1. ͏ Phrase Structure Rule

2.  Phrase structure rule is the arrangement of
the elements that make up a phrase is
regulated by a special type of grammatical
mechanism.
 The following phrase structure rules stipulate
the position of specifiers, head, and
complements.

3. 1. NP → (determiner) N (PP)...
2. VP → (qualifier) V (NP)...
3. AP → (degree word) A (PP)...
4. PP → (degree word) P (NP)...

4. Example : NP
The novel about love
Det N PP

5. Example : VP
Never see a Lion directly
Qual V Det N other option comp.

6. Example : AP
Quite certain about mary
Deg A PP

7. Example : PP
Almost at the campus
Deg P NP

8. As the parentheses in our rules indicate,
both specifiers and complements are optional.
Thus, a phrase may consist of;
a specifier, a head, and a complement (VP);
VP
Qual V NP
a head, and a complement (PP);
PP
P NP
a specifier and a head (NP);
NP
Det N
or just a head (VP)
VP
V

9. XP
Specifier X complement
head
XP → (specifier) X (complement)
X stands for N, V, A, or P