Radiotherapy is used as primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma or as part of combined modality treatment with chemotherapy. Historically, large mantle fields covering lymph node regions from the skull to the pelvis were used. More modern approaches use smaller involved field radiotherapy targeting only initially involved lymph node regions after chemotherapy based on imaging. Proper delineation of clinical target volumes requires pre-chemotherapy imaging ideally with PET/CT to define original disease extent.

3. RADIOTHERAPY
 Objective : Treat involved nodes and regions
at high risk for containing disease to a dose
associated with a high likelihood of tumor
eradication.
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

5. As Primary Treatment
i. Early-stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin
lymphoma (nLPHL)
ii. Selected cases of early-stage classic HL in patients who are
not candidates for primary chemotherapy

6. Radiation Therapy as Part of a
Combined Modality Approach
i. Early-stage classic HL
 After adequate systemic chemotherapy
ii. Advanced-stage disease
 Localized RT may be used for residual lymphoma after
full chemotherapy
 RT may be an integral part of some regimens for
advanced-stage disease

8. The EVOLUTION

11. MANTLE FIELD
 Involves all nodes from skull base to 10th thoracic level
 Includes :
 Bilateral Cervical
 Bilateral Supraclavicular
 Bilateral Infraclavicular
 Bilateral Axillary
 Bilateral Hilar
 Bilateral Mediastinal
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

12. FIELD SIMULATION
• Supine
• Neck Extended
• Arms above the head, or at 90* angle towards the
side, or in ‘akimbo’ position
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

13. FIELD DESIGN
 Superior : Bissects the mandible and passes through the
mastoid process
 Lateral : Both the axillae
 Inferior axillary margin: At the level of the inferior tips of
the scapulae.
 Inferior mediastinal border : T10-11 interspace.
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

14. BLOCKS

15. • Head of Humerus is shielded both anteriorly and posteriorly.
• Larynx is shielded anteriorly.
• Heart is shielded below the hilar level without including the
mediastinal LN’s both anteriorly and posteriorly.
• Spinal cord shielding is done in midline for dosages >40 Gy.
• A small block is put at the inferior border of spinal cord
posteriorly.
• Oral cavity is shielded if the superior border includes the oral
cavity.
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

16. MINI MANTLE & MODIFIED
MANTLE

18. Inverted-Y
 Target Volume:
 Para aortic
 Pelvis
 Inguinal nodes(b/l)
 Spleen
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

19. Treatment Fields:
 For Paraaortic
 Superiorly:The T10-11 vertebrae
 Inferiorly:The lower limit of L4
 Laterally : width of transverse process
 Pelvis Field:
 Laterally : 1.5-2 cm lat to the widest point in pelvis
 Inferiorly : Lesser trochanter.
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

20. Inverted “Y” Field
Para aortic fields pelvic field

21. BLOCKS:
 Central midline block for
 Bladder
 Small bowel
 Oophoropexy
 Testicular shielding
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

22. Oophoropexy
 Medial or lateral transposition of the ovaries via laparoscopy
 The surgeon marks the ovaries with radiopaque sutures or clips and
relocates them medially and as low as possible behind the uterine body.
 A double-thickness midline block is then used; its location is guided by the
position of the opacified nodes and transposed ovaries.
 When the ovaries are at least 2 cm from the edge of this block, the dose is
decreased to 8% of that delivered to the iliac Nodes.
 Alternatively, one or both of the ovaries can be transposed laterally to a
position overlying the iliac wings
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

27. RATIONALE
 Chemotherapy is effective notably for microscopic disease,
therefore large fields are no longer necessary.
 Consolidating radiation therapy to involved lymph nodes after
a limited number of chemotherapy cycles remains a necessity.
 Radiotherapy-induced complications are dependent on the
irradiated volume and the total radiation dose.
 It is therefore of utmost necessity to decrease the size of
radiation fields and to limit radiation doses.
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology (sixth edition)

28. IFRT
 Involved field radiotherapy.
 IFRT is the most commonly used technique at present
 Targets a smaller area rather than a classical extended field.
 IFRT (ASTRO 2002) DEFINITION
 IFRT encompasses region and not an individual lymph node.
 Initially involved Pre chemo sites and volume are treated
 Exception to above rule is for transverse diameter of mediastinum and
paraaortic lymph nodes for which reduced post chemo volume is treated.
ASTRO

29. DEFINITIONS AND RULES
 All patients must have pre- and post- chemotherapy
cervical and thoracic CT scans (axillary lymph node areas
must be clearly visible on thoracic CT scans).
 Patients must be examined by the radiation oncologist
before chemotherapy.
 The remission status after chemotherapy should be
determined for each initially involved lymph node
exclusively using CT scans.
ASTRO

30.  Complete remission (CR) is defined as the complete
disappearance of clinically and/or radiologically
detectable disease.
 CRu is defined as at least a 75% decrease in tumor size.
 A partial response (PR) is at least a 50% decrease in
tumor size.
 Failure is less than a 50% decrease or any increase in
tumor size
ASTRO

31. Fields for IFRT

32. Cervical Chain
Arms position: Akimbo or at
sides
Upper Border: 1 to 2 cm
above the lower tip of the
mastoid process and
midpoint through the
chin.
Lower Border: 2 cm below
the bottom of the clavicle.
Lateral Border: To include
the medial two-thirds of
the clavicle.
ASTRO

33. Axillary Field
 Arms overhead or
akimbo
 Superior border – C5-
C6 interspace
 Inferior border – Tip
of scapula
 Medial border –
Ipsilateral transverse
process
 Lateral border – Flash
axilla
ASTRO

34. Mediastinal Field
 Superior border – C5-C6
 Inferior border – 2 cm
below pre chemotherapy
extent
 Lateral border – 1.5 cm on
post-chemotherapy
volume
ASTRO

35. Para-aortics/Groin
 Para-aortic +/- spleen : T10-T11 down to L4-L5
 Groin: External iliac, femoral, and inguinal lymph nodes
 Account for spleen respiratory motion
ASTRO

36. 3DCRT
 GTV : Original prechemo volume
of involved lymph nodes clinically
and radiologically
 CTV:GTV with whole nodal regions
that contains the involved lymph
nodes.
 PTV: Depends on immobilization,
reproducibility, organ motion.
Usually 10 mm margin is added to
CTV
ASTRO

38. INVOLVED NODE RADIOTHERAPY
 Includes the originally involved nodes before
chemotherapy
 Requires FDG PET before and after chemotherapy for
accurate target delineation
 Concept : Recurrence usually occurred in the initial
involved nodes – Shahidi ( 2006 )
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

39. VOLUME DEFINITION - EORTC
 CTV : Initial volume of LN with exclusion of normal
displaced structures (e.g. muscles, blood vessels)
 GTV : If CR, not applicable.
If PR : post chemotherapy volume
 PTV : If CR, 1 cm isotropic margin of CTV
If PR, PTV1: CTV + 1 cm isotropic margin
PTV2: GTV + 1 cm isotropic margin
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

40. Techniques needed - EORTC
 Whenever feasible, pre chemotherapy PET-CT in RT
planning position
 3D, 4D, IMRT
 If conventional then field size need to be approximately
5x 5 cm
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

41.  The contouring process is as follows:
 1. The CT images of the pre chemotherapy PET/CT are used to
delineate the initially involved lymphoma volume, the GTV-CT
as determined by morphology on CT
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

42.  2. The PET images of the pre chemotherapy PET/CT are used
to delineate the initially involved lymphoma volume, the GTV-
PET as determined by FDG uptake
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

43.  3. The pre chemotherapy PET/CT is fused with the post
chemotherapy planning CT scan, and the GTV-CT and GTV-PET
are imported to the planning CT images
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

44.  4. The post chemotherapy tissue volume, which contained the
initially involved lymphoma tissue, is contoured using
information from both pre chemotherapy PET and pre
chemotherapy CT, taking into account tumor shrinkage and
other anatomic changes.
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

45.  The CTV
 Encompasses all of the initial lymphoma volume
 Still respecting normal structures that were never involved by
lymphoma, such as lungs, chest wall, muscles, and mediastinal
normal structures
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

49.  The concept of ISRT was developed on the basis of the INRT
 ISRT accommodates cases in which optimal pre chemotherapy
imaging is not available
 It is not possible to reduce the CTV to the same extent as with
INRT because the pre chemotherapy GTV information may not
be optimal
 In ISRT, clinical judgment in conjunction with the best available
imaging is used to contour a larger CTV that will accommodate
the uncertainties in defining the pre chemotherapy GTV
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

50.  If pre chemotherapy imaging is available, but image fusion
with the post chemotherapy planning CT scan is not possible
 To contour the pre chemotherapy target volume on the
planning CT scan allowance should be made for the
uncertainty of the contouring and differences in positioning by
including a larger volume in the CTV
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

51.  If no pre chemotherapy imaging is available
 To gather description of :
 The pre chemotherapy physical examination of the patient
 The location of scars and scar tissue on the post
chemotherapy planning CT scan
 The patient’s and the family’s recollections of the location
of the presenting lymph node(s)
 The CTV should be contoured taking into account all of this
information, making generous allowance for the many
uncertainties in the process
EORTC- GELA Lymphoma Group

52.  If no pre chemotherapy imaging is available
 To gather description of :
 The pre chemotherapy physical examination of the patient
 The location of scars and scar tissue on the post
chemotherapy planning CT scan
 The patient’s and the family’s recollections of the location
of the presenting lymph node(s)
 The CTV should be contoured taking into account all of this
information, making generous allowance for the many
uncertainties in the process