This document provides an overview of American foreign policy and national defense based on a textbook chapter. It discusses the country's shift from isolationism to internationalism following World War II. It also describes the key government agencies involved in foreign affairs and national security, such as the State Department, Defense Department, CIA, and INS. The chapter outlines America's foreign policy approaches throughout history, including containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. Major events that shaped policy are reviewed, like the Truman Doctrine and Cuban Missile Crisis. The roles of diplomacy, intelligence, immigration, and military in pursuing American interests abroad are summarized.

1. Magruder’s
American Government
C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense

2. C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
SECTION 1 Foreign Affairs and National Security
SECTION 2 Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
SECTION 3 American Foreign Policy Overview
SECTION 4 Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances

3. S E C T I O N 1
Foreign Affairs and National Security
• What is foreign policy?
• How can we differentiate between isolationism and
internationalism?
• How does the Department of State function?
• How do the Department of Defense and the military departments
function?

4. Isolationism to Internationalism
• For more than 150 years,
the American people were
chiefly interested in
domestic affairs, or what
was happening at home.
• Foreign affairs, or the
nation’s relationships with
other countries, were of
little or no concern.
• Isolationism, the purposeful
refusal to become generally
involved in the affairs of the
rest of the world, was
American policy during this
time.
• Since World War II, however,
U.S. policy has featured a
broadening of American
involvement in global affairs.

5. Foreign Policy Defined
• A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands and
actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships
with other countries.
• The President, the nation’s chief diplomat and commander in
chief of its armed forces, has traditionally carried the major
responsibility for both the making and conduct of foreign
policy.

6. The State
Department
• The State Department is headed by the
Secretary of state, who ranks first among
the members of the President’s Cabinet.
• An ambassador is a personal representative
appointed by the President to represent the
nation in matters of diplomacy.
• The State Department issues passports,
certificates issued to citizens who travel or
live abroad.
• Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to
ambassadors and means that they are not
subject to the laws of state to which they
are accredited.

8. The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of
American military services.

13. The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
• The army is the largest and the oldest
of the armed services.
• The army consists of standing troops,
or the Regular Army, and its reserve
units—the Army National Guard and
Army Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
The navy’s major responsibilities
are for sea warfare and defense.
The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-
ready land force, are under the
auspices of navy command.
The Department of the Air Force
The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of
defense.

14. Section Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.

15. S E C T I O N 2
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
• What agencies are involved in foreign and defense policy?
• How do the CIA, NASA, and the Selective Service System
contribute to the nation’s security?
• How does the INS affect our relations with other nations and
their citizens?

17. The CIA and the INS
The CIA
• The Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) is a key part of the foreign
policy establishment.
• The CIA is responsible for
collecting, analyzing, and
reporting information for the
President and the NSC.
• A full range of espionage, or
spying, activities are undertaken
by the CIA.
The INS
• The Immigration and Naturalization
Service (INS) deals with persons who
come to the United States from
abroad to live and work, and who
may become naturalized citizens.
• The INS enforces immigration laws
and requirements and administers
benefits to immigrants.

18. NASA and the Selective Service
NASA
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is
the independent agency which deals with the nation’s space
policy.
The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles, when necessary, the
conscription—or draft—of citizens for service in the armed
forces.

19. Section Review
1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls under
the auspices of
(a) the INS.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the EPA.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above

20. S E C T I O N 3
American Foreign Policy Overview
• What were the themes in American foreign policy through WWI?
• How did the two World Wars affect America’s traditional policy of
isolationism?
• What are the principles of collective security and deterrence?
• How did the United States resist Soviet aggression during the cold
war?
• How can we describe American foreign policy since the end of the
cold war?

21. Foreign Policy From Independence Through
World War I
• As stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address, for the next 150 years
the United States practiced a policy of isolationism.
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the affairs of
North and South America and established the United States as the
hegemonic power of the Western Hemisphere.
• Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded across the
North American continent through both land purchases and acquisitions
through war. (Mexican War, Spanish-American War, Hawaii, etc.) Manifest
Destiny/Imperialism
• As the United States expanded commercially in the late nineteenth century,
so did the reach of its foreign policy, as seen in the Good Neighbor policy in
effect in Latin America during the early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for
China during the same time.

23. January 14, 2015 The White House has dedicated
much of this week to pushing a framework for
cybersecurity legislation that administration officials
say could shore up the nation's cyber defenses and
help prevent breaches like the recent Sony hack or
previous attacks on companies including Target and JP
Morgan. But some analysts aren't convinced that an
information-sharing proposal at the center of the push
would really have done much to prevent those high-
profile hacks, and could actually further threaten
customers' privacy by handing over data to
government agencies such as the National Security
Agency.

24. The Budget includes $41.2 billion for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to
carry out its five primary missions: prevent terrorism and enhance security, secure and
manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws; safeguard and
secure cyberspace, and strengthen national preparedness and resilience.
Department of Homeland Security Fiscal Year 2016 Budget
http://www.dhs.gov/

25. World War I and World War II
World War I
• The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions of American
commerce due to German submarine warfare.
• After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation retreated to a
policy of isolationism.
World War II
• The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the United States
entry in World War II, joining the Allies (Russia, Great Britain, and China)
fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan, and Germany).
• World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an increased role
in global affairs by the United States.

26. Resisting Soviet Aggression
The Cold War was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between the US
and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct military action between the two.
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine established the policy of containment, an effort to
“contain” the spread of communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all
land transit to West Berlin. The
United States responded with an
airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, it was discovered that the
Soviet Union was building missiles
on the island of Cuba. A heated
stand-off between the Soviet Union
and America ensued.
The Korean War
The Korean War was fought under
the auspices of the United Nations
after the forces of communist North
Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
The United States dedicated
thousands of troops in an effort to
resist aggression by communist
forces in Vietnam.

27. Truman Doctrine
• U.S. President Harry S. Truman made the proclamation in an address to the U.S. Congress on March
12, 1947 amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949). The doctrine was specifically aimed at
assisting governments resisting communism. Truman insisted that if Greece and Turkey did not receive
the aid that they needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with the result being a domino
effect of acceptance of communism throughout the region.
• Truman signed the act into law on May 22, 1947 which granted $400 million in military and economic
aid to Turkey and Greece.
• The Truman Doctrine also contributed to America's first involvements in what is now the nation of
Vietnam. Truman attempted to aid France's bid to hold onto its Vietnamese colonies. The United
States supplied French forces with equipment and military advisors in order to combat a young Ho Chi
Minh and communist revolutionaries. Truman's policy of containment was the first American
involvement in the Vietnam War.
• The Truman Doctrine stated that the United States would support
"free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures." Specifically, the doctrine was a
political response to Soviet aggression in Europe, illustrated through
the communist movements in Iran, Turkey and Greece. As a result,
American foreign policy towards Russia shifted, as George F.
Kennan phrased it, to that of containment.

28. The Berlin Airlift After World War II,
Germany, and Berlin within it, was
divided into communist and
noncommunist zones. In the photo
below, children in West Berlin greet a
plane delivering supplies during the
Berlin Airlift.

29. Berlin Airlift
1948
• Russian dictator Joseph Stalin chose the night of June 23, 1948 to make
good his threat to cut overland supply lines to West Berlin. He wanted to
vent his frustration at refusal by the western allied powers to accept East
Berlin as the capital of a communist puppet regime and at introduction of
the Deutsche Mark in West Berlin. For nearly one year to come, the needs
of West Berlin would be supplied by
airlift on a scale never seen before.
• The U.S. played a central role in the airlift. Operation Vittles, a round-the-
clock airborne shuttle from U.S. airbases outside Frankfurt at Rhein Main
and nearby Wiesbaden, Germany, supplied food, fuel, and occasionally
candy to the beleaguered city and its children. Memories of the recent
World War gave way to a new, human partnership as the months wore on
and it became apparent the inconceivable would work.

30. Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism:
"Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect But we have never had to put a
wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us." The speech is known for its
famous phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner" ("I am a citizen of Berlin").

31. The Iron Curtain Divides Germany While the Berlin Wall divided the city of Berlin, a
much longer series of concrete walls, barbed wire, and watchtowers ran along the
border between East and West Germany, forming part of the Iron Curtain.
Why might East Germany have built a fortified border such as this?
West Germany’s “Economic Miracle”
Early in the Cold War, the United States rushed aid to its former enemy through the Marshall
Plan and other programs. It wanted to strengthen West Germany against communist Eastern
Europe. From 1949 to 1963, Konrad Adenauer was West Germany’s chancellor, or prime
minister. He guided the rebuilding of cities, factories, and trade. Because many of its old
factories had been destroyed, Germany built a modern and highly productive industrial base.
Despite high taxes to pay for the recovery, West Germans created a booming industrial
economy.

32. Preparing for a Nuclear Attack
“Duck and cover” air-raid drills were common during the Cold War, even though it is
doubtful that ducking and covering would offer much protection in an actual nuclear attack.
What does this photo suggest about Americans’ fears during the Cold War?

33. Cuban Missile Crisis
• October 14. The Cuban Missile Crisis
begins when U.S. reconnaissance aircraft
photograph Soviet construction of
intermediate-range missile sites in Cuba.
President Kennedy demands the
withdrawal of Soviet missiles and
imposes a naval blockade. Khrushchev
agrees on condition that Cuba receives
guarantee of non-aggression from the
U.S. and Jupiter missiles aimed at the
Soviet Union are removed from Turkey.

34. • One of the most serious incidents of the Cold War—a period of intense rivalry between the United
States and the Soviet Union—was the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. Communists had come to power
in Cuba in 1959. In October 1962, the United States learned that the Soviet Union had installed
missiles in Cuba that could launch nuclear attacks on United States cities. The crisis passed after
Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy agreed that the Soviets would
remove their missiles from Cuba in return for the removal of U.S. nuclear missiles from Turkey and
Kennedy's promise that the United States would not invade Cuba. Shown here is an aerial
photograph of a missile launch site in San Cristobal, Cuba.

35. Cuban Missile Crisis
• Cuban missile crisis occurred in October 1962 when the United States learned that the Soviet
Union had secretly installed missiles in Cuba, about 90 miles (140 kilometers) from Florida.
The missiles could have been used to launch nuclear attacks on American cities. The crisis was
one of the most serious incidents of the Cold War, a period of intense U.S.-Soviet rivalry that
had begun after World War II ended in 1945. Most experts believe that the missile crisis
brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war.
• The Soviet Union had placed the missiles in Cuba earlier in 1962, after Cuban leaders became convinced that the United
States was planning to attack Cuba. During the Cold War, Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union. President John F. Kennedy of
the United States learned of the missiles' presence on October 16 and demanded that the Soviet Union remove them. On
October 22, he ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to stop further shipment of arms.
• At first, the United States expected to invade Cuba to destroy the missiles. At one point, an invasion was scheduled for
October 29 or October 30. Nearly all of Kennedy's advisers agreed that a landing of U.S. forces in Cuba would probably mean
war—most likely nuclear war—with the Soviet Union.
• The Soviet Union offered to remove the missiles if the United States would promise not to invade Cuba. It later
said that it would not remove the missiles unless the United States would dismantle its military bases in Turkey.
Turkey was a U.S. ally that bordered the Soviet Union. Kennedy agreed publicly to dismantle all U.S. missile bases in Turkey.
However, to complete the deal, Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev also made a private agreement in which
Khrushchev promised to remove all Soviet missiles in Cuba in exchange for Kennedy's promise that the United States would
not invade the island. On October 28, the two leaders completed the agreement, ending the crisis.
• The agreement between Kennedy and Khrushchev was kept secret because many Americans opposed such a deal. Almost all
Americans thus thought that Kennedy had forced the Soviet Union to remove the missiles simply by threatening war. Some
experts believe that, as a result, U.S. foreign policy used greater toughness and more threats of force after the crisis.

37. Cuban Missile Crisis
• In Cuba this event is known as the October Crisis of 1962, and in the former Soviet Union it was known as the
Caribbean Crisis.
• For nearly two weeks the U.S. and the Soviets stood on the brink of nuclear war, and only the leadership of
Kennedy and Khrushchev kept the crisis from escalating into a full nuclear war.
• For many of us the Cuban Missile Crisis seems like a legend from the past, yet it has continually baffled
historians with every new bit of information declassified and each new memoir or re-examination published.
• We know that the Kennedy brothers were largely responsible for the positive outcome. Not
only were they able to resist the war lust and manipulations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS),
but they were able to maintain peace and not fire their weapons. This was not easy.
• We also know that Khrushchev had similar problems with his war machine, and he also managed to overcome
them.
• We still can't seem to grasp that past U.S.-Cuba relations played a major part in the reasons for the crisis.
• This website will not try to tell the whole story of the crisis. Instead it will point you to books and websites that
will tell that story better than I could, and will help us all to get a more complete perspective on the crisis, its
reasons, and the aftermath.
The closest the world ever came to its own destruction was
the event known to us as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

41. The US has traditionally
backed Israel.
This is why we are o so
very popular with the
rest of the Middle East.

42. Arab-Israeli Issues…Still
Palestinians demanded the
right to return to lands they
fled during the Arab Israeli
wars.
Many Israelis insisted on the
survival of Israeli settlements
that had been built on these
occupied lands.
Palestinians demanded that
part of Jerusalem become the
capital of a future Palestinian
nation.
Israeli conservatives insisted
that Jerusalem remain
undivided as the capital of
Israel.
After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in
Israel remains an elusive goal. A number of
specific issues continue to divide the two sides.
4

43. The
Current
Middle
East

44. The Founding of Israel
• The United Nations Special Commission on
Palestine (UNSCOP) recommended that
Palestine be divided into an Arab state and a
Jewish state. The commission called for
Jerusalem to be put under international
administration The UN General Assembly
adopted this plan on Nov. 29, 1947 as
UN Resolution (GA 181). The plan for
"partition with economic union" divided the
land into several cantons. Both the Jewish
state and the Arab state had 3 cantons each
that touched each other south of Nazareth
and near Gaza. The borders of this plan are
shown in the map below. This jigsaw puzzle
would have been difficult to implement for
friendly populations, and was impossible to
implement given the hostility between Arabs
and Jews.

45. Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
waves to supporters
at the party
headquarters in Tel
Aviv His party won
the Tuesday, 3/17,
election.

50. In February 2013, North Korea held its third
underground nuclear test. The act has been roundly
condemned by the international community, including
the United States, Russia, Japan and China. In the face
of further sanctions, analysts have stated that Kim's
continued focus on armament. Having disavowed his
country's armistice with South Korea and threatened
to fire his increasingly capable missiles toward the
United States, Kim has put the Korean peninsula and
Washington on a war footing. His behavior follows the
playbook of his predecessors, with one notable and
potentially dangerous departure that appears to have
him backed into a corner.
Kim Jong-un became the leader of North Korea in
2011, having inherited his position from his father
Kim Jong-il.
Kim with
former NBA
Star Dennis
Rodman

52. JFK LBJ
Nixon

53. Last flight from Saigon

54. Fleeing Communist Control
These South Vietnamese refugees are fleeing their
country after communist forces took control in April
1975. Refugees who fled in small boats like this one
were known as “boat people.”
Vietnam Under the Communists
In the newly reunited Vietnam, the communist
victors imposed a harsh rule of their own on the
south. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese fled
their country, most in small boats. Many of these
“boat people” drowned. Survivors landed in refugee
camps in neighboring countries. Eventually, some
settled in the United States. Meanwhile, Vietnam
had to rebuild a land destroyed by war. Recovery
was slow due to a lack of resources and an
American-led embargo, or blockage of trade. For
years, the country remained mired in poverty.
Why might people choose to flee across the
open ocean in a small boat like this one?

56. Security Alliances
Other Alliances
• The United States is also part of
the Rio Pact with Canada and
Latin America, the ANZUS pact
with Australia and New Zealand,
as well as other pacts in the
Pacific region.
• The United States has also taken
an active interest in the actions
that unfold in the Middle East,
although America is not part of
any formal alliance in the region.
NATO
• The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed
to promote the collective
defense of Western Europe.
• Today, NATO’s purpose has
changed. With the collapse of
the Soviet Union, NATO’s goals
have broadened to include
peacekeeping roles, such as in
the Balkans, and establishing a
continued relationship with
Russia.

57. Two New Principles
Deterrence
• Deterrence is the policy of making America and its allies so militarily
strong that their very strength will deter—discourage, or even
prevent—any attack.
Collective Security
• Collective security, approached by the United States following
World War II, involves a world community in which most nations
would agree to act together against any nation that threatened the
peace.

58. The United Nations
• The United Nations was formed following World War II to promote
peace and security across the globe.
• The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the world.”
• Oversight and maintenance of international peace is delegated to the
UN Security Council, of which the United States is a permanent
member.
• Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children and women, and
investigations and aid for world health services are all examples of
current United Nations functions.

61. Détente Through the Present
• Following the U.S. withdrawal
from Vietnam, the Nixon
administration embarked on a
policy of détente.
• Détente is a French term meaning
“relaxation of tensions.
• Nixon would become the first U.S.
President to visit mainland China
in 1972. He also visited Moscow
during his administration.
• The cold war came to an end
with the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in 1991.
• January 1991 brought the
Persian Gulf War, with
American forces spear-heading
a multinational force to drive
Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.

67. Section Review
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to
maintain the peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American
goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.

68. S E C T I O N 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
• What are the two types of foreign aid?
• How can we describe United States foreign aid policy?
• What are the major security alliances to which the United
States belongs?
• What is United States policy in the Middle East?
• What role does the United Nations play, and what problems
does it face?

69. Foreign Aid
• Foreign aid—economic and military aid to other
countries—has been a basic feature of American
foreign policy for more than 50 years.
• Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded
as the most critical to the realization of this
country’s foreign policy objectives.
• Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
American goods and products.
• UN, IMF, UNESCO, WHO

71. The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan, known officially
following its enactment as the European
Recovery Program (ERP), was the main plan of
the United States for the reconstruction of
Europe following World War II. The initiative was
named for United States Secretary of State
George Marshall.
Between 1948 and 1951, the United States
contributed more than $13 billion dollars
(nearly $100 billion at 2005 U.S. conversion
rates) of economic and technical assistance
toward the recovery of 16 European countries
which had joined in the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation (OEEC,
forerunner to today's OECD) in response to
Marshall's call for a joint scheme for European
reconstruction.

72. The Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program
• On 12th March, 1947, Harry S Truman, announced details to Congress of what eventually became
known as the Truman Doctrine. In his speech he pledged American support for "free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". This speech also included
a request that Congress agree to give military and economic aid to Greece in its fight against
communism.
Three months later George C. Marshall, Truman's Secretary of State, announced details of what became
known as the Marshall Plan or the European Recovery Program (ERP). Marshall offered American
financial aid for a program of European economic recovery. Ernest Bevin, the British foreign secretary,
made it clear he fully supported the scheme but the idea was rejected by the Soviet Union. A
conference was held in Paris in September and sixteen nations in Western Europe agreed on a four year
recovery plan.
On 3rd April, 1948, Harry Truman signed the first appropriation bill authorizing $5,300,000,000 for the
first year of the ERP. Paul G. Hoffman was appointed as head of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) administration and by 1951 was able to report that industrial production in
Western Europe had grown 30 per cent since the beginning of the Second World War.
The European Recovery Program came to an end on 31st December, 1951. It its three year existence,
the ERP spent almost $12,500,000,000. It was succeeded by the Mutual Security Administration.

75. The Iron Curtain
• Coined by Winston Churchill after the Soviets
refuse to surrender the lands they have
“liberated” in Europe.
• Most of the Warsaw Pact were behind the iron
curtain, and Yugoslavia, with Tito as its
totalitarian ruler.

76. This is the Iron Curtain after
WWII up to the late 1980s.
Warsaw Pact countries to
the east of the Iron Curtain
are shaded red; NATO
members to the west of it
— blue. Militarily neutral
countries − grey. Yugoslavia,
although communist-run,
was independent of the
Eastern Bloc. Similarly,
communist Albania broke
with the Soviet Union in the
early 1960s, aligning itself
with the People's Republic
of China after the Sino-
Soviet split.

77. Timeline: The Cold War1950s
1950: February -- Joe McCarthy begins Communist witch hunt
1950: June -- Korean War begins
1951: January 12 -- Federal Civil Defense Administration established
1953: June 19 -- Rosenberg executions
1953: July -- Korean War ends
1954: March -- KGB established
1954 -- CIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala
1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel
1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed
1956: October - November -- Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary. Egypt took control
of Suez Canal; U.S. refused to help take it back
1957: October 4 -- Sputnik launched into orbit
1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of troops from Berlin
1959: January -- Cuba taken over by Fidel Castro
1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland

78. The Cold War with flare ups

80. Bond, James Bond
Royal Navy Commander James Bond, fictional character created by novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is
the main protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics and video games. He is
portrayed as an SIS agent residing in London. From 1995 onwards, SIS would be officially
acknowledged as MI6. Bond holds the code number 007, except in the novel You Only Live Twice.
The "double-0" prefix indicates his discretionary license to kill in the performance of his duties. Bond is
famous for introducing himself as "Bond, James Bond" and for ordering his vodka martinis "shaken,
not stirred”; his usual and characteristic formal clothing is a dinner jacket.

81. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance,
Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organization for defense
collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in
Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949.
• The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North
America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if
such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or
collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will
assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert
with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed
force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.
Belgium Iceland
Canada Portugal
Denmark United Kingdom
France Italy
Luxembourg Norway
United States Netherlands
Later:
Bulgaria (2004)
Czech Republic (1999)
Estonia (2004)
West Germany (1955)
Greece (1952)
Hungary (1999)
Latvia (2004)
Lithuania (2004)
Poland (1999)
Romania (2004)
Slovakia (2004)
Slovenia (2004)
Spain (1982)
Turkey (1952)

82. This map shows how many countries in Eastern Europe were
under communist control in 1949. All of the countries bordering
Greece and Turkey were communist. This fact greatly heightened
fears in the United States and Western Europe over the spread of
Communism.
Communist
Europe
in 1949

83. The Warsaw Pact
Members
Soviet Union
Albania, later
withdrew.
Bulgaria
Romania
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Czecho-slovakia
The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty, officially named the
Treaty of friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance, was
a military alliance of the Eastern European Eastern Bloc
countries, who intended to organize against the perceived
threat from the NATO alliance (which had been established in
1949). The creation of the Warsaw Pact was prompted by the
integration of a "re-militarized" West Germany into NATO via
ratification of the Paris Agreements. The Warsaw treaty was
drafted by Nikita Khrushchev in 1955 and signed in Warsaw on
May 14, 1955.

84. Section Assessment
How many Russian civilians died in World War II?
a) one million
b) 15 million
c) 100,000
d) 4 million
Which were the permanent members of the UN Security Council?
a) United States, Soviet Union, France, Germany, and
Britain
b) United States, Soviet Union, France, Britain, and
China
c) United States, Italy, France, Germany, and China
d) United States, Soviet Union, France, Britain, and
Japan
5

85. Section Assessment
5
How many Russian civilians died in World War II?
a) one million
b) 15 million
c) 100,000
d) 4 million
Which were the permanent members of the UN Security Council?
a) United States, Soviet Union, France, Germany, and
Britain
b) United States, Soviet Union, France, Britain, and
China
c) United States, Italy, France, Germany, and China
d) United States, Soviet Union, France, Britain, and
Japan

86. Section Review
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an
earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to States for immigration reform.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.

89. A Dangerous Leader New York City
police stand near a “Wanted” poster in
2001. An Arab man holds up a poster
supporting bin Laden.
How do views like the one this man
expresses threaten the United States’
security?

91. Timeline of Terrorist Attacks
(within the United States or against Americans abroad)
• 1979 Nov. 4, Tehran, Iran: Iranian radical students seized the U.S. embassy,
taking 66 hostages. 14 were later released. The remaining 52 were freed
after 444 days on the day of President Reagan's inauguration.
• 1982–1991 Lebanon: Thirty US and other Western hostages kidnapped in
Lebanon by Hezbollah. Some were killed, some died in captivity, and some
were eventually released. Terry Anderson was held for 2,454 days.
• 1983 April 18, Beirut, Lebanon: U.S. embassy destroyed in suicide car-bomb
attack; 63 dead, including 17 Americans. The Islamic Jihad claimed
responsibility.
• Oct. 23, Beirut, Lebanon: Shiite suicide bombers exploded truck near U.S.
military barracks at Beirut airport, killing 241 marines. Minutes later a second
bomb killed 58 French paratroopers in their barracks in West Beirut.

92. • Dec. 12, Kuwait City, Kuwait: Shiite truck bombers attacked the U.S. embassy and
other targets, killing 5 and injuring 80.
• 1984 Sept. 20, east Beirut, Lebanon: truck bomb exploded outside the U.S. embassy
annex, killing 24, including 2 U.S. military.
• Dec. 3, Beirut, Lebanon: Kuwait Airways Flight 221, from Kuwait to Pakistan, hijacked
and diverted to Tehran. 2 Americans killed.
• 1985 April 12, Madrid, Spain: Bombing at restaurant frequented by U.S. soldiers, killed
18 Spaniards and injured 82.
• June 14, Beirut, Lebanon: TWA Flight 847 en route from Athens to Rome hijacked to
Beirut by Hezbollah terrorists and held for 17 days. A U.S. Navy diver executed.
• Oct. 7, Mediterranean Sea: gunmen attack Italian cruise ship, Achille Lauro. One U.S.
tourist killed. Hijacking linked to Libya.
• Dec. 18, Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria: airports in Rome and Vienna were bombed,
killing 20 people, 5 of whom were Americans. Bombing linked to Libya.
• 1986 April 2, Athens, Greece: A bomb exploded aboard TWA flight 840 en route from
Rome to Athens, killing 4 Americans and injuring 9.

93. • April 5, West Berlin, Germany: Libyans bombed a disco frequented by U.S.
servicemen, killing 2 and injuring hundreds.
• 1988 Dec. 21, Lockerbie, Scotland: N.Y.-bound Pan-Am Boeing 747 exploded in
flight from a terrorist bomb and crashed into Scottish village, killing all 259
aboard and 11 on the ground. Passengers included 35 Syracuse University
students and many U.S. military personnel. Libya formally admitted
responsibility 15 years later (Aug. 2003) and offered $2.7 billion compensation
to victims' families.
• 1993 Feb. 26, New York City: bomb exploded in basement garage of World
Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring at least 1,040 others. In 1995, militant
Islamist Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and 9 others were convicted of conspiracy
charges, and in 1998, Ramzi Yousef, believed to have been the mastermind,
was convicted of the bombing. Al-Qaeda involvement is suspected.
• 1995 April 19, Oklahoma City: car bomb exploded outside federal office
building, collapsing wall and floors. 168 people were killed, including 19 children
and 1 person who died in rescue effort. Over 220 buildings sustained damage.
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols later convicted in the antigovernment plot
to avenge the Branch Davidian standoff in Waco, Tex., exactly 2 years earlier.

94. • Nov. 13, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: car bomb exploded at U.S. military headquarters, killing 5
U.S. military servicemen.
• 1996 June 25, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia: truck bomb exploded outside Khobar Towers military
complex, killing 19 American servicemen and injuring hundreds of others. 13 Saudis and a
Lebanese, all alleged members of Islamic militant group Hezbollah, were indicted on
charges relating to the attack in June 2001.
• 1998 Aug. 7, Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: truck bombs exploded almost
simultaneously near 2 U.S. embassies, killing 224 (213 in Kenya and 11 in Tanzania) and
injuring about 4,500. 4 men connected with al-Qaeda 2 of whom had received training at
al-Qaeda camps inside Afghanistan, were convicted of the killings in May 2001 and later
sentenced to life in prison. A federal grand jury had indicted 22 men in connection with the
attacks, including Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden, who remained at large.
• 2000 Oct. 12, Aden, Yemen: U.S. Navy destroyer USS Cole heavily damaged when a small
boat loaded with explosives blew up alongside it. 17 sailors killed. Linked to Osama bin
Laden, or members of al-Qaeda terrorist network.

95. • 2001 Sept. 11, New York City, Arlington, VA, and Shanksville, PA: hijackers crashed 2
commercial jets into twin towers of World Trade Center; 2 more hijacked jets were
crashed into the Pentagon and a field in rural PA. Total dead and missing numbered
2,9921: 2,749 in New York City, 184 at the Pentagon, 40 in PA, and 19 hijackers. Islamic
al-Qaeda terrorist group blamed.
• 2002 June 14, Karachi, Pakistan: bomb explodes outside American consulate in Karachi,
Pakistan, killing 12. Linked to al-Qaeda.
• 2003 1 May 12, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: suicide bombers kill 34, including 8 Americans, at
housing compounds for Westerners. Al-Qaeda suspected.
• 2004 May 29–31, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: terrorists attack the offices of a Saudi oil
company in Khobar, Saudi Arabia, take foreign oil workers hostage in a nearby residential
compound, leaving 22 people dead including one American.
• June 11–19, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: terrorists kidnap and execute Paul Johnson Jr., an
American, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2 other Americans and BBC cameraman killed by gun
attacks.
• Dec. 6, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: terrorists storm the U.S. consulate, killing 5 consulate
employees. 4 terrorists were killed by Saudi security.

96. • 2005 Nov. 9, Amman, Jordan: suicide bombers hit 3 American hotels, Radisson, Grand
Hyatt, and Days Inn, in Amman, Jordan, killing 57. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility.
• 2006 Sept. 13, Damascus, Syria: an attack by four gunman on the American embassy is
foiled.
• 2007 Jan. 12, Athens, Greece: the U.S. embassy is fired on by an anti-tank missile causing
damage but no injuries.
• Dec. 11, Algeria: more than 60 people are killed, including 11 United Nations staff
members, when Al Qaeda terrorists detonate two car bombs near Algeria's Constitutional
Council and the United Nations offices.
• 2008 May 26, Iraq: a suicide bomber on a motorcycle kills six U.S. soldiers and wounds 18
others in Tarmiya.
• June 24, Iraq: a suicide bomber kills at least 20 people, including three U.S. Marines, at a
meeting between sheiks and Americans in Karmah, a town west of Baghdad.
• June 12, Afghanistan: four American servicemen are killed when a roadside bomb explodes
near a U.S. military vehicle in Farah Province.

97. • July 13, Afghanistan: nine US soldiers and at least 15 NATO troops die when Taliban
militants boldly attack an American base in Kunar Province, which borders Pakistan. It's the
most deadly against U.S. troops in three years.
• Aug. 18 and 19, Afghanistan: as many as 15 suicide bombers backed by about 30 militants
attack a U.S. military base, Camp Salerno, in Bamiyan. Fighting between U.S. troops and
members of the Taliban rages overnight. No U.S. troops are killed.
• Sept. 16, Yemen: a car bomb and a rocket strike the U.S. embassy in Yemen as staff arrived
to work, killing 16 people, including 4 civilians. At least 25 suspected al-Qaeda militants are
arrested for the attack. Nov. 26, India: in a series of attacks on several of Mumbai's
landmarks and commercial hubs that are popular with Americans and other foreign
tourists, including at least two five-star hotels, a hospital, a train station, and a cinema.
About 300 people are wounded and nearly 190 people die, including at least 5 Americans.
• 2009 Feb. 9, Iraq: a suicide bomber kills four American soldiers and their Iraqi translator
near a police checkpoint.

98. • April 10, Iraq: a suicide attack kills five American soldiers and two Iraqi policemen.
• Dec. 30, Iraq: a suicide bomber kills eight Americans civilians, seven of them CIA agents, at a base
in Afghanistan. It's the deadliest attack on the agency since 9/11. The attacker is reportedly a
double agent from Jordan who was acting on behalf of al-Qaeda
• May1, 2011: Times Square NYNY evacuated after the discovery of a car bomb.
• A nearby street vendor had alerted the officer to the threat, after he spotted smoke coming from a
vehicle. The bomb had been ignited, but failed to explode, and was disarmed before it caused any
casualties.
• Two days later, federal agents arrested Faisal Shahzad, a 30-year-old Pakistani-born resident of
Bridgeport, Connecticut, who had become a U.S. citizen in April 2009. He had boarded Emirates
Flight 202 to Dubai at John F. Kennedy International Airport, but was arrested before the plane
taxied from the gate. He admitted his role in the attempted bombing and said that he had trained
at a Pakistani terrorist training camp, according to U.S. officials.

99. Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Osama bin Laden and other al Qaeda leaders were living in Afghanistan in 2001. The
government of that country, an Islamic fundamentalist group called the Taliban, refused to
surrender the terrorists. The United States responded by attacking Afghanistan. With the
help of Afghani warlords who opposed the Taliban and the use of military bases in
neighboring Pakistan, American forces quickly overthrew the Taliban and drove the al Qaeda
operatives into hiding or flight. Bin Laden, however, remained at large.
Two years after the war in Afghanistan, President Bush asked Congress to declare war on Iraq,
arguing that Saddam was secretly producing WMDs. Because no WMDs were found, the war
was bitterly debated among Americans and around the world. However, most in the global
community welcomed the holding of free democratic elections in Iraq in early 2005, hoping
that a democratic Iraq might positively influence the largely authoritarian Middle East.

100. Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden
Arabic: ‫الدن‬ ‫بن‬ ‫عوض‬ ‫بن‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫بن‬ ‫,أسامة‬ (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011)
was a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of the terrorist
organization a l-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the United States and
numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian targets.
Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's list of FBI Ten Most Wanted
Fugitives. Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization had been major targets of the
United States' War on Terror. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders were believed to be hiding
near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Navy SEALs
took him out.

101. New Security Measures Take Shape
Over the years that followed September 11, the United States made increasing security a
top priority. It strengthened and reorganized its intelligence services. The government created
a new Department of Homeland Security and instituted more rigorous security measures at
airports and public buildings. A long-term effort was launched to find out how terrorist groups
were funded, with the goal of cutting off terrorists’ money supply and thus limiting terrorist
activity.
Rogue state--a state that conducts
its policy in a dangerously unpredict
able way, disregarding international
law or diplomacy.

102. The Bush Doctrine
• The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related foreign policy
principles of former United States president George W. Bush. The phrase
initially described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself
from countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to
justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
• Later it came to include additional elements, including the controversial policy
of preventive war, which held that the United States should depose foreign
regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the security of the
United States, even if that threat was not immediate; a policy of spreading
democracy around the world, especially in the Middle East, as a strategy for
combating terrorism; and a willingness to pursue U.S. military interests in a
unilateral way.
• Some of these policies were codified in a National Security Council text entitled
the National Security Strategy of the United States published on September 20,
2002.

103. September 11th or 9/11
• The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside D.C.
• The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its
passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had
redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.
• 2,973 victims and the 19 hijackers died as a result of the attacks. The overwhelming majority
of casualties were civilians, including nationals of over 90 countries.
• The September 11 attacks were a series of coordinated
suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on
September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda
members hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.
The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into
the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York
City, killing everyone on board and many others working in
the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours,
destroying nearby buildings and damaging others.

104. • The September 11 attacks (often referred to as September 11th or
9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda
upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning,
19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet
airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners
into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City,
killing everyone on board and many others working in the
buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying
nearby buildings and damaging others.
• The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in
Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C.
• The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in
rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and
flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane,
which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington,
D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.
• The death toll of the attacks was 2,995, including the
19 hijackers. The overwhelming majority of casualties
were civilians, including nationals of over 70 countries.

106. Valiant
firefighters
raise Old
Glory at
Ground Zero

107. Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush
visiting Shanksville on September 11,
2002.
The fourth plane crashed into a field near
Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its
passengers and flight crew attempted to retake
control of the plane, which the hijackers had
redirected toward Washington, D.C. The 9/11
Commission Report asserts that "the hijackers
remained at the controls but must have judged that
the passengers were only seconds from overcoming
them” Others claim that there is no doubt the
passengers breached the cockpit.

108. And in the “incident” that left our ambassador and three others
dead in Benghazi…
2012 Sept. 11, Benghazi, Libya: militants armed with antiaircraft weapons
and rocket-propelled grenades fire upon the American consulate,
killing U.S. ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens and three
other embassy officials. U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton said
the U.S. believed that Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,
a group closely linked to Al Qaeda, orchestrated the attack.
The White House hesitates to call the bombing a terrorist attack,
although it was…hmmmmm…
Or the Boston Marathon Bombing…

109. • 2013 April 15, Boston, MA: multiple bombs explode near the finish line of
the Boston Marathon. Two bombs go off around 2:50 in the afternoon as
runners finish the race. At least three people are killed. One is an eight year
old boy. More than 170 people are injured. Three days later, the FBI releases
photos and video of two suspects in the hope that the public can help
identify them. Just hours after the FBI releases the images, the two suspects
rob a gas station in Central Square then shoot and kill a MIT police officer in
his car. Afterwards, the two men carjack a SUV and tell the driver that they
had set off the explosions at the marathon. Police pursue the vehicle into
Watertown. During the shootout, a MBTA officer is shot and one of the
suspects, identified as Tamerlan Tsarnaev, age 26, is killed. A suicide vest is
found on his body. The other suspect, Dzhokhar A. Tsarnaev, age 19, remains
at large for several hours, causing a massive manhunt and lockdown for all of
Boston, Cambridge, and many other surrounding communities. The manhunt
ends when he is found alive, but seriously injured, hiding in a boat behind a
house in Watertown. The two suspects are brothers and had been living
together on Norfolk Street in Cambridge. They have lived in the U.S. for about
a decade, but are from an area near Chechnya, a region in Russia.