and 1 mm in thickness. The exposure to phantom was occured with some variation of voltage, i.e. 50 kV, 60 kV, 70 kV and 80 kV for CR system. Current variation wass performed by four times for each voltage, i.e. 1.6 mAs; 4 mAs; 16 mAs and 32 mAs. Digital image data used for the acquisition is in the DICOM format. Measurement of image's spatial resolution wass performed by calculate the value of FWHM as an indicator of good or poor spatial resolution of images. Measurement of FWHM value has performed by using MATLAB R2015b and Corel Draw X7 programs. The FWHM value was obtained from gaussian function which provides a complete information on opaqueness effects that occur in images. The results showed that the best value of spatial resolution for the ESF-PSF methode is 2.50 lp/mm and the worst value is 2.36 lp/mm, while for the best resolution using IP-PSF is 2.85 lp/mm and worst is 1.01 lp/mm. The value of spatial resolution is proportional to the voltage of the tube, where the higher voltage provides the higher value of spatial resolution. But the value of spatial resolution has decreased with the current variation due to the higher current of mobile X-ray's tube.
The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing adc effective number o...ijcsit
In evaluating Analog to Digital Convertors, many parameters are checked for performance and error rate.
One of these parameters is the device Effective Number of Bits. In classical testing of Effective Number of
Bits, testing is based on signal to noise components ratio (SNR), whose coefficients are driven via
frequency domain (Fourier Transform) of ADC’s output signal. Such a technique is extremely sensitive to
noise and require large number of data samples. That is, longer and more complex testing process as the
device under test increases in resolutions. Meanwhile, a new time – frequency domain approach (known as
Wavelet transform) is proposed to measure and analyze Analog-to-Digital Converters parameter of
Effective Number of Bits with less complexity and fewer data samples.
Analysis of Productivity Improvement And Safety Measures By 5-S TechniqueIJERA Editor
The main objective of this study is to assess the implementation of 5S and development of the 5S Activity Checklist in manufacturing companies. The scope for this study covers the following areas: identifying problems, looking into critical success factors, their outcomes and recommendations. In addition, factors that may act as constraints to the implementation of the 5S activity and possible solutions for the industries are also identified through observation and evaluation of the improved environmental performance. The study is conducted using a systematic approach with specific software in order to get the most accurate results.
TH1.L10.5: VALIDATION OF TIE-POINT CONCEPTS BY THE DEM ADJUSTMENT APPROACH OF...grssieee
The document discusses validation of tie-point concepts for DEM calibration using TanDEM-X data. It describes extracting calibration points from overlap areas between acquisitions and from ICESat data to serve as ground control points. It compares using single points versus area-based approaches for tie-points and examines the impact of varying numbers of ICESat points and tie-points on calibration accuracy. Analysis of ICESat parameters aimed to identify the most accurate ground control points.
This document models indoor wireless signal propagation using log-normal shadowing. It collected over 100 RSS measurements in different locations and distances from an access point transmitting at 2.4GHz and 5GHz. It analyzed the data to determine the path loss exponent n and standard deviation σ for each band. For 2.4GHz, n=2.31 and σ=6.42, accurately predicting signal levels within 30 meters of the access point. For 5GHz, n=2.55 and σ=7.58, accurately predicting signal levels within the test areas. The model provides a simple yet reasonably accurate way to predict indoor wireless coverage.
9A_1_On automatic mapping of environmental data using adaptive general regres...GISRUK conference
1. The document discusses using an adaptive general regression neural network (GRNN) for automatic mapping of environmental data.
2. A GRNN is a modification of the Nadaraya-Watson nonparametric regressor that can perform nonlinear modeling, feature selection, and characterize uncertainties to produce quality maps.
3. An illustrative case study applies GRNN to precipitation data in Switzerland, showing it can automatically filter out irrelevant variables and produce accurate interpolation maps and uncertainty analyses of residuals.
IRJET- High Speed Multi-Rate Approach based Adaptive Filter using Multiplier-...IRJET Journal
This document presents a high-speed multi-rate approach for an adaptive filter using a multiplier-less technique. The proposed approach uses decimator and interpolator structures in VHDL to design a narrow band filter. Each structure is simulated using an FPGA and compared to existing structures. The resulting structure is more hardware efficient and uses fewer logic slices than existing structures. Key aspects of multi-rate signal processing and the proposed narrow band filter design using decimation and interpolation are discussed. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces hardware complexity and resource usage compared to direct-form implementation of the filter.
5.computer analysis of the cost 231 hata model for path loss estimation at 90...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the suitability of the COST 231 Hata model for predicting radio signal propagation across mountainous terrain in Nigeria. Measurements of signal strength were taken from 5 base stations and compared to predictions from the COST 231 Hata model and a least squares approximation model. The COST 231 Hata model was found to have a root mean square error of 10.25dB, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 6dB, indicating it is not suitable for this terrain. A modified COST 231 Hata model was proposed by subtracting the root mean square error, and was found to have improved accuracy with a root mean square error of 5.1dB, indicating it is suitable for predicting signal propagation across this mountainous
Projected Barzilai-Borwein Methods Applied to Distributed Compressive Spectru...Polytechnique Montreal
Cognitive radio allows unlicensed (cognitive) users to use licensed frequency bands by exploiting spectrum sensing techniques to detect whether or not the licensed (primary) users are present. In this paper, we present a compressed sensing applied to spectrum-occupancy detection in wide-band applications. The collected analog signals from each cognitive radio (CR) receiver at a fusion center are transformed to discrete-time signals by using analog-to-information converter (AIC) and then employed to calculate the autocorrelation. For signal reconstruction, we exploit a novel approach to solve the optimization problem consisting of minimizing both a quadratic (l2) error term and an l1-regularization term. In specific, we propose the Basic gradient projection (GP) and projected Barzilai-Borwein (PBB) algorithm to offer a better performance in terms of the mean squared error of the power spectrum density estimate and the detection probability of licensed signal occupancy.
This document proposes and evaluates a new chaotic communication system called Correlation Delay Shift Keying (CDSK). It summarizes the characteristics and advantages of using chaotic signals for communication. It then describes the CDSK system and compares its bit error rate performance using two different chaos maps (Tent map and a newly proposed Boss map) in additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels. The results show that the Boss map provides better bit error rate performance than the Tent map.
Pre emphasis on data for an adaptive fingerprint image enhancementIAEME Publication
The document presents a method for pre-emphasis on data for adaptive fingerprint image enhancement. It applies preprocessing using histogram equalization for contrast improvement. Global and local analysis is then performed to estimate the fundamental frequency and extract local spectral features, which are used to design matched directional filters for enhancement. The proposed adaptive approach automatically adjusts local filter parameters based on input fingerprint image characteristics.
Video Stitching using Improved RANSAC and SIFTIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses techniques for stitching multiple video frames into a panoramic video using Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and an improved RANSAC algorithm.
2. Key points and feature descriptors are extracted from frames using SIFT to find correspondences between frames. The improved RANSAC algorithm is used to estimate homography matrices between frames and filter outlier matches.
3. Frames are blended together to compensate for exposure differences and misalignments before being mapped to a reference plane to create the panoramic video mosaic. The algorithm aims to produce a high quality panoramic video in real-time.
Realization of high order iir digital bandstop filter using domain transfer a...Subhadeep Chakraborty
B(z)
A(z)
- This document describes the design and realization of a high order IIR digital bandstop filter using the Domain Transfer Algorithm (DTA).
- The DTA efficiently maps the transfer function from the analog domain (s-plane) to the digital domain (z-plane), allowing for the design of the digital filter. This is done with less computational time and error compared to other analog to digital mapping techniques.
- An analog bandstop filter is first designed using either passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, or active components like op-amps. The transfer function is then obtained in the s-domain.
- DTA applies
This document describes an adaptive Kalman filter implementation for video denoising. It proposes processing video frames independently in the spatial domain and then applying an adaptive temporal Kalman filter to each pixel sequence to reduce complexity. An adaptive Kalman filter is used which can adjust its parameters based on noise statistics variations and detected motions between frames. The algorithm is tested through MATLAB simulation on sample video frames, showing it produces a denoised output with reduced noise while still responding to changes in pixel values over time. The design considerations for FPGA implementation focus on using fixed-point arithmetic and shift operations instead of division to optimize for the FPGA hardware.
Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction in MIMO-OFDMIJARBEST JOURNAL
Authors: Jayaraman.G1, VeeraKumar K2, Selvakani.S3
Abstract— In communication system, it is aimed to provide highest possible
transmission rate at the lowest possible power and with the least possible noise. MIMOOFDM
has been chosen for high data rate communications and widely deployed in many
wireless communication standards. The major drawback in OFDM signal transmission is
high PAPR. In previous, use clipping technique to tackle this problem. In this paper, use
EM-GAMP algorithm to reduce PAPR in considerable amount.
Compressive spectrum sensing using two-stage scheme for cognitive radio netwo...IJECEIAES
The modern applications of communications that use wideband signals suffer the lacking since the resources of this kind of signals are limited especially for fifth generation (5G). The compressive spectrum sensing (COMPSS) techniques address such issues to reuse the detected signals in the networks and applications of 5G. However, the raw techniques of COMPSS have low compression ratio and high computational complexity rather than high level of noise variance. In this paper, a hybrid COMPSS scheme has been developed for both non-cooperative and cooperative cognitive radio networks. The proposed scheme compiles on discrete wavelet transform single resolution (DWT-SR) cascaded with discrete cosine transform (DCT). The first is constructed according to the pyramid algorithm to achieve 50% while the second performed 30% compression ratios. The simulation and analytic results reveal the significant detection performance of the proposed technique is better than that of the raw COMPSS techniques.
Design of Linear Array Transducer Using Ultrasound Simulation Program Field-IIinventy
This document summarizes a study that used the ultrasound simulation program Field II to model and simulate the pressure field generated by a linear array transducer and its propagation through biological tissue. The study designed a 16-element linear array transducer with Field II and simulated its impulse response. It then propagated the acoustic field through a human kidney tissue and observed the pressure profile and beam pattern at the focal point. The study also compared the impulse response, pressure field, beam pattern and detected images produced by linear arrays with 32 elements versus 64 elements. The results demonstrated Field II's ability to simulate ultrasound transducers and propagate fields through tissue.
This document summarizes a technique for generating highly accurate 3D surface models from sparse sensor data using sparse surface adjustment. It proposes modeling the surface as small planar patches called surfels, optimizing the poses of the sensor and surfels jointly to minimize errors, and iteratively refining correspondences between surfels. Experiments on environmental and object datasets demonstrate improved consistency over standard SLAM techniques.
This document presents a methodology for land use mapping using segmentation techniques on coarse resolution SAR data. It explores extracting urban extents using the BuiltArea algorithm, then segmenting the SAR images using different algorithms like Canny edge detection. Land use classes like commercial, residential and green areas are classified after feature selection and majority rule application. Testing on Shanghai showed potential for moderate SAR in urban monitoring. Preliminary fusion with optical data from Beijing-1 satellite improved segmentation accuracy and classification results. Future work will explore polarimetric features and additional classes with multitemporal SAR segmentation approaches.
DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) BY COMPARING...AM Publications
The QC (Quality Control) testing of spatial resolution in CR (Computed Radiography) using ESF-PSF and IP-PSF methods has been investigated. The object used in this study is a phantom made of copper with 15 cm both in lenght and widht, and 1 mm in thickness. The exposure to phantom was occured with some variation of voltage, i.e. 50 kV, 60 kV, 70 kV and 80 kV for CR system. Current variation wass performed by four times for each voltage, i.e. 1.6 mAs; 4 mAs; 16 mAs and 32 mAs. Digital image data used for the acquisition is in the DICOM format. Measurement of image's spatial resolution wass performed by calculate the value of FWHM as an indicator of good or poor spatial resolution of images. Measurement of FWHM value has performed by using MATLAB R2015b and Corel Draw X7 programs. The FWHM value was obtained from gaussian function which provides a complete information on opaqueness effects that occur in images. The results showed that the best value of spatial resolution for the ESF-PSF methode is 2.50 lp/mm and the worst value is 2.36 lp/mm, while for the best resolution using IP-PSF is 2.85 lp/mm and worst is 1.01 lp/mm. The value of spatial resolution is proportional to the voltage of the tube, where the higher voltage provides the higher value of spatial resolution. But the value of spatial resolution has decreased with the current variation due to the higher current of mobile X-ray's tube.
The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing adc effective number o...ijcsit
In evaluating Analog to Digital Convertors, many parameters are checked for performance and error rate.
One of these parameters is the device Effective Number of Bits. In classical testing of Effective Number of
Bits, testing is based on signal to noise components ratio (SNR), whose coefficients are driven via
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noise and require large number of data samples. That is, longer and more complex testing process as the
device under test increases in resolutions. Meanwhile, a new time – frequency domain approach (known as
Wavelet transform) is proposed to measure and analyze Analog-to-Digital Converters parameter of
Effective Number of Bits with less complexity and fewer data samples.
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The main objective of this study is to assess the implementation of 5S and development of the 5S Activity Checklist in manufacturing companies. The scope for this study covers the following areas: identifying problems, looking into critical success factors, their outcomes and recommendations. In addition, factors that may act as constraints to the implementation of the 5S activity and possible solutions for the industries are also identified through observation and evaluation of the improved environmental performance. The study is conducted using a systematic approach with specific software in order to get the most accurate results.
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חלק א' ו-ב' של המצגת: הגדרת מטרות והגעה לתקציב מאוזן
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המצגת כוללת 4 חלקים
חלק א' ו-ב' של המצגת: הגדרת מטרות והגעה לתקציב מאוזן
חלק ג' של המצגת: חיסכון ובניית הן עצמי
חלק ד' של המצגת: מינוף הכסף
בע"ה עשו והצליחו
Mohd Sharif's curriculum vitae provides details of his educational and technical qualifications, computer skills, projects, work experience, and personal information. He has a B.Tech in mechanical and automation engineering with percentages ranging from 69-83.3% over 7 semesters. His technical skills include AutoCAD, CATIA v4 and Solidworks. He completed a 3 month project constructing a hydraulic lifting machine and has work experience in a tractor factory and Indian railways.
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Arun Lakhani says India has vast prerequisite of Infrastructure building and development. The PPP route was established in last decade also saw some lean time.
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Abstract In this paper, the effect of Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window parameters Coherent Gain (CG), Incoherent Power Gain (ICG), Equivalent Noise Band Width (ENBW) and Scalloping Loss (SL) on the SNR values of MST Radar returns has been investigated. Six sets of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) RADAR are used for the result analysis. Prior to the Fourier Transform, the in-phase and quadrature components of the Radar echo samples are weighted with Exponential/Cosine Hyperbolic/Polynomial/Kaiser window Functions. It is observed that, with the increase in the parameter “” of Exponential and Cosine Hyperbolic Window and parameter “m” of Polynomial Window increases ENBW and SL, but decreases in CG and ICG. This observation can be used to establish in improving the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of MST RADAR signals. From this study it is reported that, the window e parameter “=6/m=4”can be suggested for optimum results of SNR improvement in MST RADAR signals. The optimum widow parameter“/m” in turn yields optimum Exponential window parameters as “CG=0.4768, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5371, SL=0.8536”, Cosine Hyperbolic window parameters as “CG=0.4769, ICG=0.3495, ENBW=1.5366, SL=0.8535”, Polynomial window parameters as “CG=0.5719, ICG=0.4799, ENBW=1.4673, SL=0.8011”, and Kaiser window parameters as “CG=0.4991, ICG=0.3660, ENBW=1.4695, SL=0.8410”.Which corresponds to optimum mail lobe width and side lobe attenuation to increase the SNR of MST Radar noisy data.. Index Terms: CG, ICG, ENBW, SL, SNR, FFT, Spectral Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Improved Snr Of Mst Radar Signals By Kaiser-Hamming And Cosh-Hamming Window Functions
1. Ravi Krishna Reddy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -3) March 2015, pp.32-38
www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e
Improved Snr Of Mst Radar Signals By Kaiser-Hamming And
Cosh-Hamming Window Functions
D.Ravi Krishna Reddy1
Dr.B.Anuradha2
1
Research Student, Dept.of ECE, S.V.U College of Engineering Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Professor, Dept.of ECE, S.V.U College of Engineering Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper the effect of window shape parameter „α‟ in Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming window
functions on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) values of the Indian Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST)
radar is computed. The six parts of multibeam observations of the lower atmosphere made by the MST radar
are utilized for the analysis of results. Prior to the Fourier transformation, the in-phase and quadrature
components of radar echo samples are weighted with proposed windows based on the Kaiser-Hamming and
Cosh-Hamming Window functions. The effects of data weighting with the change of the window shape
parameter „α‟ of the Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are given in it. It is noted that the
increase of variable window shape parameter „α‟ increases the signal to noise ratio values and a better
improvement is reported. For Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions are proposed to analyze
the MST radar return signals to obtain optimum values of the window shape parameter. The results shows the
improvement of signal to noise ratio of noisy data due to the effect of side lobe reduction and demands for the
design of the optimal window functions.
Index Terms: Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-Hamming window functions, SNR, DFT and Spectral Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in
Harmonic analysis plays a major role in the radar
signal processing. The data weighting window
function with the DFT [7,10,18] is used to resolves
the frequency components of the signal buried under
the noise. The inappropriate window gives the
corruption in the principal spectral parameters,
hence it is ordered to consider criteria by the choice
of data weighting window is used and made [24]. It
was observed that the effect of „α‟ in proposed
windows based on the Kaiser-Hamming [12] and
Cosh-Hamming [13] functions on SNR of MST
radar return signals and proposed an optimum value
of window shape parameter with data.
II. DATA WEIGHTING WINDOWS
Windows are time-domain weighting
functions are used in various signal processing
applications, like beam forming, energy spectral
estimation, power spectral estimation and digital
filter design. Window functions are used to classify
the cosmic data [2,21] and to increase the reliability
of weather prediction models [14]. The application
of FFT to a finite duration data gives the spectral
leakage effect and picket fence effect. The data
weighting window functions [25] can reduce these
effects. The use of the data window functions affects
the frequency resolution, variance and bias of the
spectral estimations [10,18]. It is estimated that the
number of observations are increased if the bias and
variance tends to zero. Thus the problem with the
spectral estimation of a finite duration data by the
Fast Fourier Transformation method is the effect of
providing efficient data windows or data smoothing
schemes.
The data window functions are utilized to weight the
time series of the quadrature phase and in-phase
components of the radar return signals before to
apply the DFT. The observed Doppler spectra
represent the convolutions of the Fourier transforms
of original signals projected onto the discrete
frequencies [7].
III. SPECTRAL LEAKAGE
For signal frequencies, observed through the
rectangular window, which do not correspond
exactly to one of the sampling frequencies, the
pattern is shifted such that non-zero values are
projected onto all sampling frequencies. This
phenomenon of spreading signal power from the
nominal frequency across the entire width of the
observed spectrum is called as spectral leakage
[1,6,7]. The data windowing effect on the SNR
improvement of MST radar returns signals are
reported in literature [4,8,15,16,17,20]. By choosing
the suitable values of shape parameters of adjustable
windows, it is easy to provide SNR improvement
with the optimum shape parameters [4,15,16,17].
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ravi Krishna Reddy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -3) March 2015, pp.32-38
www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e
Windows are classified into fixed or adjustable [23].
Fixed windows consist of only one independent
parameter that is length of window; it controls the
width of the main-lobe. The variable window
functions having two or more independent
parameters that can control other window
characteristics [7,9]. The Kaiser and Saramaki
windows [8,19] consist of two parameters and it
provides close approximations to prolate discrete
function to analyze the maximum energy
concentration in main lobe. The Dolph-Chebyshev
window [4], [9] consists of two parameters and
provides the minimum main-lobe width for
maximum side-lobe level. For various applications
the characteristics of main lobe width and ripple
ratio can be controlled by adjusting two independent
parameters like the window length and shape
parameter. Kaiser window has a better side lobe roll-
off characteristic other than the adjustable windows
like Dolph-Chebyshev [4] and Saramaki [19] are
special cases of ultra spherical window [26]. The
quasi-monotonic (atmospheric) signal is
superimposed on the background of white noise
which is composed by the atmospheric radar. The
spectral leakage from the signal exceeds the noise
level computed with the help of Hildebrand and
Sekhon [5] method and its response to underestimate
signal-to-noise ratio.
IV. WINDOW FUNCTIONS
Kaiser-Hamming Window
It is obtained by combining a Kaiser window [3] and
Hamming window [12] and is defined in discrete
time domain is
𝑤 𝐾𝐻 𝑛, 𝛼 = 0.54 + 0.46𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝜋𝑛
𝑁
+
𝐼𝑜𝛼1−2𝑛𝑁−12𝐼𝑜𝛼 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 , 𝑛≤ 𝑁−12
(1)
Cosh-Hamming Window
It is obtained by combining a cosh window[13] and
Hamming window[12] and is defined in discrete
time domain is
𝑤 𝐶𝐻 𝑛, 𝛼 = 0.54 + 0.46𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝜋𝑛
𝑁
+
cosh 𝛼 1 −
2𝑛
𝑁 − 1
2
cosh 𝛼
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
, 𝑛
≤
𝑁 − 1
2
(2)
Kaiser Window
The Kaiser Window function [3] is defined by
𝑤 𝐾 𝑛, 𝛼 =
𝐼𝑜 𝛼 1 −
2𝑛
𝑁 − 1
2
𝐼𝑜 𝛼
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
, 𝑛
≤
𝑁 − 1
2
3
Where „α‟ is the adjustable window shape parameter
and I0(x) is characterized by the power series
expansion as
𝐼0 𝑥 = 1 +
1
𝑘!
𝑥
2
𝑘 2∞
𝑘=1
4
The parameters like length of the sequence N and a
window shape parameter „α‟ are useful to get the
desired amplitude response pattern of the Kaiser-
Hamming and Cosh-Hamming Window functions.
Consider the number of FFT points in the MST radar
data for each range bin is 512; the window length N
is equal to 512. Therefore the „α‟ can be varied to
obtain the suitable Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-
Hamming window function for the desired pattern of
the magnitude response. As the „α‟ increases the
magnitude response of side lobe level decreases at
the cost of main lobe width [7,10,18]. The results of
SNR improvement of MST radar data are
determined in form of MVBZ (Mean Value Below
Zero) signal to noise ratio and MVAZ (Mean Value
Above Zero) signal to noise ratio [4,15,16,17,20].
V. WINDOW FUNCTIONS APPLIED
TO MST RADAR SIGNALS
The signal which is received by MST radar due
to back scattering of atmospheric layers, the
atmospheric radar signals is turbulent. The radar
return signals from the atmospheric layers having
very small amount of power and are emitted from it.
These signals are associated with Gaussian noise.
This noise dominates the signal strength as the
distance between the target and radar increases, it
leads to decrease in signal to noise ratio so the
detection of the signal is difficult. The information
on Doppler profile is provided from the power
spectrum using FFT. The frequency characteristics
of radar return signals are analyzed with power
spectrum; this specifies the spectral characteristics of
frequency domain signals.
The specifications of the MST radar data are given
in Table 1. The signal to noise ratio analysis on MST
radar data corresponds to the lower stratosphere
obtained from the NARL, Gadanki, India. The
operation of radar was perform in East, West, North,
South, Zenith-X and Zenith-Y direction in vertical
direction of an angle of 100
. The data collected from
the six directions of MST radar are used to carry on
the signal to noise ratio analysis. The algorithm
which is shown below uses MATLAB to observe the
effect of window shape parameter „α‟ on the SNR of
the MST radar signals.
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VI. ALGORITHM & DATA
SPECIFICATIONS
Obtain Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-
Hamming windows with the specified
values of „α‟
Tapering the radar data with window
function weights specified in first step
Compute the Fourier analysis of the above
tapered data [11,22,23].
Calculate the signal to noise ratio using the
procedure [5,11,22,23].
Calculate the Mean Value below Zero
signal to noise ratios (MVBZ) [4,16,17]
Calculate the Mean Value above Zero
signal to noise ratios (MVAZ) [4,16,17]
Update the value of „α‟ repeat above steps
except first step
The MST radar data is used for the computation of
mean signal to noise ratio is
No. of Range Bins : 150
No. of FFT points : 512
No. of Coherent Integrations : 64
No. of Incoherent Integrations : 1
Inter Pulse Period : 1000µsec
Pulse Width : 16µsec
Beam : 100
Table 1: Specifications of MST radar
Period of Observation July 2011
Pulse Width 16 μs
Range resolution 150 m
Inter Pulse Period 1000 μs
Number of Beams 6(E10y,W10y,N10x,S10x,Zx
,Zy)
Number of FFT points 512
No.of Incoherent
Integrations
1
Maximum Doppler
Frequency
3.9 Hz
Maximum Doppler
Velocity
10.94 m/s
Frequency resolution 0.061 Hz
Note:E10y=East West polarization with off-zenith
angle of 100
W10y=East West polarization with off-zenith angle of
100
N10x=North South polarization with off-zenith angle
of 100
S10x=North South polarization with off-zenith angle
of 100
VII. RESULTS
Average SNR of radar data for Kaiser-
Hamming,Cosh-Hamming and Kaiser windows as
shown in Fig. 1 ,2 and 3 res.
Fig.1(a): Average SNR EAST Beam
Fig.1(b): Average SNR WEST Beam
Fig.1(c): Average SNR NORTH Beam
Fig.1(d): Average SNR SOUTH Beam
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF EAST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF WEST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF NORTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF SOUTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
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Fig.1(e): Average SNR ZENITH-X Beam
Fig.1(f): Average SNR ZENITH-Y Beam
Fig.2(a): Average SNR EAST Beam
Fig.2(b): Average SNR WEST Beam
Fig.2(c): Average SNR NORTH Beam
Fig.2(d): Average SNR SOUTH Beam
Fig.2(e): Average SNR ZENITH-X Beam
Fig.2(f): Average SNR ZENITH-Y Beam
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-X BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-Y BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF EAST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF WEST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF NORTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF SOUTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-X BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPEPARAMETER "ALPHA"
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-Y BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
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Fig.3(a): Average SNR EAST Beam
Fig.3(b): Average SNR WEST Beam
Fig.3(c): Average SNR NORTH Beam
Fig.3(d): Average SNR SOUTH Beam
Fig.3(e): Average SNR ZENITH-X Beam
Fig.3(f): Average SNR ZENITH-Y Beam
The comparison of Kaiser-Hamming and Cosh-
Hamming Window functions in terms of MVAZ
SNR and MVBZ SNR of six directions of MST
radar as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Comparison of Kaiser-Hamming and
Cosh-Hamming Window functions for α=6.
Window/
Performance
Kaiser-
Hamming
window
Cosh-
Hamming
winow
Kaiser
window
MVAZ
East Beam
9.0492 9.0589 9.023
MVBZ
East Beam
-7.7183 -7.6065 -7.458
MVAZ
West Beam
9.456 9.8704 9.817
MVBZ
West Beam
-7.3926 -7.3761 -7.401
MVAZ
North Beam
12.3676 12.0566 11.99
MVBZ
North Beam
-8.6476 -8.6478 -9.049
MVAZ
South Beam
11.3309 11.3818 11.45
MVBZ
South Beam
-7.9159 -7.2855 -7.717
MVAZ
Zenith-X Beam
12.6054 12.5189 12.51
MVBZ
Zenith-X Beam
-7.7399 -7.8081 -7.935
MVAZ
Zenith-Y Beam
14.4563 14.5777 14.34
MVBZ
Zenith-Y Beam
-7.8919 -7.5457 -7.718
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF EAST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF WEST BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF NORTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF SOUTH BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-X BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
SHAPE PARAMETER (ALPHA)
MEANSNR
MSNR VARIATION OF ZENITH-Y BEAM
MVAZ
MVBZ
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VIII. CONCLUSION
The SNR values for the six sets of MST radar
data and performance analysis of Kaiser-Hamming
and Cosh-Hamming Window functions is computed.
The MVBZ SNR increases with adjustable window
shape parameter. The increase in MVBZ continues
up to a certain value of the adjustable window shape
parameters. Further increase in adjustable
parameters has no appreciable change in MVBZ
SNR. It is clearly shows that even the change in side
lobe reduction contributes to the SNR improvement
at the cost of main lobe width and it shows the
improvement in SNR. By increasing the adjustable
window shape parameters the side lobe level is
decrease and width of main lobe is the increases
which compensates the increase in the MVBZ SNR.
Therefore the MVBZ SNR value is almost constant
of all the six sets of radar data. For all the six-sets of
radar data there is no appreciable change in the
MVAZ SNR with adjustable window shape
parameters. This result provides the back-scattered
signal from the middle and upper most bins are very
weak, improvement in SNR is more important in
spectral estimation. For obtaining a good signal to
noise ratio improvement, the selection of the
adjustable window shape parameters plays an
important role.
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