This document discusses conjunctions and provides examples of different types of conjunctions. It defines coordinating conjunctions as joining words, groups of words, or clauses that are equivalent. Some common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, yet. Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses and indicate the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses in terms of time, place, manner, etc. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include because, when, where, until. The document provides exercises for the user to practice identifying and using different types of conjunctions.

1. CONJUNCTIONS
For Grammar and Editing

2. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions join words, groups
of words or ideas (or clauses)
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions

3. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Words
Word Groups
Clauses
and
(addition)
Tea and
coffee
In school and in
the office
I went to the mall
and bought a pair
of shoes.
but
(contrast)
Slowly but
surely
A beautifully
I tried calling but I
designed but
couldn’t get
rather expensive through.
vase
or
(alternative)
Sweet or
sour
For sale or for
rent
Yet
(contrast)
Beautiful yet So near yet so
deadly
far
I can take a bus or
drive to work
The boy was sick
yet he came to
school.

4. Coordinating Conjunctions
 Link
words, groups of words and clauses
that are equivalent
Using and, but, or, yet, both….and,
either…..or
*although but (contrast)….not only....but
also (addition)

5. Examples of Coordinating
Conjunctions
Example
Explanation
I bought a notebook and a pen.
Both are nouns.
The task was meaningful and
challenging
Both are adjectives.
You go or I leave.
Speaker giving equal
importance to 2 alternatives
(You go / I leave).
The girl worked hard but she couldn’t
finish on time.
But is used to contrast 2 ideas
that are given equal
importance.
Both swimming and bowling are my
chief interests.
Both are nouns.
Either you go or I leave.
Speaker giving equal
importance to 2 alternatives.

6. Exercise (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Thank you for your time this morning. I do appreciate your
understanding (1)___ help. I would like to explain my position again
in writing.
I have been asked to make business trips to the Philippines, Australia
(2)___New Zealand (3)___ I am willing to go. It is part of my job (4)__
I do have some problems.
First, some of my colleagues think that I get all the travel (5)___ they
feel jealous. I have explained that this is the same client in each
case (6)___ that it is for work (7)___ not pleasure (8)___ they don’t
seem to understand.
Second, my wife feels that I travel too much _(9)_ wants me to stay
at home _(10)__ to take her with me. Again, I have explained that it
is work _(11)__ not pleasure _(12)__ I am not sure she understands.
Because of these problems, is it possible to send one of my
colleagues to the Philippines instead of me? It is not that I want to
avoid work __(13)_ I do not want any jealousy in the office that
might make it difficult for me to do a good job.

7. Answers (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Thank you for your time this morning. I do appreciate your
understanding and help. I would like to explain my position again in
writing.
I have been asked to make business trips to the Philippines, Australia
and New Zealand and I am willing to go. It is part of my job but I do
have some problems.
First, some of my colleagues think that I get all the travel and they
feel jealous. I have explained that this is the same client in each
case and that it is for work and not pleasure but they don’t seem to
understand.
Second, my wife feels that I travel too much and wants me to stay
at home or to take her with me. Again, I have explained that it is
work and not pleasure but I am not sure she understands.
Because of these problems, is it possible to send one of my
colleagues to the Philippines instead of me? It is not that I want to
avoid work but I do not want any jealousy in the office that might
make it difficult for me to do a good job.

8. Subordinating Conjunctions
Sentence
=
Main Idea (main clause)
+
Subordinate Idea (subordinate
clause)

9. Subordinating Conjunctions
Example 1:
Comes only at the beginning of
subordinate ideas or clauses
X Because I will be busy all the time so I
cannot take her with me.
I will be busy all the time (main idea) so I
cannot take her with me.
Because I will be busy all the time, I cannot
take her with me (main idea).

10. Subordinating Conjunctions
Example 2 (state main idea and
subordinate idea):
I didn’t even watch television because I
was so busy.
Because
I was so busy, I didn’t even
watch television.

11. Subordinating Conjunctions
Answers
Example 2 (state main idea and
subordinate idea):
I didn’t even watch television (main idea)
because I was so busy (subordinate idea).
Because
I was so busy (subordinate idea),
I didn’t even watch television (main idea).

12. Subordinating Conjunctions
No.
How it is used?
No.
How it is used?
1.
Purpose
5.
Manner
2.
Reason
6.
Condition
3.
Result
7.
Time
4.
Concession
8.
Place

13. Subordinating Conjunction
Purpose: so, so that
Explanation
I turned up the volume so I could hear it better.
She is coming to Singapore so that she can
study here and improve her English.
So, so that can be
used
interchangeably.
Reason: because, since, as, in case
Explanation
I can’t give her a lift home because I don’t
have a car.
Because, as, since
are used
interchangeably to
talk about a reason.
In case introduces a
reason to explain an
action, done to
avoid / minimise
some difficult
circumstances that
might happen.
I can’t give her a lift home since I don’t‘ have a
car.
I can’t give her a lift home as I don’t have a
car.
I came back home early in case you needed
help with the party.
I will take an umbrella in case it rains.

14. Subordinating Conjunction
Result: so…..that, such……that, so
Explanation
She was so beautiful that she won all the
beauty pageants.
So…that is used with
adj and adv while
such…that is used
with nouns.
So is used on its own.
He was such an idiot that he did not see the
problems he was causing.
He had hurt his ankle so he was not able to
play.
Concession: though, even though, although,
even if (contrast subordinate idea / main idea)
Explanation
He helped me though he didn’t need to.
Though/although are
interchangeable as
conjunctions.
Even if – intro a
subordinate idea
that seems to go
against main idea
but does not affect it
He doesn’t speak German well even though he
has been studying it for years.
I take lessons in Japanese although I don’t
need it in my work.
I will take lessons in Japanese even if I don’t
need it in my work.

15. Subordinating Conjunction
Manner: as though, as if
Explanation
She looked at me as though I was the one
asking her to do the work.
As though and as if
are interchangeable.
He walked as if he had hurt his foot.
Conditional: if, unless, provided that
Explanation
You can ride on the train with us if you pay the
full amount of money.
You can come provided that you pay the full
fare for the train ride.
Unless, if and
provided that are
used to talk about
conditions and
circumstances
needed for smthg else
to take place.
Place: where, wherever
Explanation
Put the flowers where I can see them.
Where-in a place that
Wherever-in any
place that
You cannot ride on the train with us unless you
pay the full amount of money.
I will find you wherever you hide.

16. Subordinating Conjunction
Time: whenever, until, before, as soon as, once,
when, while, as, after
Explanation
I will buy a dress whenever I want to.
There are many
time conjunctions.
Each indicates the
time relationship
between the main
and subordinate
ideas – before,
during or after
She will have to stay here until she apologises.
Luckily, they had cleaned up the school before
the Minister arrived.
She answered the phone as soon as it rang.
I let him go out once he had finished his
homework.
Her brother left home when she was very young.
She was talking while I was making my
presentation.
He arrived as I was leaving.
The phone rang after they had gone to bed.

17. Exercise (Subordinating Conjunctions)
My wife is not talking to me _________ I am
going to Australia next week on business.
She now stops talking ___________ I am at
home __________ she wants to go with me
__________ she knows I will be busy all the
time. I have explained to her ________ my
throat is sore. She still wants to go ________
she does not see me ________ she is there in
Australia.

18. Answers (Subordinating Conjunctions)
My wife is not talking to me because I am
going to Australia next week on business.
She now stops talking whenever I am at
home because she wants to go with me
even though she knows I will be busy all the
time. I have explained to her until my throat
is sore. She still wants to go even if she does
not see me while she is there in Australia.

19. The End
4 Editing Exercises focusing on
conjunctions