Synovial fluid analysis provides diagnostic information for patients with joint infections or crystal-induced arthritis. Synovial fluid is normally clear and viscous, but abnormal fluids can be categorized as noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, or hemorrhagic based on analysis. Key components of analysis include white blood cell count, differential count, cultures, Gram stain, and crystal search using polarized light microscopy. Abnormal findings help reduce the number of possible joint effusion causes to consider in the differential diagnosis.
synovial fluid is the fluid which is present within the joint for lubrication, provide of nutrition, to prevent from shock. fluid analysis is very important in medical field for the diagnosis of many diseases, on the basis of which a patient may be properly treated.
synovial fluid is the fluid which is present within the joint for lubrication, provide of nutrition, to prevent from shock. fluid analysis is very important in medical field for the diagnosis of many diseases, on the basis of which a patient may be properly treated.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
It is fluid which is present
in the pericardial cavity of
heart b/w parietal pericardium n visceral pericardium.
The pericardial cavity is a
potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pericardium.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
It is fluid which is present in
the abdominal cavity.
The peritoneal cavity is a potential
space lined by mesothelium of the
visceral n parietal peritoneum.
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
It is fluid which is present
in the pericardial cavity of
heart b/w parietal pericardium n visceral pericardium.
The pericardial cavity is a
potential space lined by
mesothelium of the visceral n parietal pericardium.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Arthrocentesis: A bedside procedure in which a sterile needle and syringe are used to drain fluid from the joint, and in some conditions, medication is injected into the joint after fluid removal.
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching commonly called FRAP is one of the most cutting edge technologies that has turned the world of protein around.Click to know more
Analysis of Different Fluid Inside our body Their Chemical, Macroscopic and Microscopic Examimation
Exudative and Transudative Pleural Fluid Pathophysiology
CSF:
Derived through ultrafilteration and secretion through choroid plexus, produced at the rate of 500 ml/day.
Provides physical support, collects wastes, circulates nutrients and lubricates the CNS.
Normal CSF volumes:
In Adults: 90 - 150 ml
In Neonates: 10 - 60 ml
Total CSF volume is replaced every 5-7 hours.
COLLECTION
Lumbar puncture, Cisternal puncture, Lateral cervical puncture, Shunts and cannulas
Opening pressure – 90-180 mm H2O
Approximately 15-20 cc fluid collected
LAB
REQUIRED
Opening CSF pressure
Total cell count
Differential cell count
Glucose
Total protein
OPTIONAL
Cultures, Gram stain, AFB, Fungal and bacterial
antigens, Enzymes, PCR, Cytology, Electrophoresis,
VDRL, D-Dimers
Some Basics of Veterinary Haematology examination. Includes most significant parameters for clinical diagnostics of veterinary cases.
Composed and Presented by Tean Zaheer.
BLOOD FILM EXAMINATION: ITS RECENT INVESTIGATIVE METHODOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS...Chibueze Nwudele
In patient’s care, diagnostic formulations rest on a tripod consisting of clinical history, physical examination and laboratory investigation.
The literature reveals that as much as 70% of clinical decisions and diagnosis are supported by laboratory medicine (WHO, 2015; Adewoyin & Nwogoh, 2014).
Peripheral blood film (PBF) is a basic and a highly informative haematological tool at the clinician’s disposal in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic response.
An adept understanding of peripheral blood interpretation is important for a successful clinical practice (Adewoyin & Nwogoh, 2014).
Therefore, the ability to prepare, stain and report correct findings of a peripheral blood film is a skill that every Medical Laboratory Scientist should desire and study extensively to get expertise in.
This is important as its role in the investigations and diagnosis of diseases mostly anaemia and most other haematological disorders cannot be over emphasized. To me, it is the hallmark of haematology.
Disorders that perturb cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function are often marked by the accumulation of fluid in tissues (edema) or body cavities (effusions).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid found in the
cavities of synovial joint
"synovial" partially derives from ovum,(egg)
• The principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce
friction between the articular cartilage of
synovial joints during movement.
• It also provides nutrition to the articular
cartilage and disc
3.
4. GENERATION AND CLEARANCE OF
SYNOVIAL FLUID
• The Starling equation reads as follows:
• J= K ([Pc − Pi] − σ[πc − πi])
• ([Pc − Pi] − σ[πc − πi]) is the net driving force,
• Kf is the proportionality constant, and
• Jv is the net fluid movement between
compartments.
5. • According to Starling's equation, the
movement of fluid depends on six variables:
• Capillary hydrostatic pressure ( Pc )
• Interstitial hydrostatic pressure ( Pi )
• Capillary oncotic pressure ( πc )
• Interstitial oncotic pressure ( πi )
• Filtration coefficient ( Kf )
• Reflection coefficient ( σ )
6. • Synovial fluid is a mixture of a protein-rich
ultrafiltrate of plasma and hyaluronan
synthesized by synoviocytes.
• Generation of this ultrafiltrate depends on the
difference between intracapillary and intra-
articular hydrostatic pressures and between
colloid osmotic pressures of capillary plasma
and synovial tissue fluid
7. • Proteins are present in synovial fluid at
concentrations inversely proportional to
molecular size, with synovial fluid albumin
concentrations being about 45% of those in
plasma
• Synovial fluid is cleared through lymphatics in
the synovium, assisted by joint movement
8. • Normal synovial fluid — Typical charecteristics
• * Highly viscous
• * Clear
• * Essentially acellular
• * Protein concentration approximately 45%
that of plasma
• * Glucose concentration similar to that in
plasma
• Concentrations of electrolytes and small
molecules are equivalent to those in plasma
9. • Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by fibroblast-like
synovial lining cells, and it appears in high
concentrations in synovial fluid at around 3 g/L,
compared with a plasma concentration of 30
μg/L.
• Lubricin, a glycoprotein that assists articular
lubrication, is another constituent of synovial
fluid that is generated by the lining cells
• Their function is to provide lubrication to the
articular surfaces
10. • In normal joints, intra-articular pressures are
slightly subatmospheric at rest (0 to -5 )
• During exercise, hydrostatic pressure in the
normal joint may decrease further
• Resting intra-articular pressures in rheumatoid
joints are around 20 mm Hg, whereas during
isometric exercise, they may increase to
greater than 100 mm Hg, well above capillary
perfusion pressure and, at times, above
arterial pressure
11. • Synovial fluid may be collected by syringe in a
procedure termed arthrocentesis, also known
as joint aspiration
• Categories of joint effusions — Results of
synovial fluid analysis can be used to
categorize the fluid as noninflammatory,
inflammatory, septic, or hemorrhagic based
upon the clinical and laboratory analysis
12. • COMPONENTS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS
• Gross appearance — The volume, clarity, color,
and viscosity of joint fluid are noted.
• Clarity — Increased opacity of the fluid is
usually due to abnormally large numbers of
nucleated or red blood cells. However,
translucent or even opaque fluid may be the
result of acellular material. Examples include
lipids in fat necrosis, cholesterol crystals in
chylous effusions, or innumerable
monosodium urate crystals aspirated from
gouty tophi
13. • Color — Colorless, clear fluid is normal, while
increasing amounts of plasma and nucleated cells
contribute to the yellow or yellow-green
appearance of inflammatory or septic fluids.
Bright red, rusty, or chocolate brown fluids are
indicative of fresh or old blood
• Viscosity — As joint fluid is expelled from the
syringe and allowed to drop into a suitable
receptacle normal fluid will produce a long string-
like extension as it falls. Release of proteolytic
enzymes into inflamed synovial fluid typically
generally causes a decrease in viscosity. However,
frankly purulent (septic) effusions may also be
viscous
14. • Microscopic examination — The microscopic
examination of synovial fluid may be
performed on as little as one drop of
uncentrifuged fluid (wet mount), however,
examination of the sediment of a centrifuged
specimen may improve the sensitivity of the
microscopic examination for crystals
15. • Cell count — Normal synovial fluid is nearly
acellular. Inflammatory and septic synovial
fluids are characterized by increasing numbers
of leukocytes. Bacterial joint infections
typically are purulent with leukocyte counts
(most of which are neutrophils) of 50,000 to
150,000 cells/mm3
16. • Crystal search — Examination of synovial fluid for
monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and calcium
pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals is
facilitated by having a microscope with polarizing
filters and a quarter wave plate
• Other crystals — Crystals other than MSU and
CPPD may have a role in the pathogenesis of
some diseases. Examples include crystals of
cholesterol, hydroxyapatite, and basic calcium
phosphate.
17. • Gram stain — The synovial fluid Gram stain is an easily
performed test that can provide immediate, useful
information concerning the diagnosis and therapy
(Gram positive versus Gram negative coverage) of
septic arthritis
• Despite its utility, the sensitivity and specificity of
synovial fluid Gram stain is not known precisely. In
nongonococcal bacterial arthritis, the sensitivity of
Gram stain has been estimated to range from 50 to 70
percent . In gonococcal arthritis the sensitivity is much
lower, probably <10 percent .
18. • Routine bacterial culture — The synovial fluid
samples should be routinely sent for culture of
the common nongonococcal causes of
bacterial arthritis: staphylococci followed by
streptococci and Gram negative bacteria
• Antibiotics should generally not be given prior
to joint aspiration. If they have the likelihood
of recovering a pathogenic microorganism
from synovial fluid may be increased if the
fluid is first inoculated into a commercial
culture systems that contain antibiotic-binding
beads
19. • When should cultures be sent for unusual organisms?
— The history may reveal clues suggesting the
possibility of an unusual cause of septic arthritis:
•
• * A history of tuberculosis exposure
• * A history of trauma
• * Travel to or living in an area endemic with fungal
infections or Lyme disease
• * The presence of immune suppression
• * A monoarthritis that is refractory to conventional
therapy
20.
21.
22.
23. bloody fluid with a thicker layer of lipid material separated after
centrifugation was aspirated from a patient with a tibial fracture into the joint
space
24. This is the colorless, clear synovial fluid from a patient with osteoarthritis
accompanied by a low synovial-fluid white cell count.
25. These fluid collections which serve as good samples of cloudy but translucent
inflammatory synovial fluid were taken from a patient with rheumatoid
arthritis (left) and gout (right) respectively
26. this fluid is a good example of a cloudy, pus-like fluid aspirated from a patient
with acute bacterial infectious arthritis
28. • SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
* Synovial fluid analysis may be diagnostic in
patients with bacterial joint infection and
crystal-induced arthritis. This analysis is
indicated in febrile patients with an acute flare
of already established arthritis and in other
situations in which the cause of a joint
effusion is uncertain or septic arthritis is
suspected
29. • * The volume of synovial fluid removed is noted along with
the clarity, color, and viscosity.
• * The most valuable components of laboratory analysis of
synovial fluid are: the white cell count, differential count,
cultures, Gram stain, and crystal search using polarized light
microscopy
• * Normal synovial fluid is viscous, clear, colorless and
nearly acellular. Abnormal synovial fluids are categorized
into those that are noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic,
and hemorrhagic as a means to reduce the number of
possible causes of effusions to consider in the differential
diagnosis. However, for each category there is significant
diagnostic overlap.
• * Gonococcal, Borrelial (Lyme disease), mycobacterial, or
fungal joint infections should be suspected when routine
bacterial cultures of synovial fluid do not yield a pathogenic
organism. Additional diagnostic tests are suggested when
these diseases are suspected.