The Civil War began in 1861 following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. As the Union and Confederacy prepared for war, volunteers joined both armies despite shortages of supplies. Major battles were fought in the East, including Bull Run, the Seven Days Battle, Antietam, and in the West as Grant sought to control the Mississippi River through battles at Shiloh, New Orleans, and Vicksburg. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states in 1863, and over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though Lincoln faced opposition to the war from Copperheads in the North.

1. Chapter 16
The Civil War

2. The War Begins
The Big Idea
Civil war broke out between the North
and the South in 1861.
Main Ideas
• Following the outbreak of war at Fort Sumter, Americans
chose sides.
• The Union and the Confederacy prepared for war.

3. Main Idea 1:
Following the outbreak of war at Fort
Sumter, Americans chose sides.
 Seven southern states seceded as Lincoln
took office.
 Lincoln refused to recognize secession and
tried desperately to save the nation.
 Confederate officials began seizing federal-mint
branches, arsenals, and military
posts.

5. Fall of Fort Sumter
For Sumter was a Federal outpost in
Charleston, South Carolina.
Confederate forces asked for its surrender.
 Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies.
Confederate cannons began firing on April 12,
1861.
Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later.
The Civil War began.

6. Reaction of Lincoln’s Call
Lincoln declared the South was in rebellion and asked state
governors for 75,000 militiamen; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
states north of them rallied.
Slave states of the Upper South—North Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia, and Arkansas—seceded.
Border states—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—
were slave states that did not join the Confederacy, but people
were divided on the war.
Western Virginia supported the Union and set up its own state
government as West Virginia in 1863.

7. Northern and Southern Resources
The North
• Population of 22 million
• Some 22,000 miles of
railroad track
• More developed economy,
banking system, and
currency
• Strategy—General
Winfield Scott planned to
blockade southern ports
and to capture Mississippi
River to divide the South.
The South
• Strong military tradition
that put many smart
officers into battle
• Advantages of fighting on
home soil – only had to
defend itself until the
North grew tired of fighting
• Strategy—tried to win
foreign allies through
cotton diplomacy: idea
that Britain would support
Confederacy because it
needed the South’s cotton

8. Main Idea 2:
The Union and the Confederacy
prepared for war.
 Volunteer armies would fight the battles. Thousands of men
joined the armies.
 Civilians helped those in uniform.
 Raised money, ran hospitals, served as nurses
 Sent supplies to troops
 Both armies faced shortages of clothing, food, and
weapons.
 Volunteers had to learn the military basics of marching,
shooting, and using bayonets.

9. Section 2: The War in the
East
The Big Idea:
Confederate and
Union forces faced
off in Virginia

10. The First Major Battle
 First Battle of Bull
Run/Manassas
 Virginia, in July 1861
 Union army of 35,000
 Confederate army of 22,000
 Clash at Bull Run Creek
 10,000 more C.s arrive
 General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson holds
off Union troops
 Confederates win the 1st
battle

11. More Virginia Battles
 Union general: George B.
McClellan
 Army of the Potomac
 Highly skilled army
 Did not attack the
Confederacy until slowing
moving on Richmond in
Spring of 1862
 Confederacy blocked
reinforcements from
Washington

12. More VA Battles: Seven Days’ Battle
General Robert E. Lee
leads the Confederate
army in VA
 Seven Days’ Battle:
attacked Union forces
and forced their retreat
 June 1862
 “It was not war, it was
murder”

13. The Second Battle of Bull Run
 Lincoln orders General Pope
to march on Richmond, VA
Why is
this
important?
 Jackson and Pope’s troops
meet in August of 1862
 Day 1: massacre, stalemate
 Day 2: Pope “hurls” men
against Confederates, but
pushed back
 Day 3: Confederates force
Union to retreat
Because it
gave the
South the
confidence to
take the battle
north.

14. Battle of Antietam
 Sept. 1862
 40,000 Confederate troops cross
into Maryland
 Jackson takes half to Harpers
Ferry and capture the town
 Lee tries to convince Maryland to
join the Confederacy in Frederick
 Union finds Confederate plans,
but is slow to attack
 Meet along Antietam Creek mid-
September
 Bloodiest single-day battle of
Civil War
This battle is
won by the
Union, and
stops the
South from
moving north

15. The War in the West
Section 3

16. The Big Idea
Fighting in the Civil War spread to the
western United States
1. Union strategy in the West
centered on control of the
Mississippi River
2. Confederate and Union troops
struggled for dominance in the Far
West

17. Union Tries to Control the
Mississippi
 Ulysses S. Grant was commander
of Union forces in the West
 Bold and restless
 Campaign in the West
 Take control of the Mississippi River
 Food
 Communication
 Transportation

18. Controlling the Mississippi
River…continued…
 Union’s Army of Tennessee
captured Confederate forts
on the TN and Cumberland
rivers in February 1862
 Battle of Shiloh, April 1862
 Bloody 2-day battle
 Grant’s troops drive C’s
back to Mississippi

19. The Fall of New Orleans
 Grant moves south down the
Mississippi River as the U.S.
Navy moves upriver
 First obstacle = New Orleans
 Gateway to the Mississippi
River
 Union Admiral David
Farragut captures New
Orleans in April 1862
 Also took Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, and Natchez

20. The Siege of Vicksburg
 Farragut orders surrender of
Vicksburg, Mississippi in May
1863
 200-foot-high cliffs about the
Mississippi
 Invasion impossible
 Grant starves the city into
surrendering. Began in mid-
May
 City surrendered on July 4,
1863

21. The Struggle for Control in the Far
West
 Union stops C. from controlling
lands west of the Mississippi in
1861
 Confederates fail to take
Missouri (Battle of Pea Ridge
in 1862)
 Cherokee aid the C.
 Ally with the unknown
instead of the U.S. gov.
 Pro-Confederate forces remain
active in Far West

22. Section 4
Daily Life during the Civil
War

23. The lives of many Americans
affected by the Civil War
 The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in
Confederate states
 African Americans participated in the war in a
variety of ways
 President Lincoln faced opposition to the war
 Life was difficult for soldiers and civilians alike

24. Emancipation Proclamation
 Millions of enslaved
African Americans were
involved in the struggle
 Abolitionists wanted
Lincoln to free the slaves
 Lincoln…
 Did not believe he had
constitutional power
Worried about the
effects

25. Emancipation Proclamation
 Democratic Party opposed
 Abolitionists said war was
pointless w/o freeing the
slaves
 Some predicted it would anger
voters
 Issued September 22, 1862
 Freed slaves in areas
controlled by the
Confederacy
 Effective January 1, 1863

26. Emancipation Proclamation:
Reactions
 African Americans and
Abolitionists rejoice
 Some not that system of
slavery still exists
 Encouraged many
African Americans to
escape when Union
troops are near
 Loss of slaves crippled
the South’s ability to
wage war

27. Participation of African Americans
in the War
 Volunteered to fight
 The Union War Department
gave contrabands—escaped
slaves—the right to join the
army in South Carolina
 54th Massachusetts Infantry
was celebrated for its bravery
 180,000 African Americans
served in the Union army

28. Lincoln Faces Opposition to the
War
 Copperheads – northern
Democrats who spoke against
the war
 Many were Midwesterners
who sympathized with the
South
 Suspended habeas corpus—
protection against unlawful
imprisonment—to jail enemies
of the union