The document provides an introduction to artificial seeds, including definitions and key concepts. It discusses the two main types of artificial seeds - desiccated and hydrated synthetic seeds. The production process involves establishing somatic embryogenesis, encapsulating somatic embryos or shoot buds, and planting the artificial seeds. Alginate is commonly used as the encapsulating material. Additives can be included to the matrix to serve as an artificial endosperm. The document outlines the potential uses and benefits of artificial seeds for propagation, germplasm preservation, and genetic engineering applications.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Introduction
Reason for cryopreservation
Selection of part of plant for cryopreservation
Technique of cryopreservation
Application
Limitation
Conclusion
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Introduction
Reason for cryopreservation
Selection of part of plant for cryopreservation
Technique of cryopreservation
Application
Limitation
Conclusion
Haploid Production - Techniques, Application & Problem ANUGYA JAISWAL
Haploid is applied to any plant originating from a sporophyte (2n) and containing (n) number of chromosomes.
Artificial production of haploids was attempted through distant hybridization, delayed pollination, application of irradiated pollen, hormone treatment and temperature shock.
The artificial production of haploids until 1964 was attempted through:
1. Distant hybridization
2. Delayed pollination
3. Application of irradiated pollen
4. Hormone treatments
5. Temperature shocks
The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther cultures of Datura innoxia, first reported by two Indian scientists (Guha and Maheshwari, 1964, 1966), was a major breakthrough in haploid breeding of higher plants.
The technique of haploid production through anther culture ('anther - androgenesis') has been extended successfully to numerous plant species, including many economically important plants, such as cereals and vegetable, oil and tree crops.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
While conditioning is a process that has kept the attention of the modern feed milling industry for some time now, the pelleting process of press meal is a subject that is no longer considered to be very important.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
The prosperity of industrial feed compounding is based on the refining effect of mixed and processed raw materials, especially since the introduction of the pelleting process in the 1920s.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
• Seed culture is an important technique when explants are taken from in vitro-derived plants and in propagation of orchids.
• Embryo culture represents the earliest technique to obtain viable offspring following interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations where routine fertilization failed to produce a well-defined and full-term embryo.
• Embryo rescue holds great promise not only for effecting wide crosses, but also for obtaining haploid plants as well as for shortening the breeding cycle.
A novel method for triploid plant production, Increases yield of timber and fuel, Rescuing Embryos from Incompatible Crosses, Overcoming Dormancy and Shortening Breeding Cycle
somatic embryogenesis in palm species.pptxSanghaviBoddu
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS, HISTORY,STAGES OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS,INDUCTION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS,SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN OIL PALM
,GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
,PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PALM ,SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
,SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN TENERA PALM AND MACAW PALM, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN PEACH PALM, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN COCONUT PALM,
Somatic embryogenesis is the process in which a single cell or a small group of cells follow a developmental pathway that leads to reproducible regeneration of non-zygotic embryos which are capable of producing a complete plant.
The main purpose of these slides is to convey information to the Professors, Lecturers, and Students. These slides contain authentic information about this topic which is mentioned in that.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Similar to Artificial seed & and their application (20)
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
ARTIFICIAL SEED CAN BE DEFINED AS ARTIFICIAL
ENCAPSULATION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS, SHOOT
BUD OR AGGREGATES OF CELL OF ANY TISSUES
WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO FORM A PLANT IN
IN-VITRO OR EX-VIVO CONDITION. ARTIFICIAL
SEED HAVE ALSO BEEN OFTEN REFERRED TO AS
SYNTHETIC SEED.
4. ARTIFICIAL SEEDS
Concepts -
• Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel
analogue to the plant seeds. The production of artificial
seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable
seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides
further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
• The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated
from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation
was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
6. BASED ON THE TECHNIQUES TWO TYPES OF
ARTIFICIAL SEEDS ARE PRODUCED
• DESICCATED SYNTHETIC SEEDS- Desiccated synthetic seeds
are produced nacked or polyoxyethylene glycol encapsulated
somatic embryos. This type of synthetic seeds is produced in
desiccation tolerant species plant.
• HYDRATED SYNTHETIC SEEDS- Hydrated synthetic seeds
are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogels
like sodium alginate, potassium alginate, carrageenan, sodium
pectate or sodium alginate with gelatine.
7. NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Development of micro propagation technique will
ensure abundant supply of desired plant species.
Development of artificial seed production technology
is currently considered as an effective and efficient
method of propagation in several commercially
important agronomic and horticultural crops.
8. These artificial seed would also be a channel for new
plant lines produced through biotechnological advances
to be delivered directly to greenhouse and field.
High volume propagation potential of somatic embryos
combined with formation of synthetic seeds for low-cost
delivery would open new vistas for clonal propagation in
several commercially important crop species.
9. WHAT ARE SOMATIC EMBRYOS ?
Somatic embryos are bipolar structures
with both apical and basal meristematic
regions, which are capable of forming
shoot and root respectively.
10. SOMATIC EMBRYOS vs ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS AND
THEIR ADVANTAGES.
Somatic embryos are structurally similar to zygotic
embryos found in seeds and possess many of their
useful features, including the ability to grow into
complete plant.
Somatic embryos differ in that they develop from somatic
cells, instead of zygotes and thus, potentially can be
used to produces duplicates of single genotypes.
11. Somatic embryos develops from somatic cells(non-
sexual) and does not involve sexual recombination. This
characteristic of somatic embryos allows not only clonal
propagation but also specific and directed changes to be
introduced into desirable elite individuals by inserting
isolated gene sequences into somatic cells.
If the production efficiency and convenience comparable
to that of a true seed are achieved, somatic embryos can
be potentially used as a clonal propagation system.
12. BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
ARTIFICIAL SEEDS.
One pre-requisite for the application of synthetic seed
technology in micropropagation is the production of high
quality, vigorous somatic embryos that can produce
plants with frequencies comparable to natural seeds.
Synthetic seed technology requires the inexpensive
production of large numbers of high quality somatic
embryos with synchronous maturation.
13. Encapsulation and coating systems, though important for
delivery of somatic embryos, are not the limiting factors
for the development of synthetic seeds.
The lack of synchrony of somatic embryos is, arguably,
the single most important hurdle to be overcome before
advances leading to wide spread commercialization of
synthetic seeds can occur.
14. PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL SEEDS
Establish somatic embryogenesis
Mature somatic embryogenesis
Synchronize and singulate somatic embryos
Mass production of somatic embryos
Standardization of encapsulation
Standardization of artificial endosperm
Mass production of artificial seeds
Greenhouse and field planting
15. Methods for artificial seed encapsulation
• Dropping method
Somatic embryos are dipped in hydrogel, this step
encapsulate SEs.
Hydrogel used may be any of the following.
o alginate – sodium alginate, agar from see weeds, seed gums
like guar gum, locust bean gum.
- Sodium alginate solution (1 – 5%), prepared in MS basal medium
solution.
- SEs are dipped in this solution.
-These coated beads are added one by one into a complexation
solution flask kept on magnetic stirrer and kept such for around
20-30 minutes.
16. o Embryos get covered by calcium alginate which is a stable
complex due to ionic bond formation, become harder, Seeds
become harder.
o Then gelled embryos are washed with water or MS basal
medium.
o The synthetic seeds are ready.
Molding method
• This method follows simple procedure of mixing of embryos
with temperature dependent gel (e.g. gel rite, agar).
• Cells get coated with the gel at lowering of the temperature.
18. A. Encapsulated shoot tips in sodium alginate bead.
B. Germination of encapsulated shoot tips.
C. Shoot induction of encapsulated shoot tips.
D. Shoots from encapsulated shoot tips
E. Rooted multiple shoots of encapsulated shoot tips.
F. Established plant in earthen pot.
Fig: Regeneration of encapsulated shoot tips (artificial seed) of pointed gourd.
22. Figure - Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), encapsulated
PLBs and their regeneration under in vitro and natural
condition.
(A) PLBs selected for encapsulation. (B) Encapsulated PLBs.
(C) In vitro regeneration of PLBs. (D) Regeneration and emergence of artificial
seeds under in vivo conditions
23. DESICCATION TOLERANCE:
Desiccation tolerance is a quantitative characteristic not
a qualitative one.
It can be induced by a pretreatment with ABA or stress
to elicit the desired response.
The type of pretreatment used, the duration for which it
is applied and the stage of embryo that is treated are
critical factors.
For 3 days in 20 mm ABA is sufficient to induce
tolerance, but chilling requires almost 3 weeks.
24. OVERVIEW OF DRY SYNTHETIC SEED
PRODUCTION:
1. After pollination, a zygotic embryo of a dicotyledonous
species develops through a series of morphological
stages termed globular, heart and torpedo.
2. Cotyledons develop and expand as the storage reserves
of protein, starch and/or oil are deposited.
3. Before the embryo achieves its maximum weight, it
acquires the ability to tolerate drying.
4. Then, the seed's vascular connections to the maternal
plant are severed, it stops importing nutrients and it
begins to lose water. Once they are hydrated,
germination commences culminating in the emergence
of a radicle and then the mobilization of the storage
reserves by the seedling.
26. TYPES OF GELLING AGENTS USED FOR
ENCAPSULATION
• Several gels like agar, alginate, polyco2133 (Bordon Co.),
carboxy methyl cellulose, carrageenan, gelrite (Kelko. Co.),
guargum, sodium pectate, tragacanth gum, etc. Were
tested for synthetic seed production, out of which alginate
encapsulation was found to be more suitable and
practicable for synthetic seed production.
• Alginate was chosen because it enhances capsule
formation and also rigidity of alginate beads provides better
protection to the encased somatic embryos against
mechanical injury.
27. PRINCIPLE AND CONDITIONS FOR ENCAPSULATION
WITH ALGINATE MATRIX
• The major principle involved in alginate encapsulation
process is that the sodium alginate droplets containing
the somatic embryos when dropped into CaCl2.2H2O
solution form round and firm beads due to ion exchange
between the NA+
in sodium alginate with CA2+
in the
CaCl2.2H2O solution.
• 3% sodium alginate upon complexation with 75mM
CaCl2.2H2O for half an hour gives optimum beads
hardness and rigidity for the production of viable
synthetic seeds.
28. ARTIFICIAL ENDOSPERM
Somatic embryos lack seed coat (testa) and endosperm
that provide protection and nutrition for zygotic embryos
in developing seeds.
To augment these deficiencies, addition of nutrients and
growth regulators to the encapsulation matrix is desired,
which serves as an artificial endosperm.
These addition results in increase efficiency of
germination and viability of encapsulated somatic
embryos.these synthetic seeds can be stored for a
longer period of time even upto 6 months without losing
viabilty,especially when stored at 40
c.
29. ADDITION OF ADJUVANTS TO THE MATRIX
To prevent the embryo from desiccation and mechanical
injury, a number of useful materials such as nutrients,
fungicides, pesticides, antibiotics and microorganisms
(eg.rhizobia) may be incorporated into the encapsulation
matrix.
Incorporation of activated charcoal improves the
conversion and vigour of the encapsulated somatic
embryos and retains nutrients within the hydrogel
capsule and slowly releases them to the growing
embryo.
30. Additives Number of multiple shoots produced in diff. dendrobium hybrids
D.Kasem
Gold X
D.Thed
Takiguchi
D.sonia D.New
Sabin
Red
D.Ekapol
Panda
No. 1
D.Sakura
Pink
D.Banyad
Pink
CW (20%)+NAA (0.1)+BAP (2) 5 4 8 6 3 4
CW (20%)+NAA (0.1)+BAP (3) 8 6 12 7 5 4
NAA (0.1) + BAP (2) 3 3 5 2 2 3
NAA (0.1) + BAP (3) 2 3 6 4 4 4
MULTIPLE SHOOT FORMATION IN SHOOT TIP EXPLANTS FO DIFFERENT
DENDROBIUM HYBRIDS IN VW MEDIUM CONTAINING DIFF.GROWTH ADJUNCTS
CAU, Imphal Devi et al., (1998)
31. Effect of different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate on in vivo germination of
G.densiflorum. Each set consists of 25 encapsulated PLBs and had 10 replicates.
Concentration of sodium
bicarbonate (mg1-1
)
Concentration of
bavastin (mg1-1
)
Regeneration
percentage ± SE
0 4 6.00±0.30
5 4 12.00±1.08
10 4 20.4**±1.69
15 4 24.2**±1.28
20 4 28.40**±1.04
25 4 22.6*±0.60
30 4 20.20**±0.74
40 4 18.6***±0.78
Germination percentage followed by asterisks in each treatment within
the same column is significantly different from control (artificial seeds
without NaHCO3) using student’s t test at *5% level; **1% level and
***0.1% level.
RAMMOHANPUR (WB) DATTA et al., (1999)
32. UTILIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL SEEDS
The artificial seeds can be used for specific purposes,
notably multiplication of non-seed producing plants,
ornamental hybrids or the propagation of polyploid plants
with elite traits.
It can be employed in the propagation of male or female
sterile plants for hybrid seed production.
Cryo-preserved artificial seeds may also be used for
germplasm preservation particularly in recalcitrant
species (such as mango, cocoa and coconut), as these
seed will not undergo desiccation.
33. Transgenic plants, which require separate growth
facilities to maintain original genotypes may also be
preserved using somatic embryos.
Somatic embryogenesis is a potential tool in the genetic
engineering of the plants.
Plants that are generated by somatic embryos from
single transgenic cell, the progeny will not be chimeric.
34. Multiplication of elite plants selected in plant breeding
programs via somatic embryos avoids the genetic
recombination, and therefore does not warrant continued
selection inherent in conventional plant breeding, saving
considerable amount of time and other resources.
Artificial seeds produced in tissue culture are free of
pathogens. Thus, another advantage is the transport of
pathogen free propagules across the international
borders avoiding bulk transportation of plants, quarantine
and spread of diseases.
35. POTENTIAL USES OF ARTIFICIAL SEEDS
DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
Reduced costs of transplants.
Direct greenhouse and field delivery of:
- elite, select genotypes
- hand-pollinated hybrids
- genetically engineered plants
- sterile and unstable genotypes
36. Large-scale mono cultures.
Mixed-genotype plantations.
Carriers for adjuvants such as microorganisms,
plant growth regulators, pesticides, fungicides,
nutrients and antibiotics.
Protection of meiotically-unstable, elite genotypes.
Can be conceivably handled as seed using
conventional planting equipment.
37. ANALYTICAL TOOLS:
Comparative aid for zygotic embryogeny.
Production of large numbers of identical embryos.
Determination of role of endosperm in embryo
development and germination.
Study of seed coat formation.
Study of somoclonal variation.
38. APPLICABILITY AND FEASIBILITY OF ARTIFICIAL
SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
In order to be useful, synthetic seed must either reduce
production costs or increase crop value.
The relative benefits gained, when weighed against
development costs, will determine whether its use is
justified for a given crop species.
For e.g. synthetic seed of seedless water melon would
actually cost less than conventional seed, providing a
benefit at the outset of crop production.