This document discusses complex sentences and the different types of clauses that can be used to form complex sentences. It defines coordination as linking two clauses of equal grammatical status, while subordination involves linking one main clause to a dependent clause. Dependent clauses can be finite, containing a finite verb, non-finite with a non-finite verb like a gerund or infinitive, or verbless. The document provides examples of complex sentences using different types of dependent clauses and examines the similarities and differences between coordination and subordination.

1. CHAPTER IX: COMPLEX
SENTENCE
Group 1

2. I. Coordination and Subordination
* C O O R D I N A T I O N I S T H E L I N K I N G O F
L I N G U I S T I C U N I T S T H A T H A V E T H E
S A M E G R A M M A T I C A L S T A T U S .
EX: SHE HAS LONG HAIR AND
SHE WEARS JEANS.

3. COORDINATING CONJUCTION
Ex: You can sleep on the beach, or you can go
to the hotel.
Ex : She both has long hair and wears jeans.
AND,OR ,BUT, ETHER ...OR ,BOTH...AND
,NEITHER ...NOR . etc

4. SUBORDINATION
*Subordination is a non- symmetrical
relation ,holding between two
clauses in such a way that one is a
constituent or part of the other.
Ex: I like John because John likes me

5. SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION
 Ex: We will wait until I hear from you.
Ex: Because An tried to clean his suit , he
was late to the interview.
 Ex: Rather than going by car , he took the
bus.
 Ex: Whether he or you are letter is
controversial.

6. 1.Similarities
between
Coordination &
Subordination

7. to
S V S V
do something else.
Coordinating
Conjunction : SO
Subordination:
Because the football game has been postponed , we will have to
S V S V
do something else.
Subordinating Conjunction : Because
Both are the linking of 2 grammatical units ( up
to 2 clauses).

8. 1 They learn are both English and French.
=> coordination
2.She is good and loyal wife .
=> coordination
3. He intelligent but very lazy .
=> coordination
4. I like playing not only tennis but also football.
=> subordination
5.He drink neither wine or beer.
=> subordination
Both can be realized by conjunctions.

9. COORDINATION
• It is to hold between two
independent clauses.
• It is a symmetrical
relation.
• Result: Compound
sentence
SUBORDINATION
▪ It is to hold between one
independent clause and one
dependent clause.
▪ It is a non-symmetrical
relation.
▪ Result: Complex sentence
3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan
I am rich, but she is poor.
When I travelled to Nha
Trang, I felt cool.

10. Dependent Clause
Finite
Clause
Non-Finite
Clause
Verbless
Clause
3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan

11. 3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan
FINITE VERB PHRASES have
tense and concord.
Fx: They have – They had – She has
They want – They wanted – She wants
NON-FINITE VERB PHRASES do not
have tense and concord.
Fx: 1. I want to drink milk. – He wants to
drink milk.
2. I spent time watching TV. - He spent
time watching TV.
3. I got the car repaired. - He got the car
repaired.
Complex Sentences with DC as FINITE Clause.
-Finite Clause is a clause whose verb element that is
a finite verb phrase.
-When I have a nice and rich husband, I feel happy.
(Sub) D.C IC
-Because it rained, I stayed at home.
(Sub) D.C IC

12. Complex sentences with DC as NON-FINITE Clause.
-Non-finite Clause is a clause whose verb element is a
non-finite verb phrase.
-GERUND (V.ing):
(When) I went out, I met John.
-INFINITIVE (V or to V):
Jane used gloves to grab the trash.
-PARICIPLE (Present or Past  P2)
“Pride and Prejudice”, written by Jane
Austen, is a famous novel.
“Pride and Prejudice”, which is written by Jane Austen, is a famous
novel.
3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan

13. 3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan
Complex Sentences with DC as Verbless Clause.
-Verbless clause is a clause containing no Verb element.
For example:
Whether right or wrong, he still argues to the last moment.
D.C I.C

14. 3/28/2016 By: Vu Thi Thanh Xuan
Determine the independent clauses and dependent clauses, then indicate
what D.C is finite or nonfinite or verbless clause.
1. Finding the door open, I went inside.
DC (non) IC
2. When Jack comes back home, Jack greets his dog.
DC (finite) IC
3. “The thorn birds”, which is seen as the famous novel, is my favorite book.
IC(subject) DC (finite) IC(predicate)
4. Charlie used to watch TV after having done homework.
IC DC (non)
5. The letter written in ink is from my uncle.
IC(subject) DC (non) IC (predicate)
6. I know who made the mistake.
IC DC (finite)

15. Coordination and subordination
(1) Coordinators
- simple coordinators: FANBOYS—for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Example:
1. She can fill an audience with joy or she can bring people to tears.
-correlative: not only...but also, etc...
Example:
1. The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.
Trần Thị Linh

16. Trần Thị Linh
(1) Subordinator
 simple subordinators: after, before, if, once, since, because, that, until,
etc...
Example:
1. I got wet because its raining.
 compound subordinators:
• ending with “that”: in that, so that, such that, except that, etc...
Example: I study hard so that i can pass the final exam.
• ending with optional “that”: now (that), provided (that), supposing (that),
considering (that)...
Example: I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer
• ending with “as”: as far as, as long as, as soon as,...
Example: He was dead as soon as he opened the door.
• Ending with “than”: sooner (than), rather (than)...
Example: Why didn't you ask for help, rather than trying to do it oon your
own.
Coordination and subordination

17.  correlative subordinator:
If...then, no sooner ...than, such...as, such...that,...
Example:
 note (page 314)
(2) WH-element
function as or within one of the clause elements subject, object, complement, or
adverbial.
Example:
-
-
-
Coordination and subordination

18. (3) subject-operator inversion or initial adjs
- a marker of subordination in some condition clauses, where the operator is had,
were, or should....
E.g. Hardly had I left before the quarrelling started.
- other unusual syntactic orderings also play a role in distinguishing a
subordinate clause.
E.g. Sad though I was.
(4) absence of subordinators
- Nominal clauses whichs may or may not have “that”:
E.g. I suppose you’re right. ( I suppose that you’re right)
- Comment clauses of a kind relatable to the main clause:
E.g. You love me, I hope
Coordination and subordination

19. Ex 1: Rewrite sentences using coordination and subordination
I stayed up all night studying for TOEIC exam.
I was so tired all day today.
Coordination: I stayed up all night studying for toeic
exam, so I was so tired all day today.
Sub: because I stayed up all night studying for toeic
exam, I was so tired all day today.

20. Ex2: Choose the correct coordination from the following selection and
combine the two way independent clauses in each pair in logical order
And , or , nor, but , for, so , yet
1. Are you applying for graduate school?
Will you look for a job?
=> Are you applying for graduate school? Or Will you look for a job ?
2. The cost of installation is very high
Solar domestic heating systems are economical to operate.
=> The cost of installation is very high , yet Solar domestic heating systems
are economical to operate .
3. Energy needs, are going to decrease.
Energy sources are not going to increase.
=> Energy needs are going to decrease, nor energy sources are not going to
increase .
4. Our supplies will decrease
Consumers must conserve energy sensibly
=> Our supplies will decrease , so consumers must conserve sensibly.
5. Linda has completed two math courses
She must still take calculus.
=> Linda has completed two math courses , but she must still take calculus.

21. 1. Some women have become coal miners and construction workers, for there is less
discrimination against them now. (because)
=> Some women have become coal miners and construction workers because there is less
discrimination against them now.
2. Commercials are necessary for business, but they can be a nuisance to the public. (although)
=> Although commercials are necessary for business, they can be a nuisance to the public
3. Many people will not buy a product, for they do not like the commercial.(if)
=> Many people will not buy a product if they do not like the commercial.
4. Foreign travel is expensive, but it is worth a lot in new experiences and memories.
(even though)
=> Even though foreign travel is expensive, it is worth a lot in new experiences and memories.
5. Travelers must know the tipping standards of foreign countries, or they might be embarrassed.
(unless)
=>Unless travelers must know the tipping standards of foreign countries, or they might be
embarrassed
Ex3: Rewrite the following sentences into complex sentences by subordination one of the
clauses .