This document provides context and key details about the American Civil War:
- It lists important events that occurred each year from 1861-1862, including major battles and Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.
- It also describes important figures like Clara Barton and the roles they played in distributing supplies and organizing medical care.
- Additionally, it highlights technological innovations that originated during the Civil War like machine guns, ironclad ships, aerial reconnaissance, and more.
It has been said that "when John Wesley was carried to his grave, he left behind him a good library of books, a well-worn clergyman's gown" and the Methodist Church. The quotation attributed to John Wesley in this presentation has no historical source linking it to John Wesley. It is something that he could have said. The purpose of the quotation is to illustrate the sixfold methodological mantra that John Wesley or perhaps an anonymous contemporary penned for the edification of a future generation.
This is my project for EDUC 331 at Colorado State University. If you would like to use this presentation, please contact me at kayla.steele24@gmail.com
Lecture/presentation exploring the role the "Border States" played in the conflict, the advantages and disadvantages of both sides, and the first Battle of Bull Run.
HY 2000, American Military History I 1 Course Learnin.docxaryan532920
HY 2000, American Military History I 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Describe the effects social ideologies had on the Patriot or U.S. military.
3. Examine the innovations and technological advances directly related to the U.S. military.
7. Evaluate differences in the U.S. military during times of peace and war.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 7:
The Civil War, 1863–1865, pp. 181–217
Unit Lesson
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation set the tone for the North and thus the country in 1863. It was risky, as
many Northerners were outraged at fighting the war over this cause. However, despite its ability to fragment
Northern society, a cry for freedom invigorated the war effort. At this trying time militarily, the North needed
any source of new or renewed support.
The proclamation also paved the way for black soldiers
to fight. This further increased the North’s already
superior manpower. The South would later attempt to
arm its slaves in an effort to tap this unused source of
manpower. However, the South fought on the grounds
that slaves were not truly men, and arming them was in
contrast to this belief. It was implemented out of
desperation at the end of the war, thus having very little
effect except to erode the morale of many Southern
fighters.
To both armies, black recruits could have been helpful
because both armies suffered from disease, casualties,
and desertion. These factors led them to employ other
ways to man the war. Ironically, the South, fighting for states’ rights, embraced national conscription on a
much wider scale than the North. This created a dilemma for the South on how to raise an army fighting for
the Confederacy rather than individual states. Their national conscription policy expressed their belief in
centralized authority, contrary to a main cause for the secession to begin with, which was a strong belief in
the autonomy of individual states. The Confederacy enacted the first national draft law in American history. A
glaring weakness in the Southern conscription law was that it allowed liberal exemptions and substitutions,
based on the constitutional clause allowing the government to “raise and support armies.” The Northern
conscription was known as the Enrollment Act, and it also allowed for exemptions and substitutions.
One major problem with which the North struggled was morale. The North had expected a quick victory, but
the war was so prolonged that many Northerners began to question the reasons for war and were agitated to
accept terms with the South to end it. Of course, with famine and inflation rampant in the South, the
Confederacy also suffered. Yet, prior to General Sherman, they seemed to suffer more silently. The North
struggled loud and clear, even into late 1863 as it became clear that the South could not win the war. Despite
being unable to win it, the Northern populace ...
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
4. Before the start of the Civil War in 1861, the United States consisted of 19 free states, 15 slave states, and several territories. Eleven slave states withdrew from the Union and made up the Confederate States of America. The remaining 23 states and the territories fought for the Union.
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6. At the start of the Civil War, the militia units that largely made up the Union and Confederate armies wore a variety of uniforms. Both sides soon established regulation uniforms, such as the Union blue and Confederate gray examples shown here. But certain regiments called zouaves wore distinctive Oriental-style uniforms throughout the war. Yankee soldiers were called Billy Yank.
10. Important events during the Civil War 1861 April 12 Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter. April 15 Lincoln issued a call for troops. April 19 Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of the South. The Anaconda Plan drawn up by Gen. Winfield Scott. May 21 Richmond, VA, was chosen as the Confederate capital, although Montgomery, AL was the first. July 21 Northern troops retreated in disorder after the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). Stonewall Jackson gets his nom de guerre there.
16. "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home..." -- Major General George B. McClellan, USA On the morning of 17 September there were 30,000 of Lee's Confederate soldiers facing McClellan's 60,000 Union troops. Artillery shells broke the silence of the morning as daybreak signaled the start of the day and the start of the bloodiest single day in American history and the Civil War. Luck was with McClellan a few days before when a Union private found a copy of Lee's Special Orders No. 191 wrapped around three cigars at an abandoned Confederate campsite. In essence, the orders directed Stonewall Jackson to march some of the 45,000 Rebel men to capture Harper's Ferry. McClellan kept to his usual pattern of cautious fighting and didn't capitalize on the situation. This gave Jackson time to take Harper's Ferry and bring most of his men back to Antietam as reinforcements. McClellan failed to realize the decisive victory his senior government leaders expected and wanted. As a consequence, he was recalled to Washington on 7 November to hand over his command to Major General Ambrose Burnside. Three Cigars for Antietam
17. Barbara Frietsche Barbara Frietschie (1766-1862) Already known locally for her patriotism, Frietschie captured the country's imagination in September of 1862 when, at age 95, she boldly displayed the Union flag to Confederate soldiers marching past her Frederick, Maryland, home. In deference to her age and bravery, she was not harmed. John Greenleaf Whittier's poem, Barbara Frietsche , and the memorable passage, "Shoot, if you must this old gray head but spare your country's flag," granted her a permanent position in the pantheon of Civil War heroes.
18. John Greenleaf Whittier: "Barbara Frietchie" "This poem was written in strict conformity to the account of the incident as I had it from respectable and trustworthy sources," wrote Whittier of this very famous, very sentimental, and yet very successful ballad. "It has since been the subject of a good deal of conflicting testimony, and the story was probably incorrect in some of its details. It is admitted by all that BARBARA FRIETCHIE was no myth, but a worthy and highly esteemed gentlewoman, intensely loyal and a hater of the Slavery Rebellion, holding her Union flag sacred and keeping it with her Bible; that when the Confederates halted before her house, and entered her dooryard, she denounced them in vigorous language, shook her cane in their faces, and drove them out; and when General Burnside's troops followed close upon Jackson's, she waved her flag and cheered them." Whether or not the story is true, Whittier's ballad (first published in 1863) should not be lost. The source for this poem is Complete Poetical Works, Cambridge Edition, Boston, 1894. BARBARA FRIETCHIE Up from the meadows rich with corn, Clear in the cool September morn, The clustered spires of Frederick stand Green-walled by the hills of Maryland. Round about them orchards sweep, Apple and peach tree fruited deep, Fair as the garden of the Lord To the eyes of the famished rebel horde, On that pleasant morn of the early fall When Lee marched over the mountain wall; Over the mountains winding down, Horse and foot, into Frederick town. Forty flags with their silver stars, Forty flags with their crimson bars, Flapped in the morning wind: the sun Of noon looked down, and saw not one. Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then, Bowed with her fourscore years and ten;
21. Shiloh The two-day battle of Shiloh between Grant and several Confederate generals. Confederate General Albert Johnston met Grant’s Union troops at Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee near Shiloh Meeting House on April 6-7, 1862. The Confederates attacked on the morning of April 6. It was completely unexpected by Grant, who had sent out no sentries, not “dug in”, and who had a great number of new recruits. The Union troops retreated near the river, and all could have easily been lost if not for William Tecumseh Sherman who made the men reform and regroup. Grant said that Sherman inspired confidence that day, so much so that the tide of the battle was not lost. There was fierce fighting around a peach orchard. Confederate general Johnston was wounded leading a blazing charge. He had not realized that his leg had been nicked by a minie ball. He had sent his surgeon off to tend to the Union wounded before he noticed that he had been hit. It was a severed femoral artery and Johnston saw that his boot had filled with blood. By the time his men realized that their leader had paled and had assisted him from his horse, it was too late. He bled to death within a few minutes.
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24. In June 1863, Lee's army swung up the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania. The Army of the Potomac followed it northward. Both armies moved toward the little town of Gettysburg .
25. We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln, “Address Delivered At The Dedication Of The Cemetery At Gettysburg," November 19, 1863. On November 19 , 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivered a short speech at the close of ceremonies dedicating the battlefield cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Requested to offer a few remarks, Lincoln memorialized the Union dead and highlighted the redemptive power of their sacrifice. Placing the common soldier at the center of the struggle for equality, Lincoln reminded his listeners of the higher purpose for which blood was shed.
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30. Frederick Douglass said: "Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship."
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39. Lee surrendered to Grant, left, at a house in Appomattox Court House, Va., on April 9, 1865. With Lee's surrender of the main Confederate army, the Civil War soon ended. Culver Pictures In Wilmer McLean’s front parlor
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46. Forty acres and a mule As Union soldiers advanced through the South, tens of thousands of freed slaves left their plantations to follow Union general William Tecumseh Sherman’s army. To solve problems caused by the mass of refugees, Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15, a temporary plan granting each freed family forty acres of tillable land on islands and the coast of Georgia. The army had a number of unneeded mules which were also granted to settlers. News of "forty acres and a mule" spread quickly; freed slaves welcomed it as proof that emancipation would finally give them a stake in the land they had worked as slaves for so long. The orders were in effect for only one year. In the Field, Savannah, Georgia, January 16th, 1865. Special Field Orders, No. 15. I. The islands from Charleston, south, the abandoned rice fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. Johns river, Florida, are reserved and set apart for the settlement of the Negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States. II. At Beaufort, Hilton Head, Savannah, Fernandina, St. Augustine and Jacksonville, the blacks may remain in their chosen or accustomed vocations -- but on the islands, and in the settlements hereafter to be established, no white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers detailed for duty, will be permitted to reside; and the sole and exclusive management of affairs will be left to the freed people themselves, subject only to the United States military authority and the acts of Congress.
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50. BOOTH AND LINCOLN One brother kills the president; the other saves the president's son. One of the great actors of his day stands on a station platform in Jersey City waiting to board a train. The coach he is about to get into… starts with a jolt; he sees a young man lose his balance, falling between the platform and the moving train. Quickly, the actor reaches down, grabs the young man by the collar and pulls him to safety. It is only years later that they recognize the haunting irony. The actor is Edwin Booth… brother of John Wilkes Booth. And the young man he saved? Robert Todd Lincoln—Abraham Lincoln's son. Isn’t It Ironic?
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54. Dr. Mary Edwards Walker - Surgeon, Spy, Suffragette Prisoner of War, Proponent of Style and Congressional Medal of Honor Winner Dr. Mary E. Walker, M.D., a Civil War physician, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1865. Dr. Walker's Medal of Honor was rescinded in 1917, along with some 900 others. Some believed her medal was rescinded because of her involvement as a suffragette. Others discredit that opinion as 909 other medals rescinded were awarded to men. The stated reason was to ". . . increase the prestige of the grant." For whatever reason she refused to return the Medal of Honor and wore it until her death in 1919. Fifty-eight years later, the U.S. Congress posthumously reinstated her medal, and it was restored by President Carter on June 10, 1977. She is the only woman of the Civil War, or any war, to have been awarded the Medal of Honor.
55. AMAZING MS. TUBMAN Discover the amazing military career of Harriet Tubman. Most people know the legacy of Harriet Tubman, a former slave who helped hundreds of other slaves to freedom on the underground railroad. What many people don't know is that in 1863 the Union enlisted her for a military mission. Tubman and Colonel James Montgomery led a force of 150 black soldiers into enemy territory, where they destroyed railroads and bridges and cut off Confederate supply lines. They also rescued nearly 800 slaves. Tubman's team caused millions of dollars worth of damage to the Confederate Army all without losing a soldier. Harriet Tubman, a heroine whose life was spent at war -- with slavery.
56. One of the most famous of Confederate spies, Belle Boyd served the Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley. Born in Martinsburg-now part of West Virginia-she operated her spying operations from her fathers hotel in Front Royal, providing valuable information to Generals Turner Ashby and "Stonewall" Jackson during the spring 1862 campaign in the Valley. The latter general then made her a captain and honorary aide-de-camp on his staff. As such she was able to witness troops reviews. Betrayed by her lover, she was arrested on July 29, 1862, and held for a month in the Old Capitol Prison in Washington. Exchanged a month later, she was in exile with relatives for a time, but was again arrested in June 1863 while on a visit to Martinsburg. On December 1, 1863, she was released, suffering from typhoid, and was then sent to Europe to regain her health. The blockade runner she attempted to return on was captured and she fell in love with the prize master, Samuel Hardinge, who later married her in England after being dropped from the navy's rolls for neglect of duty in allowing her to proceed to Canada and then England. Hardinge attempted to reach Richmond, was detained in Union hands, but died soon after his release. While in England Belle Boyd Hardinge had a stage career and published Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. She died while touring the western United States. (Sigaud, Louis, A., Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy, and Scarborough, Ruth, Belle Boyd.- Siren of the South) Source: "Who Was Who in the Civil War" by Stewart Sifakas Belle Boyd (1843-1900) Belle Boyd, Cleopatra of the Secession A lot more about this amazing woman! Belle Boyd, Cleopatra of the Secession A lot more about this amazing woman!
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60. Reconstruction and Its Aftermath Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, two more years of war, service by African American troops, and the defeat of the Confederacy, the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society. The South, however, saw Reconstruction as a humiliating, even vengeful imposition and did not welcome it. During the years after the war, black and white teachers from the North and South, missionary organizations, churches and schools worked tirelessly to give the emancipated population the opportunity to learn. Former slaves of every age took advantage of the opportunity to become literate. Grandfathers and their grandchildren sat together in classrooms seeking to obtain the tools of freedom. After the Civil War, with the protection of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, African Americans enjoyed a period when they were allowed to vote, actively participate in the political process, acquire the land of former owners, seek their own employment, and use public accommodations. Opponents of this progress, however, soon rallied against the former slaves' freedom and began to find means for eroding the gains for which many had shed their blood.
75. Julia and her handsome lieutenant became engaged in 1844, but the Mexican War deferred the wedding for four long years. Their marriage, often tried by adversity, met every test; they gave each other a life-long loyalty. Like other army wives,"dearest Julia" accompanied her husband to military posts, to pass uneventful days at distant garrisons. Then she returned to his parents' home in 1852 when he was ordered to the West. Ending that separation, Grant resigned his commission two years later. Farming and business ventures at St. Louis failed, and in 1860 he took his family--four children now--back to his home in Galena, Illinois. He was working in his father's leather goods store when the Civil War called him to a soldier's duty with his state's volunteers. Throughout the war, Julia joined her husband near the scene of action whenever she could. After so many years of hardship and stress, she rejoiced in his fame as a victorious general, and she entered the White House in 1869 to begin, in her words, "the happiest period" of her life. With Cabinet wives as her allies, she entertained extensively and lavishly. Contemporaries noted her finery, jewels and silks and laces. Upon leaving the White House in 1877, the Grants made a trip around the world that became a journey of triumphs. Julia proudly recalled details of hospitality and magnificent gifts they received. But in 1884 Grant suffered yet another business failure and they lost all they had. To provide for his wife, Grant wrote his famous personal memoirs, racing with time and death from cancer. The means thus afforded and her widow's pension enabled her to live in comfort, surrounded by children and grandchildren, till her own death in 1902. She had attended in 1897 the dedication of Grant's monumental tomb in New York City where she was laid to rest. She had ended her own chronicle of their years together with a firm declaration: "the light of his glorious fame still reaches out to me, falls upon me, and warms me."