Overview of parts of speech

1. GRAMMAR REVISION

2. GRAMMAR METAPHOR…
 ‘Grammar is the rules of democracy, which regulate
and perpetuate this imperfect paradise of ours…
 …The rules of grammar are the rules for paradise…
 …The rules of grammar manufacture and conserve
language, with its power to make and share
meaning...’
 The Little Green Grammar Book Mark Tredinnick

3. NOUNS
 A noun is a naming word for a person, place, thing,
idea or quality.
 There are different types of nouns, including:
 Common nouns
 Proper nouns
 Abstract nouns
 Collective nouns
 Compound nouns

4. Noun Definition Examples
Common Common (or concrete) nouns
name any category of a thing or
person which is not specific to an
individual.
1. Table (add two more)
Proper Proper nouns are common nouns
with a specific name. They begin
with a capital letter.
1. Melbourne
Abstract An abstract noun names an idea,
quality or state.
1. Happiness
Collective Collective nouns name a group or
collection of things.
1. Team
Compound Compound nouns are made by
joining two words together.
1. Dishwasher

5. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Noun Definition Examples
Singular Nouns may be singular in
number. Singular nouns name
ONE thing.
Chair
(add two more)
Plural Nouns may be plural in
number. Plural nouns name
MORE THAN ONE thing.
Chairs
(add two more)
To write regular plural nouns,
we add s to the singular noun.
OR
We add es to nouns that end
in ch, sh, s, ss, x and some
words ending in o.
Irregular plural
nouns are formed by
changing the vowels
or adding en.

6. Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
plate truck child
pencil beach sheep
shoe lunch tooth
book snowman violin
REMEMBER: you must take into account that:
-some nouns are both singular and plural. For example:
sheep, fish and deer.
-some nouns are only plural. For example: trousers,
scissors and spectacles.

7. 20 NOUNS IN 20 SECONDS?!

8. HOW MANY COMPOUND NOUNS CAN YOU
MAKE?
 Air___________
 Back_________
 Black_________
 Chop_________
 Down_________
 Ear___________
 Finger___________
 Foot____________
 Honey____________
 Key______________
 News______________
 Out____________
 Over_____________
 Pass____________
 Saw____________
 Side____________
 Sleep____________
 Space____________
 Stop____________
 Sweet____________

9. PRONOUNS
 A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.
 For example:
He can play football.
You were with us that day.
 There are different types of pronouns:
 Personal - Reflexive
 Possessive - Relative
 Interrogative - Indefinite
 Demonstrative - Emphatic

10. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
 Personal pronouns replace names of people, animals
or things.
 Subjective Objective
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st I We Me Us
2nd You You You You
3rd He, she, it They Him, her, it Them

11. EXAMPLE SENTENCES
1st person subjective:
_______________________________________
1st person objective:
_______________________________________
3rd person subjective:
_______________________________________
3rd person objective:
_______________________________________

12. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
 Possessive pronouns are used to show
ownership (possession).
 For example:
 This car is mine.
 That was their problem.
First person: mine, ours
Second person: yours
Third person: his, hers, its, theirs
Note: They do not need an apostrophe to show
possession.

13. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
 Interrogative pronouns ask a question (interrogate).
 who, what, whose, which, whom.
 For example:
 Who are you?
 What is that?
 Whose coat is that?
 Which shirt do you prefer?
 To whom are you speaking?

14. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
 The flight attendant of the pronouns!
 This, that, those, these.
 These are your headsets.
 This is the nearest exit.
 That is the other exit.
 Those are the toilets.

15. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
 Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding self and
selves to pronouns. They refer back to the subject in a
sentence.
For example: I emailed myself a copy of the report.
My = Our =
Your = Your =
Him = Them =

16. FURTHER EXAMPLES
 He blamed himself for the child’s accident.
 They couldn’t help themselves.
 The old man was singing to himself.
 Note: the following use of himself is not a reflexive
pronoun, but a personal pronoun:
 He gave the papers to John and myself.

17. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 Are LINK words. They link nouns with their
related clauses (relate one part of a
sentence to another).
 who, whom, whose, that, which.
 For example:
 The surfer who won the event came from
Queensland.
 The students discussed to whom they
would donate the money.
 Note: Who is used when the noun is the
subject of the verb. Whom is used when the
noun is the object of the verb.

18. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
 ‘Not definite’ – identity is unknown or uncertain.
 Does not refer to any specific person, thing or
amount.
 all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each,
everybody/everyone, everything, few, many,
nobody, several, some, somebody/someone.

19. EXAMPLES:
 Everyone knows that song.
 Have you eaten anything in the last few hours?
 I knocked on the door, but nobody answered.
 Somebody must have heard that noise.
 They lost everything in the fire.
 Story

20. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
 The ‘Jazz Hands’ of pronouns!
 Used for emphasis.
 Not needed to give the sentence meaning, but
highlights the point.
 E.g. I, myself, do not support that that idea.
 Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves
 Song

21. VERBS
 Verbs denote actions or states and are needed to
give a sentence meaning. Every sentence must
contain a verb.
 ‘Doing words’
 For example:
 Kate is helping the charity workers.
 This desert tastes sweet.
 She searched her purse for the ticket.

22. VERBS AND TENSE
 Verbs show us when an action takes place (that is, in the
past, present or future). For example:
 I walk.
 You walked.
 He will walk.
 Some tenses are formed using an auxiliary verb (helping
verb) with the past or present participle.
 The verbs used most often as auxiliary verbs are: to be,
to have and should, would, can, could, will, are, is,
has, had, were, was.
 For example: We have driven a long way today.

23. LINKING VERBS
 Also known as verbs of being.
 Show what someone or something is, was or
will be.
 For example:
 Sophie is my sister.
 This apple tastes delicious.
 I am happy.
Note: the most common linking verb is to be,
which can take the form of am, is, are, etc.
To determine whether a word is a linking or action
verb, try substituting it for am, is or are. If it
makes sense, it is a linking verb.

24. PARTICIPLES
 Participles are used with auxiliary verbs to form more
complex present, past and future tenses.
 The present participle is always formed with the verb –ing.
 E.g. The girl was struggling with the heavy load.
 Regular past participles add –ed to the present tense of the
verb.
 E.g. They have walked a long way this week.
 Many irregular past participles come from Old English
verbs.
 E.g. My parents have gone overseas for a month. (not have goed!)

25. FILL IN THE TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
Present tense Past tense Past participle Present
participle
begin began begun Beginning
break broken
drink
write
swim swam
know known
eat eating

26. ADJECTIVES
 An adjective adds to the meaning of a noun (modifies). It
describes a thing in terms of its shape, its size, its texture
and/or its colour. It also tells us how many, whose and
which one we mean.
 Examples:
 The rugby field was square. (shape)
 The large dog snarled. (size)
 He painted on smooth paper. (texture)
 It was a pink room. (colour)
 There was one vacancy. (how many)
 That girl will be a champion. (which one)

27. ADVERBS
 An adverb adds to the meaning (or modifies) a
verb. It is used with a verb to tell us how (manner),
when (time), where (place) and to what extent
(degree) something happened.
 Examples:
 She worked efficiently. (manner)
 He slipped yesterday. (time)
 She searched everywhere for the tickets. (place)
 She was quite sick. (degree)

28.  Clue: Adverbs often end in –ly
- brave = bravely
- sudden = suddenly
- sweet = sweetly
 Adverbs can modify verbs, other adverbs and
adjectives.
 Examples:
- Sally spoke well. (adverb)
- Sally spoke extremely well. (adverb, adverb)
- She was a very proud girl. (adverb, adjective)

29. ADD ADVERBS TO THE FOLLOWING:
 He ran. (manner)
 He ran well. (adverb)
 They chatted. (manner)
 We are coming. (time)
 Paul has been waiting for an hour. (place)
 Jack fell (time)
 Sophie spoke loudly (adverb)
 Sally felt happy. (degree)

30. PREPOSITIONS
 A preposition indicates the position of one object (either
people or things) in relation to another.
 ‘Prepositions, on a mission, to tell me exactly my position’
Prepositions by the Bazillions
 Clue: prepositions are followed by nouns or pronouns,
not verbs. E.G. The pen is on the table.
 Some common prepositions are:
Above Across Before Behind Below
Beneath By Down During From
In Into Like Near Of
Out Over Round Through To
Under Up Upon With Within

31. CONJUNCTIONS
 Conjunctions join sentences, clauses, phrases or
single words. Conjunctions may begin a sentence or
may be placed between the words or sentences being
joined.
 NOTE: using a variety of conjunctions will ensure that
you use a range of sentence structures, giving your
writing more vitality and making it more engaging for
your readers.
After Although And As soon
as
Because
Before But For However Or
Though Unless Until When Since
Whether While Whilst Yet Where

32. ARTICLES
 There are two kinds used with nouns:
 Definite article - the
Pass me the cup, please. (A particular cup)
 Indefinite articles – a or an
Pass me a cup, please. (Any cup)
Note: use a before words beginning with consonants
or words the long u sound (e.g. unit)
Use an before vowels (short u sound– e.g. uncle)
or words beginning with a silent h (e.g. hour)

33. SENTENCES
 There are three types of sentences:
 Simple
 Compound
 Complex
Sentence Type Definition Example
Simple A simple sentence consists of one
independent clause. It has a verb
and a subject.
Most Australians live in
cities.
Compound A compound sentence must have
two (or more) independent
clauses. A FANBOY conjunction
joins them. (for, and, nor, but, or,
yet)
The girl knocked over a
tin of paint and her
mother was angry.
Complex A complex sentence is made up of
an independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
Northern Queensland,
Sophie’s favourite place,
is very hot.

34. IDENTIFY THESE SENTENCE TYPES:
 Sophie and Jack went to the movies after they
finished studying.
 Sally went shopping and John went to the beach.
 Chloe did not go to school today because she was
sick.
 That cat is very fluffy.
 Some students like to study in the library.
 I saw Ali’s swimming race, but I didn’t see Paul
race.
 The tram was late this morning.
 I did not see Alice at the tram stop because she
was late.

35. SENTENCES
 A sentence has two parts:
 a subject: who or what the sentence is about; and
 a predicate: what is said about the subject. The
predicate always includes the verb.
Subject Predicate
Cricket is my favourite sport.
The boy next door behaves badly.
Hundreds of people perished in the earthquake.
A policeman ran to arrest him.
Fish swim.

36. PEARSON ENGLISH ACTIVITIES
 Complete the following pages in your Pearson English
book:
 Pages 1-4 Q. 1,2,3.
 Pages 5-7 Q. 1,2,3,4,5,6.
 Pages 9-10 Q. 1,2,3,4,5.
 Pages 11-14 Q. 1,2,3,4,6.
 Pages 17-18 Q. 1,2,3,4.
 Revise the relevant units in English Skills Builder 1 & 2
from Years 7 & 8.