Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in tissues throughout the body. The name comes from a 13th century physician who observed facial lesions resembling a wolf bite. Diagnosis is based on criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology including malar rash, discoid lesions, arthritis, serositis, renal disease, and immunologic abnormalities. Treatment involves hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants like azathioprine. Lupus nephritis requires aggressive therapy with glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil. Treatment goals are complete or partial renal response through reduction

1. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
An overview of the diagnosis & management
Dr. Buddhika Illeperuma

2. Bit of history
▪ The word ‘lupus’ (Latin for ‘wolf’) is
attributed to the thirteenth century
physician Rogerius who used it to
describe erosive facial lesions that
were reminiscent of a wolf's bite.

3. Bit of history
▪ Robert Willan (1757-1808), a British dermatologist, described destructive
lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Cutaneous
tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris was included under this.
▪ In 1872, Kaposi first described the systemic signs of the disorder. These
included fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and arthritis.
▪ The name discoidal lupus, as pertaining to the exclusively cutaneous
form of the disease, is credited to Kaposi.
▪ Kaposi and Cazenave clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from
lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, although there was a lot of
confusion around that time due to the coexistence of both diseases in
patients.

4. 1997 Update of the 1982 American College of
Rheumatology Revised Criteria for Classification of
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1. Malar (butterfly) rash
2. Discoid lesions
3. Photosensitivity
4. Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
5. Non-deforming arthritis in two or more joints
6. Serositis: pleuropericarditis, aseptic peritonitis
7. Renal: persistent proteinuria › 0.5 g/d or ›3+ or cellular
casts
Definite SLE = 4 or more positive criteria

5. 1997 Update of the 1982 American College of
Rheumatology Revised Criteria for Classification of
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
8. Neurologic disorders: seizures, psychosis
9. Heme: hemolytic anemia; leucopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytepenia
10.Immune: anti-DNA, or anti-Sm, or APS (ACA IgG, IgM), or lupus
anticoagulant (standard) or false +VDRL
11.Positive ANA
Definite SLE = 4 or more positive criteria

6. New SLICC* Revision of theACR
Classification Criteria - Clinical
1. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
2. Chronic cutaneous lupus
3. Oral/Nasal ulcers
4. Nonscarring alopecia
5. Inflammatory synovitis with physician-observed swelling of two or
more joints OR tender joints with morning stiffness
6. Serositis
*Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)

7. New SLICC Revision of theACR
Classification Criteria - Clinical
7.Renal: Urine protein/creatinine (or 24 hr urine protein)
representing at least 500 mg of protein/24 hours or red
blood cell casts
8.Neurologic: seizures, psychosis, mononeuritis multiplex,
myelitis, peripheral or cranial neuropathy, cerebritis (acute
confusional state)
9. Hemolytic anemia
10.Leukopenia (< 4000/mm3 at least once) OR Lymphopenia (<
1000/mm3 at least once)
11.Thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm3) at least once

8. SLICC Revision of theACR
Classification Criteria – Immunologic
1. ANA (antinuclear antibody)
2. Anti-dsDNA
3. Anti-Sm (anti-Smith) antibody
4. APS abs: Lupus anticoagulant , false-positive test for
syphilis, anticardiolipin IgG, IgM, or IgA
5. Low complement: low C3, low C4, low CH50
6. Direct Coombs test in the absence of hemolytic
anemia

9. Lupus – SLICC New ClassificationCriteria: 4
needed
▪ At least 1 clinical plus at least 1 immunologic
criteria (for a total of 4)
or
▪ Lupus nephritis by biopsy as the sole clinical
criterion plus SLE autoantibodies: (+) ANA or
(+) anti-dsDNA

10. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
1) Lupus Malar rash (do not count if malar discoid)

11. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
2) Bullous lupus

12. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
3) Toxic epidermal necrolysis variant of SLE

13. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
4) Maculopapular lupus rash

14. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
5) Photosensitive lupus rash

15. Acute/subacute cutaneous lupus
6) Subacute cutaneous lupus
Nonindurated psoriaform and/or annular polycyclic lesions that resolve without scarring

16. Chronic cutaneous lupus
1. Classic discoid rash
 Localized (above the neck)
 Generalized (above and below the neck)

17. Chronic cutaneous lupus
2. Hypertrophic (verrucous) lupus

18. Chronic cutaneous lupus
3. Lupus panniculitis (profundus)

19. Chronic cutaneous lupus
4. Mucosal lupus

20. Chronic cutaneous lupus
5. Lupus erythematosus tumidus
Erythematous, succulent, edematous, nonscarring plaques in sun-exposed areas

21. Chronic cutaneous lupus
6. Chillblains lupus
Painful inflammation of small blood vessels

22. Chronic cutaneous lupus
7. Discoid lupus/lichen planus overlap

23. Oral/Nasal ulcers
▪ In the absence of other causes, such as vasculitis, Behcet’s disease, infection
(herpesvirus), inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and acidic foods

24. Nonscarring alopecia
▪ In the absence of other causes such as alopecia areata, drugs, iron deficiency, and
androgenic alopecia.

25. Arthritis
▪ Arthritis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and
metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the hands, as
well as the wrists
▪ Synovitis involving 2 or more joints, characterized
by swelling or effusion OR tenderness in 2 or more
joints and at least 30 minutes of morning stiffness
▪ Tenderness, edema, and effusions accompany a
polyarthritis that is symmetric, nonerosive, and
usually nondeforming
▪ Jaccoud arthropathy is the term used to describe
the nonerosive hand deformities due to chronic
arthritis and tendonitis that develop in 10% of
patients with SLE. Jaccoud arthropathy

26. Serositis
▪ Typical pleurisy for more than 1 day
OR pleural effusions
OR pleural rub
▪ Typical pericardial pain (pain with recumbency improved by sitting forward) for more
than 1 day
OR pericardial effusion
OR pericardial rub
OR pericarditis by electrocardiography
In the absence of other causes, such as infection, uremia, and Dressler’s pericarditis

27. Renal Manifestations
▪ Urine protein–to-creatinine ratio (or 24-hour urine protein) representing 500 mg
protein/24 hours
▪ Red blood cell casts

28. Neurologic Manifestations
1. Seizures
2. Psychosis
3. Mononeuritis multiplex - In the absence of other known causes such as primary
vasculitis
4. Myelitis
5. Peripheral or cranial neuropathy - In the absence of other known causes such as
primary vasculitis, infection, and diabetes mellitus
6. Acute confusional state - In the absence of other causes, including toxic/metabolic,
uremia, drugs

29. Haematological Manifestations
1) Hemolytic anemia
2) Leucopenia (4,000/mm3 at least once)
In the absence of other known causes such as Felty’s syndrome, drugs, and portal hypertension
OR
Lymphopenia (1,000/mm3 at least once)
In the absence of other known causes such as corticosteroids, drugs, and infection
3) Thrombocytopenia (100,000/mm3 )
At least once in the absence of other known causes such as drugs, portal hypertension, and
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

30. Immunologic criteria
1. ANA level above laboratory reference range
2. Anti-dsDNA antibody level above laboratory reference range (or 2-fold the reference range
if tested by ELISA)
3. Anti-Sm: presence of antibody to Sm nuclear antigen
4. Antiphospholipid antibody positivity as determined by any of the following:
Positive test result for lupus anticoagulant
False-positive test result for rapid plasma reagin
Medium- or high-titer anticardiolipin antibody level (IgA, IgG, or IgM)
Positive test result for anti–B2-glycoprotein I (IgA, IgG, or IgM)
5. Low complement - Low C3, Low C4, Low CH50
6. Direct Coombs’ test in the absence of hemolytic anemia

31. The Use of ANA for Screening
 Immunofluorescence ANA assay (IF) remains the gold standard for detection of ANA
Many laboratories perform immunoassays (such as the multiplexed immunobead
assay), for the detection of ANA as it is less labor-intensive
Data suggest that screening with an immunoassay would result in misclassification
and potential delay or missed diagnoses
Immunofluorescence (IF) should remain the preferred assay for ANA testing -
Endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)

32. SLE – Management
▪ EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical
Studies IncludingTherapeutics - July 2007
▪ Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association–
European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations
for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis - July 31, 2012
▪ American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for Screening, Case Definition,
Treatment and Management of Lupus Nephritis - 2012 June

33. Treatment of non-major organ involvement
▪ Glucocorticoids, Antimalarials, Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and, in
severe, refractory cases immunosuppressive agents are used in the treatment of SLE
patients without major-organ involvement.
▪ Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for the
symptomatic management of arthralgia, mild arthritis, myalgia, serositis and fever in
patients with SLE.
▪ They do not have any immunosuppressive properties and despite their widespread use
in the lupus population there is little trial evidence for safety or efficacy.
▪ They should be used for short periods of time and with caution especially in patients
with renal involvement, hypertension and established heart disease.

34. Treatment of non-major organ involvement
Hydroxychloroquine
▪ Hydroxychloroquine has emerged as the drug of choice and some experts advocate its
use in all patients provided that there are no contraindications.
▪ Owing to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, it has a significant
impact on the long-term outcome by modifying the course of illness through reduction
of low-grade flares and hence slows progression to severe disease requiring more
intense treatment.
▪ Hydroxychloroquine is most useful in the management of mucocutaneous,
musculoskeletal and constitutional symptoms such as fatigue and fever.
▪ Recently, hydroxychloroquine has been shown to have cardioprotective properties in
several studies, by reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
and triglycerides (TG) and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels

35. Treatment of non-major organ involvement
Hydroxychloroquine
▪ Hydroxychloroquine has a good safety profile and toxicity is infrequent, mild and
largely reversible.
▪ In pregnancy, it is safe with noticeable reduction in SLE activity and no adverse effects
on the child
▪ Retinal toxicity and macular damage are rare with hydroxychloroquine.
▪ Owing to the remote risk of hydroxychloroquine-related maculopathy, guidance from
the Royal College of Ophthalmology, UK, states that doses should not exceed 6.5
mg/kg/day and patients should have yearly visual acuity monitoring.

36. Treatment of non-major organ involvement
Corticosteroids
▪ Several studies have shown that a short course of moderate-dose corticosteroids can not
only treat active disease but can also help prevent flares in clinically stable but serologically
active patients.
▪ In mild disease, prednisolone is given in doses starting at 0.1–0.3 mg/kg/day followed by a
gradual tapering dose regimen according to clinical response.
▪ The dose rises to 0.4–0.6 mg/kg/day in moderate disease and as high as 0.7–1.5 mg/kg/day
in very severe disease.
▪ At such high doses, pulse therapy with intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone (MP; 500–1000
mg on one to three occasions) is deemed by many physicians to be safer with fewer
associated side effects.
▪ Prednisolone is safe in pregnancy as they are inactivated by 11 β-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase, so that less than 10% crosses the placenta

37. Treatment of non-major organ involvement -
Immunosuppressive therapies
▪ In patients with moderate-to-severe disease who require 10mg prednisolone/day or
more to manage their disease, other immunosuppressive agents should be added to
reduce the steroid requirements.
Azathioprine
▪ Azathioprine is commonly used for the induction of remission and as a steroid-sparing
agent in mild-to-moderate disease.
▪ In severe disease, it is used as maintenance therapy and data from lupus nephritis trials
show significant improvement in disease activity following induction therapy with
cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
▪ It is safe in pregnancy, as the foetal liver cannot metabolize azathioprine to the active
metabolites

38. Lupus nephritis: treatment
▪ The treatment of lupus nephritis often consists of a period of intensive
immunosuppressive therapy (induction therapy) followed by a longer period of less
intensive maintenance therapy.
▪ Class I and Class II generally does not require immunosuppressive treatment
▪ In general, patients with Class III, IV and V require aggressive therapy with
glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents.
▪ Class VI (sclerosis of ≥90% of glomeruli) generally requires preparation for renal
replacement therapy rather than immunosuppression.
▪ Options for induction therapy are either IV Cyclophosphamide or MMF in combination
with pulse Methylprednisolone (Methylprednisolone alone in pregnancy)
▪ Options for maintenance therapy are azathioprine (AZA), MMF or Prednisone up to 10
mg daily

39. Lupus nephritis: AdjunctiveTreatments
▪ The Task Force Panel recommended that all SLE patients with nephritis be treated
with a background of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (level C), unless there is a contra-
indication.
▪ All lupus nephritis patients with proteinuria ≥ 0.5 g per 24 hours should have blockade
of the renin-angiotensin system
▪ Treatment with either ACEi or ARBs reduces proteinuria approximately 30%, and
significantly delays doubling of serum creatinine and progression to end stage renal
disease
▪ The use of combinationACEi/ARB therapies is controversial.
▪ Careful attention should be paid to control of hypertension, with a target of ≤ 130/80.
▪ Statin therapy be introduced in patients with LDL cholesterol >100 mg/dL

40. Lupus nephritis:Treatment goals
▪ Complete renal response, defined as urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) <50
mg/mmol (roughly equivalent to proteinuria <0.5 g/24 h) and normal or near
normal(within 10% of normal)GFR.
▪ Partial renal response, defined as ≥50% reduction in proteinuria to subnephrotic levels
and normal or near-normal GFR, should be achieved preferably by 6 months and no
later than 12 months following treatment initiation.

41. Treatment of severe neuropsychiatric lupus
▪ Seizure, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, brainstem disease,
coma and internuclear ophthalmoplegia
▪ Induction therapy with intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) was followed by either
intravenous monthly cyclophosphamide (CY) versus intravenous MP every 4 months
for 1 year and then intravenous CY or intravenous MP every 3 months for another year.