The document discusses factors that affect surface finish, methods for measuring surface finish, and ways to represent surface roughness specifications. It describes that the material, machining type, tooling, and cutting conditions can influence surface finish. Methods for measuring finish include comparison to standards, using a profilometer, profilograph, or other instruments. Surface roughness can be specified via standard grades, numerical values, or symbols added to drawings.

1. FACTORS AFFECTING SURFACE
FINISH
Material of the work piece
Type of machining
Vibrations
Cutting tool
Rigidity of the system
Cutting conditions like speed ,feed
and depth of cut.
Type of coolant used. 1

2. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE
FINISH
Properties influenced by surface
finish.
Appearance
Corrosion resistance
Wear resistance
Fatigue resistance
Lubrication
Noise reduction 2

3. SURFACE TEXTURE
 The characteristics quality of an actual surface
due to small departure from its general
geometrical form which occurring at regular or
irregular intervals, tend to form a pattern or
texture on the surface.
3

4. ELEMENTS OF SURFACE
TEXTURE
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5. 1.ROUGHNESS(PRIMARY
TEXTURE)
 The surface irregularity of small wavelength
 Caused by direct action of cutting element,
friction, wear or corrosion.
 Also called micro irregularities.
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6. 2.WAVINESS(SECONDARY
TEXTURE)
 Surface irregularities of considerable wavelength
 Due to misalignment of centers, lack of
straightness of guideways and nonlinear feed
motion
 Also called macro irregularities.
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7. 3.FLAWS
 Blow holes, cracks, scratches, ridges
 Infrequent and widely varying intervals
4.LAY
 Direction of predominant surface pattern
 Produced by tool marks
5.CENTRE LINE OF PROFILE
 Line for which the areas embraces above and
below the line are equal.
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8. NUMERICL EVALUATION OF
SURFACE TEXTURE
 Three methods are used
1. Peak to valley height method
2. The average roughness
3. Form factor and bearing curve.
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9. THE AVERAGE ROUGHNESS
1. Centre line average(C.L.A.) method.
 It is average height from a mean line of all
ordinates of the surface regardless of the sign
 C.L.A. = h₁+h₂+h₃+…….+h
n
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10. CENTRE LINE AVERAGE(C.L.A.)
METHOD.
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11. R.M.S. VALUE
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12. ROUGHNESS SYMBOL
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GRINDING

13. INDICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE
The basic symbol consists of two legs of
unequal length inclined at approximately
60’ to the line representing the considered
surface
The symbol must be represented by thin line
If the removal of material by machining is
required, a bar is added to the basic symbol,
If the removal of material is not permitted,
a circle is added to the basic symbol.
When special surface characteristics have to
be indicated, a line is added to the longer arm of
any of the above symbols,
Basic symbol : only be used alone when its meaning is explained by a note

14. Indication of Surface Roughness
The value or values defining the principal criterion of roughness
are added to the symbols
a- surface roughness value
If it is necessary to impose maximum
and minimum limits of the principal criterion
of surface roughness, both values shall be
shown
maximum limit (a1) ;minimum limit (a2).
Roughness a obtained by
any production process
Roughness a obtained by
removal of material by
machining
Roughness a shall be
obtained without removal
of any material

15. If it is required that the required surface texture be produced by one
particular production method, this method shall be indicated in plain
language on an extension of the longer arm of the symbol
Indication of machining allowance where it is necessary to specify the value
of the machining allowance, this shall be indicated on the left of the symbols.
This value shall be expressed in millimeters.

16. Generally to indicate the surface roughness, the symbol is used instead of value.
The relation is given in following table.

17. MACHINING SYMBOLS
This symbol may also be used in a drawing, relating to a production process , to indicate that
a surface is to be left in the state ,resulting from a preceding manufacturing process,
whether this state was achieved by removal of material or otherwise

18. Position of the Specifications of the Surface Texture in the Symbol - The
specifications Of surface texture shall be placed relative to the symbol as
shown in figure.

19. symbol Interpretation
Parallel to the plane of projection
of the view in which the symbol is used
Perpendicular to the plane of projection
of the
view in which the symbol is used
Crossed in two slant direction relative to
the plane of projection of the view in
which the
symbol is used
Multidirectional
Approximately circular relative to the
centre of the surface to which the symbol
is applied
Approximately radial relative to the
centre of the surface to which the symbol
is applied

20. Symbols with Additional Indications.

21. If it is necessary to define surface texture
both before and after treatment, this shall
be explained in a suitable note or in
accordance with figure
The direction of lay is the direction of the
predominant surface pattern, ordinarily determined
by the production method employed.
If it is necessary to control the direction
of lay, it is specified by a symbol added to the
surface texture symbol

22. WAYS TO REPRESENT ROUGHNESS

23. Surface finish grade is shown
Surface finish value is shown

24. Separate note is written

25. Surface finish grades specified

26. MEASUREMENT OF ROUGHNESS
The roughness may be measured, using any of the
following :
1. Straight edge
2. Surface gauge
3. Optical flat
4. Tool marker’s microscope
5. Profilometer
6. Profilograph
7. Talysurf

27. METHODS OF MEASURING
SURFACE FINISH
1. Surface inspection by comparison method
2. Direct instrument measurement
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28. 1. COMPARISION METHOD
1. Touch inspection
2. Visual inspection
3. Scratch inspection
4. Microscopic inspection
5. Surface photograph
6. Reflected light intensity.
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29. 2.DIRECT INSTRUMENT METHOD
(A)PROFILOMETER
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30. TOMLINSON SURFACE TESTER
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31. TALYSURF SURFACE
ROUGHNESS TESTER
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32. PROFILOGRAPH
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33. SURFACE ROUGHNESS EXPECTED FROM MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES

34. SURFACE ROUGHNESS EXPECTED FROM MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES