1) Targeted kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib show promise in treating radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer, with sorafenib demonstrating a partial response rate of 36% and clinical benefit in 82% of patients in one study.
2) Management of radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer involves local therapies when possible and enrollment in clinical trials of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors like sorafenib, which target pathways important in thyroid cancer signaling and growth.
3) Guidelines recommend targeted kinase inhibitors as first-line treatment for radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer based on their improved efficacy over chemotherapy and ability to potentially prolong progression-free and overall survival.
Hypofractionation in early breast cancer is no more a research scholars topic. Multiple studies with robust data have proven its utility. It may hold an important role in many countries with constrained resources. This is a short presentation incorporating important completed and ongoing trials. Feel free to use this.
Hypofractionation in early breast cancer is no more a research scholars topic. Multiple studies with robust data have proven its utility. It may hold an important role in many countries with constrained resources. This is a short presentation incorporating important completed and ongoing trials. Feel free to use this.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
Tried to summarise all landmark trials in carcinoma breast in radiation oncology,medical oncology as well in surgical oncology.
References taken from Devita Book,Breast Disease book from Springer,journals like NEJM,JAMA,LANCET,ANNL ONCOLOGY etc,internet,Perez book,Practical Clinical Oncology by Hanna etc textbooks.
Thanks.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
Tried to summarise all landmark trials in carcinoma breast in radiation oncology,medical oncology as well in surgical oncology.
References taken from Devita Book,Breast Disease book from Springer,journals like NEJM,JAMA,LANCET,ANNL ONCOLOGY etc,internet,Perez book,Practical Clinical Oncology by Hanna etc textbooks.
Thanks.
A supercool powerpoint about thyroid cancer that is very hard to understand unless I am speaking to you and filling in the blanks so check out my blog and look for a related post:
http://m4tt5-b10-bl0g-2o1o.blogspot.com/
Which are best tax saving options under section 80C of income tax act. What are various tax saving options .Which investments are allowed for 80C deduction ELSS, FD, Term Insurance, Medical Insurance, PPF, Tax Saving Schemes, Saving taxes,
Incidence of thyroid cancer is on the rise. In fact, according to the American Cancer Society, it's the most rapidly increasing cancer in the U.S., and in 2015, there were an estimated 62,450 new cases in the U.S. Learn about the different types of thyroid cancer, risk factors and current treatment options.
Thyroid cancer is treated at the Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Center at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center. Learn more at: http://www.dana-farber.org/Adult-Care/Treatment-and-Support/Treatment-Centers-and-Clinical-Services/Head-and-Neck-Cancer-Treatment-Center.aspx
Find which are 5 best instruments for saving tax under section 80c of income tax act. Check what are most important things to check before investing for saving taxes
This study was performed to analyze the efficacy and safety of con-current radiotherapy and weekly paclitaxel in the treatment of carcinoma of uterine cervix. Hundred patients with locally advanced (stages IIB to IVA according to FIGO classification) carcinoma of uterine cervix were enrolled, radiotherapy was conventionally administered: 50.4 Gy/28 fractions by external beam (whole pelvis) followed by HDR-Intracavitary brachytherapy, 4 fractions of 7 Gy each. Paclitaxel was administered on weekly basis at dose of 40 mg ∕m2 during entire course of external beam radiotherapy. Treatment response was evaluated three months after the end of radiotherapy by means of clinical examination and ultrasonography. Complete Regression (CR) in 83%, partial response (PR) 14% and progressive disease 3%. At 26 months of median follow up 73 patients alive, 58 patients are disease free. The results of this study suggest that concurrent chemo radiotherapy is feasible in treatment of carcinoma cervix with acceptable and manageable toxicity and paclitaxel act as radio sensitizer in locally advanced cervical cancer.
Presentation is highlighting the integration of different modalities in the management of locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer pointing to the proven values of adding chemotherapy. A special note has been made to oligometastatic disease.
This lecture was part of an educational course performed by the IATTGI group this August in Buenos Aires and describes novel targets and novel drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. THYROID CANCER
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
American Cancer Society. www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_thyroid_cancer_43.asp. Carling T and
Uldesman R. Cancer of the Endocrine System.: Section 2: Thyroid Cancer. Principles of Clinical Oncology. 7th edition. Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins. 2005.
Parafollicular cells
Follicular cells
Differentiated
Anaplastic
Medullary
Papillary
Follicular
Hurtle Cell
Sporadic
Familial
4. US EU Japan
Estimated Thyroid Cancer Incidence in 2008
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Annual
Incidence
LA/C
~37,000
~33,000
~18,000
~6,000
GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF
THYROID CANCR
LA/C = Latin America and Caribbean.
1. GLOBOCAN 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://globocan.iarc.fr/.
2. Sherman. Lancet. 2003;361:501-511.
3. Eustatia-Rutten et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:313-319.
• Thyroid cancer is
the most common
form of endocrine
malignancy1
• DTC represents
> 90% of all thyroid
carcinomas2
• The prognosis of
patients with DTC
is generally good
due to tumor
biology and efficacy
of the initial surgery
and 131I therapy3
5. DIMENSIONS OF THE
PROBLEM
• Increasing in incidence
– 95% sporadic or RT-induced, 5% familial
• 3.5 to 4:1 female to male gender distribution
• > 95% of carcinomas arise from thyroid follicular
cells and are well-differentiated
• Surgery +/- I-131 remains the standard of care
– Vast majority treated in this manner are cured
• Emergence of Multiple TKIs in Iodine-Refractory
TC and MTC that can affect response and likely
prolong PFS and OS
6. THYROID CANCER IN THE
UNITED STATES
New Diagnosis Cancer Deaths
Pfister, D. Treatment of Radioactive Thyroid Cancer. Presentation. ASCO, 2007.
8. 0 10
8
4 6
2 12 14
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Survival
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
DTC: INITIAL DISEASE STAGE PREDICTS
OVERALL SURVIVAL
Years
75%
of all
tumors
25%
of all
tumors
p<0.001
Jonklaas J et al. Thyroid. 2006, 16(12): 1229-1242.
9. Principles of
High Risk Patients
Treatment
•
•
Total Thyroidectomy
Radioiodine
–
–
–
Gross Extrathyroidal
> 4cm primary
Distant metastases
Extension
• Neck Dissection
– Clinical or US-detected disease
– Locoregional recurrence
TSH Suppression
– <0.1 for those at high risk or with
disease
•
known residual
ATA Guidelines. Cooper et al. Thyroid 2009. 19(11).
NCCN Guidelines. Thyroid Carcinoma v2.2013.
10. THYROID CANCER
TREATMENT STRATEGY
• High Risk: (Age >45, male, metastasis,
extrathyroidal extension, >4cm)
– Total Thyroidectomy
– RAI (131I) Ablation
– TSH Suppression Therapy with Thyroid
Hormone
– Follow Serial Thyroglobulin Levels (Tg)
– XRT for recurrent local disease/positive margins
– Surveillance: NeckUS, Tg, Neck MRI, Chest CT,
RAI Whole body scan, FDG-PET
11. TSH SUPPRESSION IMPROVES
SURVIVAL FOR DTC PATIENTS WITH
METASTASES
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Survival,
%
Years
All > 45 yr
TSH suppressed 15 yr 10 yr
TSH unsuppressed 11 yr 6 yr
p < 0.01 p < 0.005
Median
n = 450
Jonklaas et al. Thyroid. 2006;16:1299-1242.
12. Survival
(%)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Years after the discovery of metastases
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
2
3
127 patients
4 cancer related
deaths
168 patients
149 patients
SURVIVAL AND RESPONSE
TO TREATMENT
• Group 1: initial 131I uptake
and CR
– Age < 40 years
– Well-differentiated cancer
– Small size of metastases
• Group 2: initial 131I uptake
and persistent disease
• Group 3: no initial 131I uptake
Durante et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2892-2899.
13. Radioiodine Refractory Prognosis
Outcome1
– Median Survival 3-6
years
– 10-year survival less
than 15%
Prognostic Factors2,3
–
–
–
Age
BRAF Mutation
PET positivity
Durante et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(8):2892–2899.
Elisei et. al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93(10):3943-9
Robbins and Weil. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22(6):1047-59
14. Radioiodine Refractory Criteria
A. One or more (measurable) lesions that do
131I
not demonstrate
radioiodine scan
uptake on diagnostic
B. One or more lesions that has progressed
131I
within 12 months of therapy.
131I
C. Cumulative activity of of > 600 mCi
15. RAI-REFRACTORY DISEASE
• 25–50% of metastatic thyroid cancers lose
ability to take up iodine
• RAI refractory means that there are
progressing lesions that do not take up
RAI (Note: there may still be some that do)
• Loss of iodine uptake inversely correlates
with survival
Cooper DS, et al. Thyroid. 2009;9:1176-214.
Hodak SP, Carty SE. Oncology. 2009;23:775-6.
Mehra R, Cohen RB. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008;22:1279-95,xi.
16. RAI-REFRACTORY THYROID
CANCER
• L-T4 treatment: serum
TSH < 0.1 mU/L
• Local treatments when
needed: surgery, radiation,
radiofrequency or cryoablation
• Imaging follow-up every
6 months
• Stable disease: follow-up
• Progression:
– > 20% (RECIST) in
6-15 months
– Inclusion in a trial
• Chemotherapy: low
efficacy, significant
toxicity (eg, doxorubicin:
5% PR, 47% SD,
median PFS 7 months)
• Targeted therapy as
first line (ATA, 2009)
Cooper et al. Thyroid. 2009;9:1167-1214.
17. NCCN AND ATA GUIDELINES FOR THE
TREATMENT OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID
CANCER (DTC)
Initial treatment
• Total thyroidectomy, except in patients with unifocal microcarcinoma
(individualized to patient and extent of disease)1,2
Postoperative treatment
• Radioactive iodine (131I) (RAI) therapy1,2
Follow-up treatment
• Levothyroxine to suppress TSH levels to < 0.1mU/L1,2
Recurrent or metastatic disease treatment
• Local therapy (re-operation, external radiation)
• Systemic therapy
– RAI therapy
– patients with refractory advanced disease
• chemotherapy (limited efficacy and considerable toxicity)1,2
• participation in clinical trials with small molecule tyrosine kinase
inhibitors is recommended1,2
1. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Thyroid Carcinoma V.1.2010.
2. Cooper DS, et al. Thyroid .2009;9:1167-214.
NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
ATA = American Thyroid Association .
18. CYTOTOXIC AGENTS IN DTC
• ADRIAMYCIN IS THE MOST STUDIED
AGENT.
• Others include- Bleomycin, platinums,
etoposide, and Pemetrexed.
• <20% Response Rate.
19. THYROID CANCER IS ASSOCIATED
WITH ABERRANT CELL SIGNALING
Genetic Alteration PTC FTC
BRAF V600E 44% 0%
BRAF copy gain 3% 35%
RET/PTC (1 and 3) 20% 0%
RAS 8-10% 17-45%
PI3KCA mutations 3% 6%
PI3KCA copy gain 12% 28%
PTEN 2% 7%
Pax8/PPARγ 0% 35%
Total >70% >65%
MAP
Kinase
PI3K/AKT
Nikiforov, Mod Path, 2008, Xing Endocrine Rel Ca(2005), Wang et al, 2007
20. RAS/BRAF MUTATIONS ARE MORE
PREVALENT IN RAI REFRACTORY
THYROID CANCER
Ricarte-Filho JC, Cancer Research 2009 Jun 1;69(11):4885-93
22. WHO IS APPROPRIATE FOR
KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY?
1. Patients whose tumors no longer take up
radioactive iodine or who have exceeded
their lifetime dose
2. Patients with disease measurable by
exam or CT scan
3. Patients with >1 lesion which is >1 cm in
size and who are symptomatic
4. Patients with progressive disease
23. KINASE INHIBITORS
KI
ATP KI
P
Y Y
ATP
Activated pathway
Cancer
Activated Pathway
Cancer
VEGFR inhibition
Tumor
angiogenesis
Tumor
growth
RET, BRAF…..
inhibition
25. UPCC 03305: SORAFENIB IN
ADVANCED THYROID CANCER
Gupta-Abramson V, et al. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4714–9
n=55
Eligibility criteria
• Metastatic, iodine
refractory thyroid cancer
• Life expectancy >3
months
• Evidence of PD within 6
months of study entry
• ECOG 0–2
• Good organ and bone
marrow function
Sorafenib
400mg b.i.d.
Primary endpoints
• RECIST
• PFS
• Response rate
b.i.d. = twice daily; RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria In
Solid Tumors; ULN = upper limit of normal
26. Update UPCC O3305: May
2009
Results:
• Response for all 50 evaluable patients
– PR 36% (18 patients)
– SD 46% (23 patients)
– clinical benefit 82% (41 patients)
• Exact binomial confidence interval excludes the null
hypothesis (p<0.0001)
• PFS is 63 weeks for all patients, and 84 weeks in patients
with DTC
Brose M, et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(May 20 Suppl.):301s (Abstract 6002)
27. UPCC 03305: BEST RESPONSE IN
46 EVALUABLE PATIENTS
Papillary
Follicular/Hürthle Cell
Medullary
Poorly Differentiated/Anaplastic
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–10
Change
in
sum
of
target
lesion
by
RECIST
compared
to
baseline
(%)
PD SD PR
Best response of advanced thyroid cancer patients to sorafenib
Brose M, et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(May 20 Suppl.):301s (Abstract 6002)
28. CUTANEOUS ADVERSE EVENTS WITH
SORAFENIB IN THYROID CARCINOMA
PATIENTS
1. Cutaneous toxicity peaks in the second
cycle
2. Brief dose holidays and dose reductions
are reasonable. Rash usually improves
with continued sorafenib treatment
3. Rash is more common in patients with
extensive sun exposure in the past
4. Skin creams may be used as well as
NSAIDs for control of the pain from the
rash
30. Eligibility criteria
• Locally advanced
or metastatic DTC
• Progression
within 14 months
• RAI refractory
• No prior targeted
therapy,
chemotherapy or
thalidomide
PHASE III STUDY OF SORAFENIB IN LOCALLY
ADVANCED OR METASTATIC PATIENTS WITH
RADIOACTIVE IODINE REFRACTORY THYROID
CANCER (DECISION) TRIAL – PRIMARY ENDPOINT
POSITIVE
• An International, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase III study of
sorafenib versus placebo in locally advanced/metastatic RAI-refractory DTC
www.clinicaltrials.gov. NCT00984282
Off
study
Disease
progression
Crossover or
continue
sorafenib 400mg
orally b.i.d.
Randomisation
(1:1)
(n=380) Progression
Sorafenib
400mg orally
b.i.d.
Placebo
Investigator’s decision
n=190
n=190
Primary Endpoint:
PFS (RECIST)
Independent review
Secondary Endpoints:
OS, TTP, RR, DCR, PRO, PK
Safety
Exploratory Biomarkers
31. PHASE III DECISION Trial
• Over 400 patients enrolled in the trial
world wide
• January 3, 2013 press release revealed
that the primary endpoint of Progression
Free Survival significantly favored the
Sorafenib arm
40. RAI-refractory DTC 2013
DECISION establishes sorafenib as a
standard therapy
Multiple Questions Raised
Who to treat?
With what agent?
Can we identify alternative targets?
• Will selective BRAF V600E inhibitors be effective?
Sorafenib resistance?
Is this the right strategy?
41. THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS BEYOND
FRONTLINE TKI THERAPY
1. Single progressive lesions can be resected or
irradiated and the frontline TKI continued
2. Minimally progressive lesions can often be
observed on the original TKI as this disease
frequently progresses very slowly
3. For patients progressing on a frontline TKI, an
m-TOR inhibitor can be added to block the
PI3K escape pathway
4. For disease progressing in multiple areas one
might switch to another available TKI or a
clinical trial with an investigational agent
42. ADVANCED THYROID CANCER’S NEW
UNMET NEED:
PROGRESSION ON SORAFENIB/VEGFR2
INHIBITOR
• What to do with patients who progress but
maintain good performance status
• Most patients respond to frontline TKI
therapy but then progress in a new lesion
or a subset of lesions
46. UPCC 19309: EVEROLIMUS +
SORAFENIB FOR DTC PATIENTS
WHO PROGRESS ON SORAFENIB
ALONE
n=35
Eligibility criteria
• Metastatic, iodine
refractory thyroid cancer
• Life expectancy >3
months
• PD on sorafenib
• ECOG 0–2
• Good organ and bone
marrow function
Sorafenib
+ Everolimus
Intra-patient
Dose escalation.
Primary endpoints
• RECIST
• PFS
• Response rate
b.i.d. = twice daily; RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria In
Solid Tumors; ULN = upper limit of normal
22 patients accrued so far
47. Eligibility criteria:
• Locally advanced
or metastatic DTC
• Progression
within 14 months
• RAI refractory
UPCC 18310: NO25530: An Open-Label, Multi-Center
Phase II Study of the BRAF Inhibitor Vemurafenib in
Patients with Metastatic or Unresectable Papillary
Thyroid Cancer (PTC) positive for the BRAF V600
Mutation and Resistant to Radioactive Iodine
Vemurafenib
960mg BID
Primary Endpoint:
Best Overall response Rate (BORR)
(RECIST 1.1) (Partial and complete
RR) in sorafenib naïve pts
Independent review
Secondary Endpoints:
•PFS, TTP, OS, TTP, in
sorafenib naïve pts
•BORR, CB, TTP, PFS and
OS, in soraefnib exposed
patients
Informed
Consent
BRAF
V600E
testing
+ First Line
Sorafenib Naïve
(n=25)
Second Line
Prior Sorafenib
(n=25)
+
50. MSB
10/16/10
CLINICAL TRIALS ONGOING FOR
METASTATIC DIFFERENTIATED THYROID
CANCER
Compound Name DTC/MTC Status
Sorafenib (Nexavar) DTC
First Line – International Phase III –
Positive Study
Lenvatinib (E7080) DTC First and Second Line – Phase III
Vemurafenib
(BRAF V600E inhibitor) DTC (PTC) First and Second Line Phase II – (Phase III?)
Everolimus+Sorafenib DTC Second Line – Phase II
Cabozantinib DTC
First Line – Phase I complete
First Line and Second Line Phase II– Pending
Pioglitazone (PPARγ) DTC (FTC*) First and Second Line - Phase II
Pazopanib (GW786034) DTC First and Second line – Phase II Done
Sunitinib (Sutent) DTC First line Phase II – Done.
51. Are there better strategies?
Restoration of Radioiodine Sensitivity
Ho et al. N Engl J Med 2013;368:623-32.
52. TAKE HOME MESSAGES-I
• Multiple VEGFR agents in DTC have activity that affect the vast
majority of patients with advanced RAI-refractory thyroid cancer
needing therapy
• Results of phase III trial with sorafenib (DECISION) showing that
patients treated with sorafenib have a longer progression free
survival than those on placebo. We look forward to a future major
oncology meeting for these results. Results from the Phase III trial of
lenvatinib (SELECT ) are likely to follow in another year.
• Molecular markers (eg. BRAF V600E mutation) are newer targets
being tested in Phase II clinical trials. If positive, patients will need
routine molecular testing for these mutations
• Many studies for second line treatment of DTC are underway and
now a primary focus of our research program at the Abramson
Cancer Center and at other sites. These trials target new molecular
mechanisms and hope to add to the success of the VEGFR inhibitors
in this disease.
53. Take Home Messages-II
1. Patients with progressive RAI-refractory TC should be
referred to an oncologist with access to all the available
and investigational kinase inhibitors.
2. Treatment with a kinase inhibitor should be initiated in
patients with progressive, measurable disease.
3. The physician managing these patients should be
comfortable with and skilled in managing the adverse
events related to kinase inhibitors.
4. Many clinical trials are now available for patients
progressing on frontline kinase inhibitor therapy.
54. Take Home Message
Who To Treat? Who Not To Treat?
• Radioiodine Refractory • No radiographic disease
(TG only)
RAI Sensitive
No progression
Very slow progression
without threatened
symptoms
–
–
Negative RAI Scan
Progression Despite
Recent RAI
>600 mCi prior RAI
•
•
•
–
•
•
Non-surgical candidates
Established Progression
– Threatened Symptoms
55. REFERENCES
1. Giuffrida D, Prestifilippo A, et al; Journal of Oncology Volume 2012,
Article ID-391629, “New Treatment in Advanced Thyroid Cancer”
2. Brose M, Nutting C, et al; BMC Cancer 2011, 11:349 “Rationale
and design of DECISION: a double blind, randomized, placebo
controlled phase III trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of
sorafenib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic, RAI-
refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer”
3. Harris P, Bible K; Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs; October
2011 20(10): 1357-1375; “Emerging Therapeutics for Advanced
Thyroid Malignancies: Rationale and Targeted Approaches”
4. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel A, et al; JCO 2008 Vol. 26: 4714
“Phase II Trial of Sorafenib in Advanced Thyroid Cancer”
5. Kojic K, Kojic S & Wiseman S; Expert Reviews in Anticancer
Therapy 2012 Vol.12(3):345; “Differentiated thyroid cancers: a
comprehensive review of novel targeted therapies