This document provides treatment guidelines for tuberculosis. It outlines the aims of TB treatment as curing the patient, preventing death from active or relapsed TB, decreasing transmission, and preventing drug resistance. It describes the initial and continuation phases of treatment for new and previously treated cases. It also defines different types of TB cases and provides recommended drug regimens and dosages depending on the category of TB patient. Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are first-line oral drugs, while streptomycin and thioacetazone are also mentioned. BCG vaccination guidelines are also briefly covered.

1. TREATMENT
GUIDELINES
TUBERCULOSIS
Dr. Aswini Kumar Mohapatra
Professor and Head
Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine

2. AIMS OF TREATMENT –
1. To cure the patient of TB
2. To prevent death from active TB
3. To prevent death from relapse of TB
4. To decrease transmission of TB to others
5. To prevent development of acquired drug
resistance

3. INITIAL / INTENSIVE PHASE (2 months)
CONTINUATION PHASE (4 - 6MONTHS)
NEW CASES
SMEAR POSITIVE SMEAR NEGATIVE

4. 1.Tuberculosis suspect-
 Any person who presents with symptoms or
signs suggestive of TB
2.Definite case of TB-
 Patient with M.TB complex identified from a
clinical specimen, either by culture or by a newer
method such as molecular line probe assay
 One or more initial sputum smear examinations
positive for AFB is also considered to be a
‘definite’ case

5. 3. Case of TB-
 A definite case of TB or one in which a health
worker has diagnosed TB and has decided to treat
the patient with a full course of TB treatment
 Cases of TB also classified according to the-
a. anatomical site of the disease
b. bacteriological results
c. history of previous treatment
d. HIV status of the patient

6. 4. Smear negative PTB cases-
Smear negative PTB cases should either:
A. Sputum smear negative but culture positive for
M. tuberculosis
OR
B. meet the following diagnostic criteria :
 decision by a clinician to treat with a full course
of anti TB therapy; and

7.  radiographic abnormalities consistent with active
pulmonary TB and either:
-laboratory or strong clinical evidence of HIV
infection
or:
- if HIV negative and no improvement in response
to a course of broad spectrum antibiotics

8. A. FIRST LINE DRUGS:-
 Isoniazid (H)
 Rifampicin (R)
 Pyrazinamide (Z)
 Streptomycin (S)
 Ethambutol (E)

9. B. SECOND LINE DRUGS:-
 Para-amino salicylic Acid
 Ethionamide
 Cycloserine
 Kanamycin / Amikacin / Capreomycin
 Macrolides
 Fluroquinolones
Second line ATT are used in the
treatment of MDRTB

10. INH
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Streptomycin
Ethambutol
Thioacetazone

11. 1.Group1- first line oral agents
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
rifabutine
2.Group2- injectable agents
kanamycin
amikacin
capreomycin
streptomycin

12. 3.Group3- fluroquinolones
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
ofloxacin
4.Group 4-Oral bacteriostatic 2nd
line drugs
PAS
cycloserine
ethionamide
protionamide
5.Group 5-unclear role
clofazimine
linezolid
clarithromycin
thioacetazone
amoxy –clavulinic acid
high dose of INH

13. DRUGSDRUGS Recommended DoseRecommended Dose
(mg / kbw)(mg / kbw)
HH
RR
ZZ
SS
55
1010 bactericidalbactericidal
2525
1515
EE
TT
1515
bacteriostaticbacteriostatic
33

14. Three properties:
1. Bactericidal activity
2. Sterilizing activity
3. Ability to prevent resistance
(bacteriostatic activity)

15.  INH and Rifampicin-
Most powerful bactericidal drugs
active against all population of TB bacilli

16.  Rifampicin -
most potent sterilizing drug
 Pyrazinamide -
bactericidal- active only in acidic environment
 Streptomycin -
Bactericidal- against rapidly multiplying bacilli

17. Essential DrugsEssential Drugs Recommended DosageRecommended Dosage
(mg/kbw)(mg/kbw)
11 Isoniazide (H)Isoniazide (H)
DailyDaily 3times weekly3times weekly
DOTSDOTS
55
(4-6)(4-6)
10*10*
(8-12)(8-12)
22 Rifampicin (R)Rifampicin (R) 1010
(8-12)(8-12)
1010
(8-12)(8-12)
33 Pyrazinamide (Z)Pyrazinamide (Z) 2525
(20-30)(20-30)
35*35*
(30-40)(30-40)

18. 44 Streptomycin (S)Streptomycin (S) 1515
(12-18)(12-18)
1515
(12-18)(12-18)
55 Ethambutol (E)Ethambutol (E) 1515
(15-20)(15-20)
30*30*
(20-35)(20-35)
66 Thioacetazone (T)Thioacetazone (T) 2-32-3 NotNot
ApplicableApplicable

19. 1. NEW CASE-
A patient who has never had treatment for TB
OR
Who has taken ATT <1 month
2. REPALSE-
A patient previously treated for TB declared
cured / treatment completed
Subsequently diagnosed with bacteriologically positive
(smear or culture) tuberculosis

20. 3. TREATMENT FAILURE-
A patient who while on treatment, remained or
became again smear positive five months or later after
commencing treatment
OR
Initially smear negative before starting treatment and
became smear positive after the second month of
treatment

21. 4. DEFAULTER-
A patient who returns to treatment, positive
bacteriogically, following interruption of
treatment for 2 months or more
5. OTHERS-
All cases that do not fit the above difinitions.
Chronic Case A patient who is sputum
positive at the end of a retreatment regimen

22. 6. TRANSFER IN-
A patient who has been transferred from another
TB register to continue treatment

23. Recommended treatment regimens are similar
irrespective of site of the disease
A patient with both pulmonary and extra
pulmonary TB
Classified as a case of PTB

24. CAT- 1
CAT- 2
Chronic cases (CAT- 4)

25. TBTB
CATEGORYCATEGORY
TB PATIENTSTB PATIENTS TB TREATMENTTB TREATMENT
REGIMENSREGIMENS
InitialInitial
PhasePhase
ContinuationContinuation
PhasePhase
II
• New Smear +ve PTSNew Smear +ve PTS
• New smear –ve PTSNew smear –ve PTS
with extensivewith extensive
parenchymalparenchymal
involvementinvolvement
• Severe concomitantSevere concomitant
HIV diseaseHIV disease
• Severe forms ofSevere forms of
extra pulmonary TBextra pulmonary TB
2 EHRZ2 EHRZ 4 HR or 6 HE4 HR or 6 HE

26. IIII
Previously treated sputumPreviously treated sputum
smear positive PTBsmear positive PTB
- relapse- relapse
- treatment failure- treatment failure
- defaulter- defaulter
2 SHRZE+2 SHRZE+
1 EHRZ1 EHRZ
5 HRE5 HRE

27. IVIV
Chronic CasesChronic Cases
MDR TBMDR TB
( Still sputum-positive( Still sputum-positive
after a supervised re-after a supervised re-
treatment regimen ie.treatment regimen ie.
Cat-II)Cat-II)
Patient referred toPatient referred to
higher centre forhigher centre for
further managementfurther management

28. A.Cat-1 (6 months regimen) -
Sputum AFB months
initial(0)
2
5
completion(6)
B. Cat-II (8months regimen) -
Sputum AFB months
initial(0)
3
5
completion(8)

29. PERSONS FOR WHOM RECOMMENDED ??
Determined by Tuberculin test
I Persons with HIV infection / Close contacts of
infectious cases
≥ 5mm - positive
II At risk persons
≥ 10 mm - positive
III Persons not in a high risk category / not exposed to
high risk environment
Cut off limit ≥ 15mm – positive

30. 1. Persons with HIV infection or risk factors for HIV infection
2. Close contacts of persons with newly diagnosed
infectious tuberculosis
3. Recent tuberculin skin test converters
≥ 10mm within a 2year period, age < 35years
≥ 15mm within a 2year period, age > 35 years
4. Persons with medical conditions-reported to have risk of
tuberculosis.
i. Diabetes mellitus
ii. Prolonged therapy with steroids.
iii. Immunosuppressive therapy.

31. iv. Hematological / reticulo endothelial disease
Leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease
v. End stage renal disease
vi. I.V drug abusers.
5. Foreign-borne persons from high prevalence countries
- Latin America, Asia, Africa.

32.  Given in single dose
Adults - 300mg/day
Children - 10- 15mg /kbw/day
(Dose should not exceed 300mg/day)
 Total duration – 12 months (minimum = 6
months)