1. Construction is defined as the process of organizing and combining materials, equipment, labor, and other resources to build structures and facilities. 2. It involves planning, designing, and production of construction drawings and specifications to guide the building process from start to finish. 3. The key stages of a construction project include feasibility studies, design development, tendering, construction, and completion/handover.

1. What is Construction ?

5. What is Construction ? As products “ Construction is a UNIQUE PRODUCT produced by combining and organising people, materials, machine, money, technology and environment Project Management CCM

10. From economics perspective Under the Standard Industrial Classification, construction is defined as “the activity of erecting buildings and other structures, commercial, structural and residential work, including all demolition, repair and renovation works” Project Management CCM WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION ?

11. As a process It is the process of organising and combining materials, plant and machinery, people (firms and companies), money, technology and the environment in systematic and logical sequential manner to produce construction products through the function of planning, organising, coordinating and controlling” Project Management CCM WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION ?

12. What is construction ? (as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification under United Nations) The constructing, altering, repairing and demolishing buildings ; constructing, altering and repairing of highways and streets and bridges; viaducts, culverts, sewers and water, gas, electricity mains; railway roadbeds, sub-ways and harbour and water ways; piers; airport and parking areas, dams, drainage, irrigation, flood control and water power project and hydroelectric plants; pipelines; water wells; athletic fields, golf courses, swimming pools and tennis courts; communication systems such as telephone and telegraph lines;

13. What is construction ? (as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification under United Nations) The constructing, altering, repairing and demolishing buildings ; constructing, altering and repairing of marine constructions such as dredging and underwater rock removal; pile driving, land draining and reclamation; and other types of heavy construction.....mining services such preparing and constructing mining sites and drilling crude oil and natrural gas wells… specialist trade contractors’ activities….”

14. What is construction ? (as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification under United Nations) “ the assembly and installation on site of pre-fabricated, integral parts into bridges, water tanks, storage and warehouse facilities, railroad and elevated right of way, lift and escalators, plumbing, sprinkler, central heating, wiring etc. systems of building and all kinds of structure….. Including the departments or other units of manufacturers of the pre-fabricated parts and equipment which specialise in this work and which is feasible to treat as a separate establishments, as well as businesses primarily engaged in the activity, are classified in this group”

16. Building Project Development Process (see project procurement)

17. THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (Traditional system) Design and costing Appoint consultants Prepare tender Document Feasibility study Tendering Evaluate & Select contractor Award tender and contracting Construction Completion and handover Client’s intention to build

18. Stage 1 Concept Stage 2 Brief Preparation Stage 3 Design Development Brief Wait Design Studies Outline Cost Studies Master Cost Plan and Program Legal Arrangement Consult Authorities Design Development Cost Studies Detail Brief Commercial advice Funding Wait Activities Outline Planning Application Outline Planning Permission Detail Planning Permission Detail Planning Application Appoint Project Managers & Consultants

19. Design Sanction Tender Documents etc. Start Construction Mobilization Contract administration/Supervision Demolition Archaeological Dig Cost Review Tender Report Tender Period Possible Early Order Contractor’s Design Design Sanction Construction Period Stage 5 Construction Appoint Contractor Site Possession Out to Tender Stage 4 Tender Documentation & Tendering Soil investigation

20. Marketing building Final Account Stage 5 Construction Final Completion Pratical Completion Contract administration/Supervision Tenant requirements Maintenance Handover Stage 4 Closing

21. DETAILED DESIGN SCHEMATIC DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN FEASIBILITY STUDY INCEPTION & PRODUCTION OF PROJECT BRIEF TRADITIONAL APPROACH CONSTRUCTION SELECT CONTRACTOR & AWARD OF CONTRACT TENDER AND EVALUATION OF TENDER PREPARE TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARE BILL OF QUANTITIES

22. EVALUATE BIDDING INVITATION TO TENDER/ BIDDING PREPARE PROJECT BRIEF & CLIENT’S REQUIREMENTS FEASIBILITY STUDY INCEPTION & DEVELOP PROJECT OBJECTIVES DESIGN AND BUILD APPROACH SUBMIT BIDDING DOCUMENT TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSAL PROJECT COST & PRICE SCHEDULE SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS & SPECIFICATION CLIENT’S RESPONSIBILITY CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY Project Management CCM

23. HANDING OVER CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY WORK PLANNING SELECTION OF CONTRACTOR & AWARD OF CONTRACT Project Management CCM DESIGN AND BUILD APPROACH DETAIL DRAWINGS & SHOP DRAWINGS CONSTRUTION

24. EVALUATE BIDDING INVITATION TO BID/ TENDER PREPARE PROJECT BRIEF & CLIENT’S REQUIREMENTS FEASIBILITY STUDY INCEPTION & DEVELOP PROJECT OBJECTIVES BIDDING DOCUMENTATION TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL PROPOSAL PROJECT COST & PRICE SCHEDULE SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS & SPECIFICATION CLIENT’S RESPONSIBILITY CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY Project Management CCM TURNKEY APPROACH

25. GIVING THE KEYS & HAND OVER CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY WORK PLANNING SELECTION OF CONTRACTOR & AWARD OF CONTRACT SUPPLY AND INSTALL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, ACCESSORIES, DRAPERY ETC Project Management CCM CLIENT’S RESPONSIBILITY TURNKEY APPROACH DETAIL DRAWINGS & SHOP DRAWINGS CONSTRUTION

26. STAGE 1 STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IV FEASIBILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN PRODUCTION TURN OVER AND START UP TIME COST AND % COMPLETE Strategic phase Tactical phase

27. FEASIBILITY Project formulation Feasibility study Strategy design PLANNING AND DESIGN Base design Cost and schedule Documentation Tendering Contract terms Detailed planning CONSTRUCTION Manufacturing Delivery Civil works Installation Testing Commissioning HANDOVER and OPERATION Final Testing Maintenance INCEPTION Project brief Appoint consultants Market study CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT TOTAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION DESIGN OCCUPANCY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FACILITY MANAGEMENT

28. FEASIBILITY Project formulation Feasibility study Strategy design PLANNING AND DESIGN Base design Cost and schedule Contract terms Detailed planning ASSEMBLY HANDOVER and OPERATION Final Testing Maintenance INCEPTION Project brief Appoint consultants Market study CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN MANAGEMENT PRODUCTION DESIGN OCCUPANCY CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FACILITY MANAGEMENT

29. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Briefing All client interests, consultants Set up client organization for briefing. Consider requirements To prepare general outline of requirements and plan future actions Inception A Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

30. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Briefing Client’s representative, architect, engineers, quantity surveyors and others according to the nature of the project Carry out studies of user requirements, site conditions, planning, design, costs etc as necessary for client to make viable decisions To provide the client with an appraisal & recommendation in order that he may make decision on whether to proceed and in which form ensuring that it is feasible economically, functionally and technically Feasibility B Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

31. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Sketch plan All client interests, architect, engineers, quantity surveyors, specialists and all statutory and approving authority Further develop the brief. Carry out studies on user requirements, technical constraints and problems, planning, design, cost as necessary to reach decisions To determine the general approach to layout, design and construction in order to obtain authoritative approval of the client on the outline proposals and accompanying report OUTLINE PROPOSAL C Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

32. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Sketch plan All client interests, architect, engineers, quantity surveyors, specialists and all statutory and approving authority Final development of the brief, full design of the project by the architect, preliminary engineering design by engineers, preparation of cost plan by the QS and full technical report. Submission of proposal for approval by the client To complete the brief and decide on particular proposals, including planning arrangement, shape and appearance, constructional method, outline specification and cost plans and to obtain planning, building and all approvals SCHEMATIC DESIGN D Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

33. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Working drawings Architect, QS, Engineers and specialists, contractor (if already employed) Full design of every part and component on the building by collaboration of all concerned. Complete cost checking of the design To obtain final decision on every matter related to design, specification, construction and project cost DETAIL DESIGN E Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

34. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Detail drawings Architect, QS, Engineers and specialists, contractor (if already employed) Preparation of final production information – drawings, specification, and schedules To prepare production information and make final detailed decisions to carry out work PRODUCTION OF INFORMATION F Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

35. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Working drawings Architect, QS, Engineers and specialists, contractor (if already employed) Preparation of bills of quantities and tender documents To prepare and complete all information and arrangements for obtaining tenders PREPARE BILLS OF QUANTITIES G Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

36. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Architect, QS, Engineers and specialists. Action as recommended for open or selective tendering Action as recommended for open or selective tendering TENDER ACTION H Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

37. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Site operation Contractor and sub-contractors Action in accordance with paras 5-10 inclusive of project management. Contractor to submit work programme Action in accordance with paras 5-10 inclusive of project management PROJECT PLANNING J Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

38. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Site operation Architect, QS, Engineers, contractors and sub-contractors and client Action in accordance with paras 15-18 inclusive of project management Action in accordance with paras 15-18 inclusive of project management OPERATION ON SITE K Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

39. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Site operation Architect, QS, Engineers, contractors and client Action in accordance with paras 15-18 inclusive of project management Action in accordance with paras 15-18 inclusive of project management COMPLETION L Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

40. Building Project Development Process – RIBA Plan of Work Site operation Architect, QS, Engineers, contractor and client Analysis of job records, inspection of completed building. Study of building uses To analyse the management, construction and performance of the project FEED BACK M Usual terminology People directly involved Task to be done Purpose of work and decisions to be reached Stage No

41. Assessment and decision of the need based on organisation aim, objective and policy by management The need for new construction arising from commercial, economic, technological and sociological factors Develop alternative concept, programme, organisation, prelim. cost and time estimate Evaluate alternatives concepts against cost, time and company's aim, objective and policy Develop project aim & objective, outline brief, development programme, set budget & identify sites Decision to build according to the specified concept, cost and time contained in feasibility report DECISION INCEPTION FEASIBILITY CONCEPTION DECISION 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

42. Preliminary product design and engineering, cost estimate & cost plan, specification resource planning Preliminary process design & engineering, project program, outline of procurem't system; Project organisat’n Detailed process design (construct’n methods) and specification Final estimate and cost plan as basis for tender evaluation & tender decision Detailed project design and engineering, final estimate & cost plan; detailed specification Information Production -sufficient document to procure builder, suppliers etc. 5 6 7 8 PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN AND INFORMATION PRODUCTION DECISION 9

43. Construction, including supervision, monitoring and evaluation Invite contractors to submit tenders Production ends at this point PROCUREMENT PRODUCTION 10 11 12 10 11 12 13 14 Evaluate tenders and select contractor and execute contract Site possession, mobilization and commence work Completion and handing over + defect liability period

44. finito