The document discusses key terminology used in limits, fits, and tolerances including:
- Basic size, actual size, limits of size, deviations, tolerance, fundamental deviations, and fundamental tolerances.
- Holes and shafts refer to internal and external features, respectively.
- Fits include clearance, interference, and transition fits depending on how the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft overlap.
- Mass production aims to reduce costs and time through standardized parts, tools, and measurements while ensuring interchangeability.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
GD&T is an international way of describing a part accurately. It is used widely in all manufacturing sectors for part dimensioning. This ppt contains basic overview of GD&T. The detailed version will be uploaded soon.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
GD&T is an international way of describing a part accurately. It is used widely in all manufacturing sectors for part dimensioning. This ppt contains basic overview of GD&T. The detailed version will be uploaded soon.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
The limit fit tolerance refers to the acceptable degree of variation allowed in a part's dimensions or the permissible difference between the minimum and maximum sizes of mating parts in engineering and manufacturing. This system ensures that parts fit together properly while accounting for unavoidable variations in the manufacturing process.
The tolerance consists of two main components:
Limits: These are the extreme values (upper and lower bounds) within which the actual dimension of a part must fall.
Fits: The relationship between the parts based on the prescribed tolerance. Fits can be categorized into various types, such as clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit, based on the allowances for the difference between the mating parts.
The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) often provide standard charts and tables that detail various limit fit tolerance classes. These classes specify the allowances for different fits to ensure proper functionality while allowing for ease of assembly or providing a snug fit, depending on the application.
Selecting the appropriate limit fit tolerance depends on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors like function, material, environmental conditions, and manufacturing capabilities. This ensures that parts fit together with the required precision, avoiding issues like parts being too loose or too tight.
When specifying a limit fit tolerance for manufacturing or engineering purposes, it's essential to consider:
Design requirements: What function does the part need to fulfill?
Material properties: Different materials expand, contract, or behave differently under varying conditions.
Environmental factors: Temperature, humidity, and other external conditions may affect the parts' dimensions.
Manufacturing processes: The methods used for manufacturing can influence the achievable tolerance.
Ultimately, the right limit fit tolerance is a balance between functionality, ease of assembly, and ensuring the required performance of the final product. Engineering standards, charts, and tables provided by organizations like ANSI and ISO offer guidance in selecting appropriate tolerances for specific applications.
in this ppt pdf the various types of fitting has explained. and how the different gauges like plug and ring gauge check holes and shaft are also explained.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Size:- It is a number expressed
in a particular unit in the
measurement of length.
LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE
Terminology:- The terms related to limit system as
per BIS are as below;
Basic Size:- It is the size based
on which the dimensional
deviations are given.
Actual Size:- It is the size of the component by actual
measurement after it is manufactured. It should lie
between the two limits of size.
Hole
Shaft
BasicSize
3. Limits of size:- These are the extreme permissible
sizes within which the operator is expected to make
the component. Maximum limit of size is the greater
of the two limit size, whereas the Minimum limit of
size is the smaller of the two limit of size.
Hole:- In the B.I.S. system of limits
and fits, all internal features of a
component including those which
are not cylindrical are designated
as ‘Hole’.
Shaft:- In the B.I.S. system of limits and fits, all
external features of a component including those
which are not cylindrical are designated as ‘Shaft’.
Hole
Shaft
Basicsize
4. Actual Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference
between actual size and its corresponding basic size.
Deviation:- It is the algebraic
difference between a size, to its
corresponding basic size. It may
be positive, negative or zero.
Upper Deviation:- It is the
algebraic difference between
maximum limit of size and its
corresponding basic size.
Lower Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between
minimum limit of size and its corresponding basic size.
Min.dia.
Max.dia.
Hole
5. Zero line:- In graphical representation of the above
terms, the zero line represents the basic size. This line
is also called as the line of zero deviation.
UpperDeviation
LowerDeviation
Tolerance
Min.dia.
Max.dia.
Shaft
Hole
Tolerance:- It is the
difference between
maximum limit of size and
the minimum limit of size.
It is always positive and is
expressed only as a number
without a sign.
6. Fundamental deviation:-
There are 25 fundamental
deviations in the B.I.S.
system represented by letter,
symbols (Capital letters for
Holes and small letters for
Shaft)
Max.dia.
Min.dia.
UpperDeviation
LowerDeviation
Tolerance
Tolerance
Min.dia.
Max.dia.
Shaft
Hole
7. Fundamental Tolerance:-
This is also called as
‘grade of tolerance’. In the
Indian Standard System,
there are 18 grades
represented by number
symbols, both for hole and
shaft denoted as IT01, IT0,
IT1, IT2.....IT16. A high
number
Max.dia.
Min.dia.
UpperDeviation
LowerDeviation
Tolerance
Min.dia.
Max.dia.
Shaft
Hole
8.
9. FIT:- It is the relationship that exists between two
mating parts, a hole and shaft with respect to their
dimensional difference before assembly. Three types of
fit are given hereunder;
Clearance fit:- It is a fit which
always provides clearance. Here
the tolerance zone of the hole will
be above the tolerance zone of the
shaft. Maximum clearance is the
difference between the maximum
hole and minimum shaft.
Minimum clearance is the
difference between the minimum
hole and maximum shaft.
ShaftHole
Clearanc
e fit
10. Interference fit:- It is a fit
which always provides
interference. Here the tolerance
zone of the hole will be below
the tolerance zone of the shaft.
Maximum interference is the
algebraic difference between
the minimum hole and
maximum shaft. Minimum
interference is the algebraic
difference between the
maximum hole and minimum
shaft.
Shaft
Hole
Tolerance Zone of
Hole
Tolerance Zone of
Shaft
11. Transition fit:- It is a fit which
may sometimes provides
clearance and sometimes
interference. When this class of
fit is represented graphically,
the tolerance zone of the hole
and shaft will overlap each
other.
Hole Hole
Hole
Shaft
Shaft
Shaft
Mass Production :- Mass production means
production of a unit, component or part in large
numbers.
12. Advantages:- 1.Time for the manufacture of
components is reduced
2.The cost of pieces is reduced. 3.
Spare parts can be quickly made
available. Disadvantages:-1. Special
purpose machines are necessary.
2.Jigs and Fixtures are
needed. 3. Gauges are to be used
instead of conventional precision
instruments. 4. Initial expenditure will be
very high.
13. Interchangeability:- When components are mass
produced, unless they are interchangeable, the purpose of
mass production is not fulfilled. By interchangeability, we
mean that identical components, manufactured by
different personnel under different environments, can be
assembled and replaced without any further rectification
during the assembly stage, without affecting the
functioning of the component when assembled.
Hole Basis System:- Where the
size of the hole is kept constant
and the size of the shaft is varied
to get the different class of fits,
then it is known as the hole basis
system.
14. Shaft Basis System:- Where the
size of the shaft is kept constant
and the variations given to the
hole to get the different class of
fits, then it is known as the shaft
basis system.
Basic Shaft System
Zero line
Shaft