This is the Elective Paper of S.Y.B.Ed. as per SNDT Women's University Syllabus. Content: 1. Human Development: Concept of human development; relationship among human development, nature and peace; the concept of human centred development as given in Dr. Mashelkar’s Panchasheel (3) 2. Concept of eco-system and ecological balance (3) 3. Origin and Development of the Concept of Sustainable development: UNO’s Stockholm conference on Human environment(1972); UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education program(1975); Brundland Commission(1985); Rio Summit/Earth Summit(1992);World Summit(2002) (2) 4. Concept and Dimensions of Sustainable development: Sustainable development, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, , agricultural sustainable development and sustainable fishery, energy sustainability, sustainable transport, sustainable architect, environmental politics, social and cultural sustainability (5) 5. Efforts for Sustainable Development by Government and NGOs (1) 6. International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) (1)

1. OPTIONAL COURSE 12:
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
MODULE 1:
CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(Credit: 1, hours: 15, Marks: 25)

2. Developme
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3. Content:
• Human Development: Concept of human development; relationship among human
development, nature and peace; the concept of human centred development as
given in Dr. Mashelkar’s Panchasheel (3)
• Concept of eco-system and ecological balance (3)
• Origin and Development of the Concept of Sustainable development: UNO’s
Stockholm conference on Human environment(1972); UNESCO-UNEP
International Environmental Education program(1975); Brundland
Commission(1985); Rio Summit/Earth Summit(1992);World Summit(2002) (2)
• Concept and Dimensions of Sustainable development: Sustainable development,
environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, , agricultural sustainable
development and sustainable fishery, energy sustainability, sustainable transport,
sustainable architect, environmental politics, social and cultural sustainability (5)
• Efforts for Sustainable Development by Government and NGOs (1)
• International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) (1)

4. What is Development?
Development entails improvement in the
quality as well as quantity of life.
Development is the accumulation of
human capital and its effective
investment in the progress of an
economy.

5. Human Development-
• Concept of human development Human development is a concept within a field
of international development. It involves studies of the human condition with its
core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development
Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by
the United Nations. It is an alternative approach to a single focus on economic
growth, and focused more on social justice, as a way of understanding progress.
• The United Nations Development Programme has been defined Human
Development as "the process of enlarging people's choices", said choices being
allowing them to "lead a long and healthy life, to be educated, to enjoy a decent
standard of living", as well as "political freedom, other guaranteed human rights
and various ingredients of self-respect"

6. The New Panchasheel-
• The concept of human centred development as given in Dr. Mashelkar’s
Panchasheel -
1. Child centred education
2. Woman centred family
3. Human centred development
4. Knowledge centred society
5. Innovation centred India

7. Importance of Panchsheel
• This Panchsheel links the child, the woman, the human, the society and the
nation. It focuses on equity or dignity if you like, with growth. It emphasises
bringing back the values and the culture for which this country was so famous. If
we get these five fundamentals right, we can achieve everything. For
example, the burning problem of population growth will be addressed
meaningfully only when we build woman centred family, with education to the
female child being its essential fulcrum. Our environmental agenda is subsumed in
the human centred development. Similarly, building globally competitive Indian
industry will automatically follow when we get the fundamentals of knowledge
and innovation centric approaches right. I hope these five fundamentals,
which have an eternal value, will reverberate through our minds in the next
millennium & even beyond.

8. Concept of Eco-System-
• Concept given by Hackel.
• An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well
as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain
biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or non-living parts. Biotic factors include
plants, animals, and other organisms.
• is a self-sustained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers) and their
non-living environment (air, water and soil). Examples: A pond is an ecosystem that
includes the aquatic life (aquatic animals and plants) that live in the pond water.
The functions of the ecosystem are as follows: -
• Ecosystems regulate all the processes that are required for the support and stabilization of
the organisms and systems that are present in the environment.
• It is important for recycling the necessary nutrients between the living and non-living
beings.

9. Concept of Ecological Balance-
• Ecological balance is a biological term used to describe an ecosystem where species coexist
with other species to create a sustainable environment. Learn about the definition and see
examples of ecological balance and understand the importance of ecological balance to
sustain life forms.
• A great example of ecological balance is the predator-prey relationship between the
Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare. When the snowshoe hare population increases, there is
more food available for the Canadian lynx. Since there is more food available for the
Canadian lynx, its population increases.
• It is required to maintain the rich and varied diversity of animals, plants and microbial
life, which is essential for mutual survival and existence of all living beings including
human.

10. Initiatives
UNO’s Stockholm conference on Human environment(1972);
UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education program(1975);
Brundland Commission(1985);
Rio Summit/Earth Summit(1992);
World Summit(2002)

11. UNO’s Stockholm conference on Human
Environment (1972)
UNO’s Stockholm conference on Human Environment (1972);
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held
in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5–16 in 1972.
The whole world agreed on the urgent need to respond to the problem of
environmental deterioration.
When the UN General Assembly decided to convene the 1972 Stockholm
Conference, at the initiative of the Government of Sweden to host it, UN
Secretary-General U Thant invited Maurice Strong to lead it as Secretary-
General of the Conference, as the Canadian diplomat (under Pierre Trudeau)
had initiated and already worked for over two years on the project.

12. Outcomes of the Stockholm Conference
• The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the
environment and development; an Action Plan with 109 recommendations, and a
Resolution.
• Following 26 Principles were discussed and finalised.

13. 1. Human rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism condemned
2. Natural resources must be safeguarded
3.The Earth's capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained
4.Wildlife must be safeguarded
5. Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted 6. Pollution must not exceed the environment's capacity to clean itself
7. Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented
8. Development is needed to improve the environment
9. Developing countries therefore need assistance
10. Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental management
11. Environment policy must not hamper development
12. Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards
13. Integrated development planning is needed
14. Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development
15. Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems
16. Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies
17. National institutions must plan development of states' natural resources
18. Science and technology must be used to improve the environment
19. Environmental education is essential
20. Environmental research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries
21. States may exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others
22.Compensation is due to states thus endangered
23. Each nation must establish its own standards
24.There must be cooperation on international issues
25. International organizations should help to improve the environment
26.Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated

14. UNESCO-UNEP International
Environmental Education program(1975)
• Foster clear awareness of, and concern about, economic, social, political
and ecological interdependence in urban and rural areas; provide every person
with opportunities to acquire the knowledge, values, attitudes, commitments and
skills needed to protect and improve the environment; create new patterns of
behaviour of individuals, groups and society as a whole towards the environment;
facilitate the development of environmental education for sustainable
development by linking institutions and specialists in a network and processing
and disseminating information.

15. Outcomes of UN- IEEP
• development of content, methods and materials; teacher training; promotion of
international cooperation among Member States.
• over 150 countries have been involved in IEEP activities, including more than
250,000 pupils and about 12,000 teachers, from over 1,700 schools and 130
training schools and research centres.
• Over 60 of these countries immediately included environmental education
throughout school curricula.

16. Brundtland Commission (1985)
• Formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), the
mission of Brundtland Commission is to unite countries to pursue sustainable
development together.The Chairperson of the Commission was Gro Harlem Brundtland.
• At the time, the UN General Assembly realized that there was a heavy deterioration of the
human environment and natural resources. To rally countries to work and pursue sustainable
development together, the UN decided to establish the Brundtland Commission.
• Gro Harlem Brundtland was the former Prime Minister of Norway and was chosen due to her
strong background in the sciences and public health. Politicians, civil servants, and
environmental experts make up the majority of the members.
• Members of the commission represent 21 different nations (both developed and developing
countries are included).
• She put together a team and went around the world and talked to people in all walks of life—
fishermen, farmers, homemakers, loggers, school teachers, indigenous people and industry
leaders about their environmental concerns and their thinking about solving them.

17. Outcomes of the Brundtland Commission (1985)
• re-examine the critical issues of environment and development and to formulate
innovative, concrete, and realistic action proposals to deal with them;
• strengthen international cooperation on environment and development and assess and
propose new forms of cooperation that can break out of existing patterns and influence
policies and events in the direction of needed change; and
• Raise the level of understanding and commitment to action on the part of individuals,
voluntary organizations, businesses, institutes, and governments” . “The Commission
focused its attention on the areas of population, food security, the loss of species and
genetic resources, energy, industry, and human settlements - realizing that all of these are
connected and cannot be treated in isolation one from another”
• An oft-quoted definition of sustainable development is defined in the report as:
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs."

18. Outcomes of the Commission-
• Publication of “Our Common Future” by the UN World Commission
on Environment and Development in 1987
• Publication of the “Brundtland Report,” a landmark report
establishing the need for sustainable development in industrialized
and developing countries.

19. What is Sustainable Development?
Development that meets the
need of the present without
compromising the ability of the
future generation to meet their
own needs.
(Brundtland, 1987)

20. Rio Summit/Earth Summit(1992)
• An “Earth Summit” officially known as the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development, was held in June
1992 at Rio de Janeiro and participated by over 170 states worldwide
(114 of whom were represented by Heads of States of Governments)

21. Outcomes of the Earth Summit-
• convention on biodiversity;
• framework convention on climate change;
• principles of forest management;
• Agenda 21;
• the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

22. Agenda 21-
• Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard
to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and
Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda for the UN,
other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local,
national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st Century. Agenda 21 is a 350-page document
divided into 40 chapters that have been grouped into 4 sections:
• Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions: is directed toward combating poverty, especially in developing
countries, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and
sustainable settlement in decision making.
• Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development: Includes atmospheric protection,
combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity
(biodiversity), control of pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes.
• Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups: includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs,
local authorities, business and industry, and workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their
communities, and farmers.
• Section IV: Means of Implementation: implementation includes science, technology
transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms.

23. World Summit (2002)
• The World Summit on Sustainable Development, or Earth Summit 2002 took
place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. It was
convened to discuss sustainable development by the United Nations.WSSD
gathered a number of leaders from business and non-governmental organizations,
10 years after the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. (It was therefore also
informally nicknamed "Rio+10".)

24. Outcomes of theWorld Summit (2002)
• The Johannesburg Declaration was the main outcome of the Summit; however,
there were several other international agreements.
• It laid out the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation as an action plan.
• In Johannesburg, on 27 August: agreement was made to restore the world's
depleted fisheries for 2015. It was agreed to by negotiators at the World Summit.
• Agenda 21 Compulsory for all.

25. Concept of Sustainable Development-
• The word “sustain” from the Latin “sustinere” (sus, from below and tenere, to hold), means to keep in
existence or maintain and implies long-term support or permanence.The concept of sustainability has been
around for a long time. It became more widely used in the 1980s.Thus, the concept of sustainable
development provides framework for the integration of environmental policies and development strategies
having implications at international, national regional and local levels. Development should not endanger
the natural systems that support life on earth. Many people in the industrial world today operate with the
frontier mentality, which is a human-centred view based on the three erroneous basic ideas:
• However, the realization is growing fast that we are in a world of limits, and ever-increasing growth of
material consumption can only damaged, the life-giving physical components of the environment.
• Hence, the concept of sustainable development leads us to new resource consumption strategies, which
are:
• Conservation or reduction of excessive resource use,
• Recycling and reuse of materials and
• More use of renewable resources like solar energy rather than non-renewable resources such as oil and coal.
• Sustainable development also requires meeting the basic needs of all deprived people in this world and
extending to all, the opportunities to satisfy their aspirations for a better life. Otherwise, the world, in which
poverty and inequity are endemic, will always be prone to ecological and other crisis.
• In Gandhiji’s word, “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need but not any man’s greed.”

26. So, What is Sustainable Development?
it is the harmonious integration of
• a sound and viable economy ;
• responsible governance;
• social cohesion; and
• ecological integrity
to ensure that development is a life-sustaining process.
Sustainable Development = Economic Development + Environment Protection +
Social Reform + People’s Empowerment
• The concept of SD is an evolving one. There is no quick and fast rule towards SD
because of its multi-dimensional and complex nature.
• SD is dynamic and adjusts to the changing conditions and needs of the time.

27. PEOPLE
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT

28. Elements / Dimensions of
Sustainable Development
• Political
• Economic
• Institutional
• Technological
• Socio-cultural
• Ecological

29. Dimensions of Sustainable Development-
1. environmental sustainability
2. economic sustainability
3. agricultural sustainability
4. sustainable fishery
5. energy sustainability
6. sustainable transport
7. sustainable architect
8. environmental politics
9. social and cultural sustainability

30. Efforts for Sustainable Development by Government –
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Land, mining, and Forest Rights
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change
Waste Management and PollutionAbatement
Degradation of forests and loss of biodiversity
Issues of Environment Sustainability

31. Efforts for Sustainable Development by NGOs
• Today we come across various non-governmental organizations whose concerns are focused on
various areas such as social issues, health issues, and environmental issues. Non-Governmental
Organization is a broad term, which includes charity organizations, advisory committees and
various other professional organizations. NGOs in India are spread across the country and they
have close contacts with communities.
• They are involved in the whole spectrum of developmental activities from creating environ-
mental awareness to undertaking watershed development: from disaster management to
sustainable livelihoods; from joint forest management to giving inputs to policies. They range
from clubs, which encourage nature camping to agencies, which undertake research and
monitoring.
• There are large number of NGOs in India and other countries that are exclusively working for
environmental, protection, conservation, and awareness. NGOs are now playing an important
role in framing the environmental policy, mobilizing public support for environmental
conservation, and protecting the endangered species of forests and animals. Environmental
organizations such as Earth watch and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society have been
successful in creating awareness about the environmental dangers in using drift nets in the
commercial fishing industry.

32. Some NGOs-
• Greenpeace
• Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)—India
• The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
• The Energy Research Institute (TERI)
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
• Satpuda Foundation
• Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI)

33. International Institute of Sustainable
Development (IISD)
• The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is an independent,
non-profit and non-governmental research organization founded in Canada in
1990. IISD is headquartered in Winnipeg and has offices in Ottawa, New York City,
and Geneva. It has over 100 staff and associates working in over 30 countries.
• IISD Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA) is a natural laboratory consisting of 58
small lakes and their watersheds set aside for scientific research. Located in a
Northwestern Ontario, Canada, the lakes in the region are not affected by human
impacts. By manipulating these small lakes, scientists are able to examine how all
aspects of the ecosystem—from the atmosphere to fish populations—respond.
Findings from these real-world experiments are often much more accurate than
those from research conducted at smaller scales, such as in laboratories. IISD took
over operation of the Experimental Lakes Area in 2014.

34. IISD
works
on-
Sustainable
Economies
Clean Energy
FreshWater
Resilient
Communities
Sustainable
Development
Goals Knowledge