The document summarizes the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, which was the first major UN conference focused on environmental issues. Some key points: - Sweden proposed the conference in 1967 to discuss growing environmental problems amid the Cold War. - The Declaration established 26 principles for international cooperation on the environment, including that all people have a fundamental right to a healthy environment. - It launched a new era of global environmental cooperation and treaty-making, and helped establish the UN Environment Programme. - Over 100 countries and many NGOs participated, agreeing on principles around sustainable development, conservation, and preventing transboundary pollution.

1. STOCKHOLM DECLARATION 1972
(MUBARAKZEB KHAN)

2. Sequence of the APPRISAL
o Introduction
o Historical background
o Significance of the declaration
o Proclamation of the declaration
o Principles of the declaration
o Themes of the declaration

3. Sequence of the APPRISAL
o Introduction
o Historical background
o Significance of the declaration
o Proclamation of the declaration
o Principles of the declaration
o Themes of the declaration

4. Historical perspective
o By the late 1960s, Sweden was a respected middle power, able to
challenge the United States and the Soviet Union and their Cold War
status quo. Swedish diplomats tried to shift the global agenda towards
international development and environmental protection. In 1967, Sweden
proposed to convene a UN conference on the human environment, arguing
that the time was ripe for a serious, substantive discussion at the global
level about environmental problems. Sweden even suggested this could
be a constructive issue for global cooperation amidst the tense
atmosphere of the Cold War .
o The right to a clean environment is a fundamental right
under Article 21. In the international scenario, the United
Nations conference on the human environment or popularly
known as the Stockholm Convention was the first major UN
meeting to deal with environmental issues and to declare that
the right to live in a healthy environment as a basic right.

5. INTRODUCTION
o having and taking into account the requirement for a shared
perspective and principles to motivate and direct world citizens in
the preservation for improvement of the environment for people,
o Over the previous decade, a series of environmental disasters
sparked awareness and concern about the natural environment.
o In 1967, Sweden proposed to convene a UN conference on the human environment,
arguing that the time was ripe for a serious, substantive discussion at the global level
about environmental problems.
o The Stockholm Conference produced three major sets of decisions. The first was the
Stockholm Declaration. The second was the Stockholm Action Plan comprising 109
recommendations for governments and international organizations on international
measures against environmental degradation. The third was a group of five resolutions.
The resolutions called for: a ban on nuclear weapon tests that may lead to radioactive
fallout, an international databank on environmental data, the need to address actions
linked to development and environment, international organizational changes, and the
creation of an environmental fund.

6. SIGNIFICANCE OF STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o The Stockholm Declaration provided the first global set of
principles for future international cooperation on environmental
issues.
o Stockholm began a new era of global cooperation to search for
solutions to reconcile economic development and environmental
management.
o The Stockholm Conference catalyzed a new epoch of
multilateral environmental cooperation and treaty-making.
without it, UNEP would not exist, and many global
environmental treaties would be unwritten.

7. PROCLAMATION OF THE STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o Man is both a product and a moulder of his environment, which
provides for his bodily needs and allows him the chance to advance
intellectually, morally, socially, and spiritually. Man has gained the
ability to drastically alter his surroundings in innumerable ways
because to the fast advancement of science and technology. The well-
being of man and the enjoyment of fundamental human rights,
including the right to life itself, depend on both the natural and man-
made components of his environment.
o The essential need of all peoples in the world, as well as the
responsibility of all governments, is for the conservation and
enhancement of the human environment, which has a significant
impact on peoples' well-being and global economic development.

8. PROCLAMATION OF THE STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o We are surrounded by mounting evidence of human-caused harm in
many parts of the world, including: dangerously high levels of pollution
in the earth's atmosphere, water, and living things; significant and
unfavourable disruptions to the biosphere's ecological balance; the
destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and egregious
deficiencies in the built environment that are detrimental to human
health on all fronts, especially in the living and working environments.
o Developing nations must focus their efforts on growth while keeping
in mind their goals and the requirement to protect and enhance the
environment. In the same vein, developed nations should work to close
the gap between themselves and less developed nations.
o With every day that goes by, our potential to better the environment
grows along with social growth, technological, scientific, and
production advancements.

9. PROCLAMATION OF THE STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o The time in history has come when we must frame our global acts with
a greater consideration for their effects on the environment. We can
do significant and irreparable harm to the terrestrial environment,
which is essential to our survival and well-being, via ignorance or
apathy.
o In order to attain this environmental goal, it will be necessary for
businesses, organizations, communities, and individuals at every level
to assume responsibility and share fairly in the effort.

10. THE UN CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT
o In 1968 UN General Assembly convoked a world conference on human
development,
o The UN conference on the human environment was held in
Stockholm Sweden from 05 to 16 June 1972 .
o The conference took place,
• 113 States
• 400 NGOs
• 1500 Journalists
• 19 Inter-governmental agencies
• 6000 people

11. DECLARATION OF THE UN CONFERENCE ON THE
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
o Stockholm Conference was marked as turning point in the development of
international environmental politics,
o It was the UN first major conference on international environmental
issues,
o The meeting agreed upon a declaration containing
• 26 principles
• An action plan containing 109 recommendations
• A resolution on institutional and financial arrangements
o It was the first step towards sustainable revolution

12. THEMES OF THE CONFERENCE
o The independence of human beings and the natural environment,
o The need for a global vision and common principles
o Links between social and economic development and environmental
protection
o Preservation and enrichment of human environment

13. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Human Rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism condemned.
o Natural resources must be safeguarded.
o The Earth capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained.
o Wildlife must be safe guarded.
o Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted.
o Pollution must not increase the environment capacity to clean itself.
o Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.
o Development must be done towards the improvement of the environment.
o Developing countries thus need assistance.
o Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out
environmental management.
o Environment policy must not hamper development.

14. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
• Principles 1 and 2 on intergenerational obligations.
• Principles 3, 5 and 6 on sustainable development concepts.
• Principle 11, which states the environmental policies of states should enhance and not
adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries.
• Principle 12 introduces the concept of “additionality” in development assistance,
whereby donors earmark additional funds in their development assistance budgets for
environmental protection measures.
• Principle 21 says states have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources
pursuant to their own environmental policies and the responsibility to ensure that
activities within their jurisdiction do not cause damage to the environment of other
states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

15. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o Principle 1 (Human Rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism be
condemned)
• Man has a fundamental right to freedom, equality, and sufficient living
conditions in a quality environment that allows for a life of dignity and
well-being. He also has a duty to preserve and develop the environment
for both the benefit of the present generation and that of future
generations. In this regard, policies that support or continue apartheid,
racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other types of oppression,
and foreign dominance ought to be opposed and eradicated.
o Principle 2 (Natural resources must be safeguarded)
• For the sake of the present and future generations, it is essential to
carefully plan or manage the preservation of the earth's natural
resources, which include the air, water, land, flora, fauna, and particularly
representative samples of natural ecosystems.

16. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM
DECLARATION
o Principle 3 (The Earth capacity to produce renewable resources must be
maintained)
• It is imperative to preserve, and wherever possible, improve, the ability
of the planet to create essential renewable resources.
o Principle 4 (Wildlife must be safe guarded)
• Man has a specific duty to protect and prudently manage the legacy of
wildlife and its environment, which are presently critically in jeopardy
due to a number of negative influences. Thus, consideration for wildlife
protection must be given in planning for economic growth.

17. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 5 Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted.
• The non-renewable resources of the world must be used in a way that prevents the risk of their future
depletion and ensures that the rewards of such employment are shared by all humankind.
o Principle 6 Pollution must not increase the environment capacity to clean itself
• Ecosystems must be protected against significant or irreparable harm by stopping the release of
poisonous compounds, other substances, and heat in amounts or concentrations that exceed the
environment's ability to turn them harmless. It is important to aid the legitimate fight against
pollution being waged by the people of all nations.

18. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 7 Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.
• States are required to take all reasonable measures to avoid the contamination of the seas with
chemicals that might endanger public health, degrade marine life and resources, disrupt recreational
facilities, or obstruct other legal uses of the sea.
o Principle 8 Pollution must not increase the environment capacity to clean itself
• For humans to live and work in a comfortable environment and for the planet to be able to provide
them with the circumstances they need for a higher quality of life, economic and social growth is
crucial.

19. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 9 Developing countries need assistance.
• Environmental deficiencies brought on by underdevelopment and natural disasters pose serious
issues that can best be resolved by accelerating development through the transfer of significant
amounts of financial and technological assistance as an addition to the domestic efforts of developing
countries and such timely assistance as may be required.
o Principle 10 Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out
environmental management.
• Since both economic and ecological processes must be taken into consideration, stable pricing for
basic commodities and raw resources are crucial for developing nations' ability to manage their
environment.

20. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 11 Environment policy must not hamper development
• Environmental policies of all states should enhance rather than harm developing countries' current or
future development potential, and they should not impede the achievement of better living
conditions for all. States and international organizations should take appropriate steps to reach
agreement on meeting the potential national and international economic consequences of
environmental measures.
o Principle 12 Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards.
• Resources should be made available to protect and improve the environment, taking into account the
needs and circumstances of developing nations, as well as any costs that may result from their
incorporating environmental safeguards into their development planning.

21. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 13 Integrated development planning is needed.
• States should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to their development planning in order
to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve the environment for
the benefit of their population. This will help them manage resources more logically and, as a result,
improve the environment.
o Principle 14 Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development
• Planning logically is crucial for resolving any contradiction between the demand for growth and the
desire to preserve and enhance the environment.

22. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 15 Human settlement must be planned to eliminate environmental problems.
• Human settlements and urbanization must be designed to avoid negative environmental
repercussions and maximize social, economic, and environmental benefits for everybody. Efforts to
achieve imperialist and racial domination must be abandoned.
o Principle 16 Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies.
• In areas where the rate of population growth or excessive population concentrations are likely to have
detrimental effects on the human environment and obstruct development, demographic policies that
are not in violation of fundamental human rights and are deemed appropriate by the governments
involved should be put into place.

23. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 17 National institutions must plan development of states’ natural resources.
• Planning, managing, or controlling a state's natural resources with the goal of promoting
environmental quality must be the responsibility of appropriate national institutions.
o Principle 18 Science and technology must be used to improve environment.
• Science and technology must be used to identify, mitigate, and manage environmental dangers, find
solutions to environmental issues, and promote human welfare as part of their contribution to
economic and social growth.

24. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 19 Environmental education must be made essential
• In order to broaden the basis for an informed opinion and responsible behavior by individuals,
enterprises, and communities in protecting and improving the environment in its full human
dimension, environmental education for the younger generation as well as for adults, giving due
consideration to the underprivileged, is essential.
o Principle 20 Environment research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries.
• In order to solve environmental problems, scientific research and development, both national and
international, must be encouraged in all nations, but especially in developing nations. To this end, the
free exchange of current scientific knowledge and experience must be supported and assisted.
Environmental technologies should be made available to developing nations on terms that would
encourage them.

25. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 21 States must exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others.
• In accordance with the United Nations Charter and the fundamental principles of international law,
States have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources in accordance with their own
environmental policies. States also have the obligation to ensure that activities under their jurisdiction
or control do not harm the environment of other States or of areas outside of their borders.
o Principle 22 Compensation is due to states thus endangered.
• States must work together to advance international law concerning accountability and compensation
for victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused by activities within their authority or
control that extend beyond their borders.

26. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 23 Each nation must establish its own standards.
• Without prejudice to any criteria agreed upon by the international community, or to standards that
must be determined at the national level, it will be necessary in all cases to consider the value systems
prevalent in each country, as well as the extent to which standards valid for the most advanced
countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for developing countries.
o Principle 24 There must be cooperation on international issues.
• International issues of environmental conservation and enhancement should be handled cooperatively
by all countries, large and small, on an equal basis. Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral
arrangements or other appropriate means is required to effectively control, prevent, reduce, and
eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities carried out in all spheres while taking
into account the sovereignty and interests of all States.

27. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Principle 25 International organizations should help to improve the environment
• States must make sure that international organizations work together effectively and dynamically to
preserve and improve the environment.
o Principle 26 Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated.
• Nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass devastation must be avoided at all costs. States must
work hard to secure an early consensus with relevant international bodies on the elimination and total
destruction of such weapons.

29. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Human Rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism condemned.
o Natural resources must be safeguarded.
o The Earth capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained.
o Wildlife must be safe guarded.
o Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted.
o Pollution must not increase the environment capacity to clean itself.
o Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.
o Development must be done towards the improvement of the environment.
o Developing countries thus need assistance.
o Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental
management.
o Environment policy must not hamper development.

30. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards.
o Integrated development planning is needed.
o Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development.
o Human settlement must be planned to eliminate environmental problems.
o Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies.
o National institutions must plan development of states’ natural resources.
o Science and technology must be used to improve environment.
o Environmental education must be made essential.
o Environment research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries.
o States must exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others.
o Compensation is due to states thus endangered.

31. PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Each nation must establish its own standards.
o There must be cooperation on international issues.
o International organizations should help to improve the environment.
o Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated.

32. SIGNIFICANCE OF STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
o Stockholm declaration has highly influenced the development of international
environmental laws and policies.
o The declaration is generally regarded as the foundation of modern international
environmental laws.
o The creation of UNEP was the landmark achievement of the Stockholm declaration.
o Stockholm declaration provided specific for future governmental and inter-
governmental actions.
o The declaration provided inspiration, created public awareness of concern over
environmental issues internationally.
o The declaration provide a common platform for the international community to make a
compromise among states for approaching the international responsibility.
o Conceptualization of the international environmental organizations.