The document describes the TCP 3-way handshake process used to establish a connection between a client and server in a TCP/IP network. It involves 3 steps: 1) the client sends a SYN packet to the server, 2) the server responds with a SYN-ACK packet to acknowledge the client's SYN and identify its own sequence number, and 3) the client sends an ACK packet to the server to acknowledge receiving the SYN-ACK and complete the handshake process, allowing data transfer to begin.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
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10 Of The Best Books About TCP/IP And Networking
1.Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide: Help for Network Administrators
2.Effective TCP/IP Programming: 44 Tips to Improve Your Network Programs
3.TCP/IP Explained
4.High-Speed Networks TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles
5.TCP/IP: Architecture, Protocols, and Implementation with IPv6 and IP
6.SNMP, SNMPv2, SNMPv3, and RMON 1 and 2
7.SNMP: A Guide to Network Management
8.TCP/IP Network Administration
9.Teach Yourself Tcp/Ip in 14 Days
10.UNIX Network Programming
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Agenda
❏ Introduction to TCP/IP.
❏ Features of TCP/IP.
❏ Merits & Demerits of TCP/IP
❏ Connection Establishment and Termination.
❏ 3-Way Handshake Process.
3. Introduction to TCP/IP.
● The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it
complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly
referred to as TCP/IP.
● TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets
(bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating by an IP network.
● Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the language a computer
uses to access the internet. It consists of a suite of protocols designed to establish a
network of networks to provide a host with access to the internet.
● TCP/IP is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data end
to end by providing other functions, including addressing, mapping and
acknowledgment. TCP/IP contains four layers, which differ slightly from the OSI
model.
5. Description of different TCP/IP protocols
❖ Layer 1: Host-to-network Layer
1. Lowest layer of the all.
2. Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be sent over it.
3. Varies from host to host and network to network.
❖ Layer 2: Internet layer
1. Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless
internetwork layer is called a internet layer.
2. It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.
3. It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.
4. Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are sent.
5. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.
cont...
6. 6. The various functions performed by the Internet Layer are:
● Delivering IP packets
● Performing routing
● Avoiding congestion
❖ Layer 3: Transport Layer
1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.
2. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the data is done by transport
layer.
3. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.
4. Transport layer adds header information to the data.
5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled
more efficiently by the network layer.
6. Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in sequence.
cont...
7. ❖ Layer 4: Application Layer
➔ The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of the protocol
stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.
1. TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a remote
machine and run applications on it.
2. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst computer users
connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.
3. SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to transport electronic
mail between a source and destination, directed via a route.
4. DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts
connected over a network.
5. It allows peer entities to carry conversation.
6. It defines two end-to-end protocols: TCP and UDP.
➢ TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol which handles byte-stream
from source to destination without error and flow control.
➢ UDP(User-Datagram Protocol): It is an unreliable connection-less protocol that do not want TCPs,
sequencing and flow control. Eg: One-shot request-reply kind of service.
cont...
8. ➢ Merits of TCP/IP model
1. It operated independently.
2. It is scalable.
3. Client/server architecture.
4. Supports a number of routing protocols.
5. Can be used to establish a connection between two computers.
➢ Demerits of TCP/IP
1. In this, the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.
2. The model cannot be used in any other application.
3. Replacing protocol is not easy.
4. It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces and protocols.
Merits & Demerits of TCP/IP
9. Connection Establishment
❏ Establishes a virtual path between the source and destination.
❏ How TCP is connection-oriented while using IP (connection-less)?
➔ Connection is virtual.
➔ TCP uses the services of IP to deliver individual segments, but it
controls the connection itself.
➔ IP is unaware of retransmission, out-of-order segments
cont...
11. ➔ It is for synchronization of sequence numbers.
➔ It consumes 1 sequence number.
➔ Carries no real data .
❏ SYN :
❏ SYN+ACK:
❏ ACK:
➔ SYN segment for communication in other direction and ACK
for the received SYN .
➔ It consumes 1 sequence number.
➔ Just an ACK segment.
➔ Does not consume any sequence number.
13. ➔ It consumes 1 sequence number
➔ May or may not carry real data.
❏ FIN:
❏ FIN+ACK:
❏ ACK:
➔ FIN segment to announce closing of connection in other
direction and ACK for the received FIN.
➔ It consumes 1 sequence number.
➔ Just an ACK segment.
➔ Does not consume any sequence number.
15. ❏ A three-way handshake is a method used in a TCP/IP network to create a
connection between a local host/client and server. It is a three-step method that
requires both the client and server to exchange SYN and ACK (acknowledgment)
packets before actual data communication begins.
❏ A three-way handshake is also known as a TCP handshake.
16. Steps...
❖ Step 1. Device A (Client) sends a TCP segment with SYN = 1,
ACK = 0, ISN (Initial Sequence Number) = 2000.
➔ The Active Open device (Device A) sends a segment with the SYN flag set to 1,
ACK flag set to 0 and an Initial Sequence Number 2000 (For Example), which marks
the beginning of the sequence numbers for data that device A will transmit. SYN is
short for SYNchronize. SYN flag announces an attempt to open a connection. The
first byte transmitted to Device B will have the sequence number ISN+1.
cont...
17. ❖ Step 2. Device B (Server) receives Device A’s TCP segment and
returns a TCP segment with SYN = 1, ACK = 1, ISN = 5000 (Device B’s
Initial Sequence Number), Acknowledgment Number = 2001 (2000 +
1, the next sequence number Device B expecting from Device A).
❖ Step 3. Device A sends a TCP segment to Device B that
acknowledges receipt of Device B’s ISN, With flags set as SYN = 0,
ACK = 1, Sequence number = 2001, Acknowledgment number = 5001
(5000 + 1, the next sequence number Device A expecting from Device
B)
This handshaking technique is referred to as the Three-way handshake
or SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK.
cont...
18. ❏ Step 1 (SYN) : In the first step, client wants to establish a connection with server, so
it sends a segment with SYN(Synchronize Sequence Number) which informs server
that client is likely to start communication and with what sequence number it starts
segments with.
❏ Step 2 (SYN + ACK): Server responds to the client request with SYN-ACK signal bits
set. Acknowledgement(ACK) signifies the response of segment it received and SYN
signifies with what sequence number it is likely to start the segments with
❏ Step 3 (ACK) : In the final part client acknowledges the response of server and they
both establish a reliable connection with which they will start eh actual data
transfer cont...
In Sort...
cont...