Network delay
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This document discusses different types of network delay. It defines network delay as the time it takes for data to travel from one node to another across the network, measured in fractions of seconds. The main types of delay are transmission delay, which is the time to transmit a packet onto an outgoing link; propagation delay, the time for a bit to move from one end of a wire to another; processing delay, the time for a router to process a packet; and queuing delay, the time a packet spends waiting in a queue before being processed. Formulas are provided for calculating transmission delay based on packet length and bandwidth, and propagation delay based on wire length and velocity.
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- Bandwidth refers to the capacity or transmission speed of a network link.
- Throughput is the actual number of bits that can be transmitted through a network in a given time period.
- Latency is the delay incurred as data travels from source to destination. It includes propagation delay, transmission delay, queueing delay, and processing delay.
- Bandwidth-delay product represents the number of bits that can fill the transmission pipeline between two points, and is calculated as the bandwidth multiplied by the latency. It provides a measure of the buffering required to keep a link fully utilized.
Example problems
This document provides example problems and solutions related to calculating network performance metrics like transfer time and latency. It addresses topics like message segmentation, circuit switching vs packet switching, and calculating bandwidth needs for different media types. Sample problems calculate latency for different network configurations, bandwidth required for streaming high-definition video and audio, and compare transferring a file with and without message segmentation.
Availability Computer Communication Network .pdf
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated physical path between sender and receiver, while packet switching divides messages into packets that take different paths through the network. With circuit switching, transmission delay dominates at slow link speeds, while propagation delay dominates at high speeds. Packet switching introduces additional queueing delays but eliminates the need for circuit establishment. Overall, circuit switching provides lower delay at slow link speeds but higher delay at high speeds.
3- Lec 3 - Packet-Circuit Switching.pptx
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in computer networks including:
1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) which uses existing telephone lines to transmit both data and telephone signals using different frequency bands.
2. Packet switching which involves breaking messages into packets that are routed individually across a mesh of interconnected routers from source to destination. This can cause delays from queuing and packet loss if arrival rates exceed link capacities.
3. Circuit switching which establishes dedicated circuits between nodes to reserve bandwidth and guarantee performance but resources are idle if the circuit is not in use.
Digital Transmission Fundamentals
The document discusses digital transmission fundamentals, including:
- Digital representation of analog signals involves sampling, quantization, and pulse code modulation.
- The sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal to allow perfect reconstruction.
- Quantization maps samples to discrete levels, introducing quantization error. More levels reduce error but increase transmission bandwidth needs.
- Digital transmission enables long distance communication by regeneration of the digital signal rather than analog amplification, overcoming distance limitations of analog systems.
3. digital transmission fundamentals
The document discusses digital transmission fundamentals, including:
- Digital signals are represented as sequences of bits that can take on discrete values (0 or 1). More bits are needed to represent information with higher content or complexity.
- Analog signals like voice and video need to be digitized by sampling and quantizing them. This allows the signals to be transmitted over digital networks and regenerated without degradation.
- Communication channels have bandwidth limits that constrain the rate at which information can be transmitted accurately. Channels also introduce impairments like noise, attenuation and distortion.
- Digital transmission offers advantages over analog like long-distance communication without repeated degradation and the ability to detect and correct errors.
Lec 2(intoduction of computer networkes)
This document discusses different types of networks:
1. The Internet is the common network used for activities like reading news and social media.
2. The Deep Web is a subset not indexed by search engines so it requires directly visiting sites instead of searching. It exists because the Internet is too large to fully index.
3. The Dark Web requires special software to access and is often associated with illegal activities like drug sales, though it also has legitimate uses. It sits on additional private networks like Tor and I2P.
Ch1 internet Networks
This document provides an introduction to computer networking and the Internet. It begins with an overview of what the Internet is, including its key components like end systems, communication links, and packet switches. It then discusses the network edge, including access networks and physical media. The core network and packet switching are introduced. Sources of delay, loss, and throughput in networks are covered. Finally, the chapter roadmap is provided, outlining topics like protocol layers, network security, and history that will be discussed.
Lec - 1_Chapter_1.ppt
The document provides an introduction to the Internet, including its structure as a "network of networks" with access networks connecting end systems to edge routers, and a network core utilizing packet and circuit switching. It discusses key network performance metrics like delay, which has four sources - transmission, propagation, queueing, and processing delays. Packet loss can occur if the arrival rate exceeds link capacity, causing packets to queue and potentially be dropped if buffers fill. The maximum throughput is determined by the minimum of the source and destination link capacities.
Lec 4 and_5
The document discusses packet switching and circuit switching in computer networks. It defines packet switching as dividing data into discrete chunks or packets that are sent through the network and shared across network resources. In circuit switching, dedicated circuits are established for each connection, reserving bandwidth for the duration even if not in use. The document also outlines the hierarchical structure of the Internet, made up of tier 1, 2, and 3 ISPs that connect end users and pass traffic through multiple networks of routers and switches.
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Network delay
- 2. What is Network Delay How long a bit of data takes to travel from one node to another across the network. It is measured in multiple of fractions of seconds.
- 3. Type of Delay Transmission Delay Propagation delay Processing delay Queuing delay
- 4. Transmission Delay Time taken to transmit the packet onto the outgoing link. Denoted by Tt.
- 5. Transmission Delay Formula L= Length of the packet B= Bandwidth of the outgoing link in bits/seconds. L is measured in power of 2 (2^5). B is measured in power of 10 (10^3). Tt=L/B
- 6. Example Q1. Length= 10 bits, Bandwidth= 1 bits/sec. Find Tt? Solution: Tt=L/B Tt=10/1 = 10 sec Q. Length= 1 kb, Bandwidth= 1 kbps Find Tt? Solution: L=1 kb = 2^10 = 1024 bits B= kbps = 10^3 = 1000 bps Tt = 1024 bits/1000 bps Tt = 1.024 sec
- 7. Propagation delay Time taken by one bit to move from one end of wire to another end of wire. It is denoted by Tp.
- 8. Propagation delay Formula d= Length of wire v= velocity of wire Tp=d/v
- 9. Processing delay Time taken to process a packet by router. Processing of packet includes checking the destination IP address, finding the routing table, deciding the outgoing link. Factors that affect the processing delay: i. speed of router ii. size of routing table
- 10. Queuing delay Amount of time is spend by a packet in a queue before being taking up for processing.
- 11. Thank you