TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that is widely used for data transmission over the internet. It provides process-to-process communication using port numbers and assigns sequence numbers to each transmitted data segment. TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake between a client and server, allowing for full-duplex communication and reliable data transfer through acknowledgement numbers and retransmission of lost packets. Connections are terminated when either party closes the connection.

1.  TCP is a connection oriented protocol
 TCP is most widely used in data transmission in
communication network such as internet.
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol):

2. 1. Process to process
communication:
TCP provide process to process
communication by using port numbers.
FEATURES OF TCP

3.  It is used to keep track of segments that are received
or transmitted.
 There are two field, called the sequence number and
acknowledgment number.
 These two field refer to byte number.
2. Numbering system:

4.  All the bytes of data that are transferred with the
help of TCP numbers
 The number does not necessary start from 0.
 TCP chooses an obituary numbers between 0 to 2^32-
1 for the number of the first byte.
3. Byte number:

5.  TCP assign a sequence number to each segment that
is being sent.
4. Sequence Number:

6.  Communication in TCP is full duplex, when a
connection is established.
 Which means that both parties can be sent and
receive data at the same time.
 TCP assigning a number to the acknowledgement
that differs the sending and receiving
acknowledgment.
5. Acknowledgement Number:

7.  TCP is a connection oriented.
 Connection oriented protocol establishes a logical
path between source and destination.
 TCP connection oriented transmission required three
phase:
1.Connection establishment.
2.Data transfer.
3.Connection termination
TCP CONNECTION:

8.  TCP transmits data in full duplex mode. When two
TCPs in two machines are connected, they are able to
send segments to each other simultaneously.
 This connection establishment in TCP is called three-
way handshaking.
Connection establishment:

9.  The connection establishment in TCP is called three
way handshaking.
 An application program, called client, wants to make
a connection with another application program called
the server.
 The process start with server.
 It tells its TCP that is ready to accept connection. This
request is called Passive Open.
Three-way handshaking:

10.  Client program issues a request for an active open.
 A client that wishes to connect to an open server.
 Its tells its TCP to connect to an particular server.
 TCP can now start the three way handshaking
process.

11.  After connection establishment the data transfer in
TCP takes place. The data transfer takes place in
bidirectional.
 Where the client and server can both send data and
acknowledgment.
 It uses buffer to store the stream of data coming
from the sending application.
Data transfer:

12.  Any of the two parties involved in exchanging data
can close the connection, although it is usually
initiated by the client.
Connection termination

13. 1. Stream Delivery Service:
 TCP is a stream oriented protocol.
 It allows the sending process to deliver the data as a
stream of bytes.
 And allows the receiving process to obtain data as a
stream of bytes.
 The sending process produces the stream of bytes
and the receiving process consumes them.
TCP SERVICES:

14.  Sending and receiving process may not necessarily
write or read data at same rate.
 TCP needs buffers for storage.
 Two types of buffers:
 Sending buffer
 Receiving buffer
2. Sending and receiving Buffers:

15.  Buffers has three types
1. White section: empty chambers
2. Colored section: holds bytes that have been sent
but not yet acknowledged.
3. Shaded section: contains byte to be sent by the
sending TCP.
Sending buffer:

16.  Circular buffer is dividing into two section.
1. White section: empty chamber filled by bytes
received from the network.
2. Colored section: contain received bytes that can be
read by the receiving process.
Receiving buffer: