Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
In multicast communication, there is one source and a group of destination.
In multicasting, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.
The source address is a unicast address, but destination address is a group address.
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
In multicast communication, there is one source and a group of destination.
In multicasting, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.
The source address is a unicast address, but destination address is a group address.
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF AODV, DSDV, ZRP IN VANETijfcstjournal
The main aim of this paper is to present comprehensive study on the performance and behavior of Ondemand
Distance Vector Routing approach (AODV), Table Driven Routing approach (DSDV) and Hybrid
Routing approach (ZRP) in VANETs. VANETs are an enhanced form of MANETs where moving nodes are
replaced by vehicles. This paper evaluates these protocols under realistic mobility models to analyze their
performance in VANETs. To evaluate the performance of given protocols, different set of scenarios with
varying nodes density have been simulated with the help of simulators NS-2, SUMO and MOVE.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. DEFINITION
Distance is a measure of number of Hops the
Packet requires to reach the Destination.
Here Vector is defined as (Distance, Direction)
next Hop router to which the packet is to be
forwarded.
It is also known as Bellman Ford Algorithm.
4. EXPLANATION
In Distance Vector Routing Protocol, each node
shares its routes in the network only to the
neighbors and does not broadcast it. (not to all)
Whenever any node receives the Routing
Information it updates its own routing table and
inform to its neighbors.
5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Firstly each node enters the cost of the
neighboring node
2) A link that is down (not a direct neighbor) is
assigned a cost is assigned to Infinity
6. WORKING PRINCIPLE
3) Every node that sends a message directly
connected to the adjacent node about the
adjacent neighbors and their cost.
4) After exchanging the nodes information it
will find the least cost to reach the other nodes
information.
9. Split Horizon
In this case, node A keeps the value of infinity
as the distance to X. Later when node A sends
its routing table to B, node B also corrects its
routing table. The system becomes stable
after the first update.
In our scenario, node B eliminates the last line
of its routing table before it sends it to A
10. Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
Split Horizon and Poison Reverse Using the split
horizon strategy has one drawback. Node B
can still advertise the value for X, but if the
source of information is A, it can replace the
distance with infinity as a warning: "Do not
use this value; what I know about this route
comes from you."
12. DEFINITION
In link state routing, if each node in the domain
has the entire topology of the domain the list
of nodes and links, how they are connected
including the type, cost (metric).
14. EXPLANATION
Node A knows that it is connected to node B
with metric 5, to node C with metric 2,and to
node D with metric 3. Node C knows that it is
connected to node A with metric 2,to node B
with metric 4, and to node E with metric 4.
Node D knows that it is connected only to
node A with metric 3. And so on.
17. EXPLANATION
Link State Advertisement is used by all the
Routers to know the cost information of all
Routers participate in the network.
Link State Packet Database is used to store the
Routing table entries.
Each node participating in the network will have
identical Link State Packet Database.
18. EXPLANATION
One of the Characteristics of Link State Protocol
is every node constructs a graph about the
connectivity of adjacent nodes.
After the graph is drawn, shortest path is
calculated to reach the destination.
19. PROS OF LINK STATE ROUTING
1) Scalability is not an issues in this.
2) Whenever more than 100 routers are
employed link state routing is used.
20. CONS OF LINK STATE ROUTING
1) It contain more CPU utilization
2) It is more difficult to configure and maintain
( because more number of routers are going
to be employed)
