This document discusses various lexical semantic relations including homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy, and markedness. It provides definitions and examples for each relation. Homonymy refers to unrelated senses of the same word, while polysemy involves related senses. Synonyms have similar meanings, hyponyms have a more specific meaning, and antonyms have opposite meanings. Markedness describes when one word of a pair is marked by a prefix to indicate its status as the opposite. The document also discusses types of antonyms like reversives and directional opposites.

2. SEMANTICS
Pokok Bahasan:
Lexical Semantics
Lexical Relations

3. Sub Pokok bahasan

4. Homonymy
Homonyms are unrelated senses of the same
phonological word. Some authors distinguish
between homographs, sense of the same written
word, and homophones, sense of the same spoken
word.
(Saeed)

5. Example:
1. lap ‘circuit of a course’ and lap ‘part of body when
sitting down’.
2. of the same cateogry, but with different speeling: e.g
the verbs ring and wring.
3. of different categories, but with same spelling: e.g the
verb keep and the noun keep.
4. of different categories, and with different spelling: e.g not,
knot.

6. Polysemy
When multiple senses of the same
phonological word is related.
(Saeed)

7. Example:
hook. 1. a piece of material, usually metal, curved
or bent and used to suspend, catch, hold,
or pull something. 2. short for fish-hook.
3. a rap or snare.
hooker. 1. a commericial fishing boat using hooks
and lines instead of nets. 2. a sailing
boat of the west of Ireland formerly
used for cargo and now for pleasure
sailing and racing.

9. SYNONYM
* Saeed
Synonyms are different phonological words with
the same or very similar meanings.
* Kreidler
When used in predications with the same
reffering expression, the predications have
the same truth value.
* Is a word that has the same or almost the same
meaning as another word.
* Words that have the same similiar meaning

11. HYPONYM
• Saeed
Is a relation of inclution. Hyponym
includes the meaning of a more
general word.
• Kreidler
Any lexeme that can be subtituted
for a hyponym is also a hyponym.
• When the meaning of one form is included
in the meaning of another

14. Antonymy ( Saeed )
Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning
Simple antonyms (complementary pairs, binary pairs)
the positive of one implies the negative of the other
dead/alive, pass/fail, hit/miss
Gradable antonyms
The positive of one does not necessarily imply the negative of the other
hot/cold (intermediate terms warm, cool)
Usually relative: thick pencial, thin girl
Examples: clever/stupid, near/far, interesting/boring
Reverses
Movement in opposite directions
Examples: push/pull, come/go, ascend/descend, up/down, left/right
The two directions of a reversible process: inflate/deflate,
expand/contract, fill/empty
Converses (relation opposites)
Converses describe a relation (between two entities) from different
viewpoints.
Examples: won/belong to, above/below, employer/employee

17. Reversiveness
The characteristic reverse terms is :
describing movement, where one term describes
movement in one direction, , and;
the other the same movement in the opposite direction,

(Saeed)

19. Example :
- push and pull(on a swing door),
- come/go, go/ turn, ascend/descend.
- (go) up/down, (go) in/ out, (turn) right/left.
- inflate/deflate, expand/contract, fill/empty or
knit/unravel

20. According to Cruse
Directional opposites
The main types of directional opposite are opposite
directions, antipodals, and reversives.
Opposite directions
Opposite directions defines a potential path for a body
moving in a straight line, a pair of lexical items denoting
opposite directions indicate potential paths..
For example; north : south, up : down, forwards : backwards

21. Antipodals
Antipodal comes next in which one term represents an extreme in one
direction along some salient axis, while the other term denotes the
corresponding extreme in the other direction.
For example:
- if we go up as far as we can while remaining within the confines of
some spatial entity we reach its top, and in the other direction the
lower limit is the bottom,
- then front with back, floor with ceiling, nose with tail, and head with
toe,
Reversives
Reversives are those pairs of verbs which denote motion or change in
opposite directions. Like antipodals they may involve literal motion, as in:
Rise: fall (e.g. in water level), advance: retreat, ascend: descend,
arrive:depart, enter: leave, mount:dismount,

22. Refers to the pair of words that display symmetry in their meaning.
[If X gives Y to Z, then Z receives Y from X] relationship between certain
semantics features can reveal knowledge about antonyms.
Consider:
A WORD THAT IS [+MARRIED] IS [-SINGLE]
A WORD THAT IS [+SINGLE] IS [-MARRIED]
Other e.g relational pairs
Buy >< sell
Push >< pull
Command >< serve
Give >< take
Teach >< learn
John buys a book from merry of course merry sells a book for john
X y z z y x

23. In linguistics, markedness is a phenomenon that applies to a relationship between two or more words. Experts
speak of this as an asymmetry that helps linguists to understand how various languages are used. This
evaluation of words and phrases applies to both grammatical and semantic differences, and also involves some
evaluation of phonology of words.
Many of the most basic examples of markedness involve some opposite words that mirror each other in specific
ways. For example, a set of words where one or the other consists of a prefixed form of its companion can be said
to illustrate markedness. A common example is the set of words “happy” and “unhappy.” In this
example, the word “unhappy” is said to be marked by its prefix that establishes it as the opposite of the word
“happy.” It’s interesting to compare another set of words, “happy” and “sad,” where no marking phenomena is
observed because neither of these are defined by their opposites.
In the above example, the prefix “un” marks the word. Other prefixes used to mark words include “dis-,” “pre-,”
and “ir-.” All of these can set up similar examples where the opposite form of a word gets the prefix.

24. Polarity has two types ; linguistic polarity and natural polarity. For each has negative and positive polarity.
e.g : happy >< unhappy = sad
“Happy” is positive polarity, “Unhappy “ is negative polarity with linguistic polarity is aspect and
then “Sad” is negative polarity with natural polarity is aspect.
Polarity sometime say is isame as impartiality, why??? See example below :
a. Are you clean your room???
b. Are you dirt your room??
“a and b” are impartial example.
* We of course use “a” to make a statement or question. “a” is identified as positive polarity and “b” is
identified as negative polarity with natural aspect. But we also can say : c. Are you unclean your room??. “c”
is identified as negative polarity with linguistic aspect. Sometime we use afixes for make negative word but
somewords have their opposites meaning without affixes in their opposites.

25. THANK YOU