The document discusses different types of comparators. It describes comparators as devices that indicate the differences in size between a standard part and a workpiece being measured through magnification. The document outlines 10 characteristics of good comparators and discusses the need for comparators in mass production applications requiring precise, fast measurements. It then describes seven common types of comparators, including mechanical, optical, electrical, pneumatic, and others. Several specific comparator models are explained in detail, focusing on their working principles and typical applications.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Presentation gives brief overview of Linear and angular measurements related to engineering, different types of instruments used for Linear and angular measurements such as vernier calipers ,micrometers,their types,non precision measuring instruments etc.
1. Measuring the angle of a component.
2. Checking the sloping angle of a vee-block.
3. Measuring the angle of a cone or taper gauges.
4. Precise angular settings for machining operations.
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
Presentation gives brief overview of Linear and angular measurements related to engineering, different types of instruments used for Linear and angular measurements such as vernier calipers ,micrometers,their types,non precision measuring instruments etc.
1. Measuring the angle of a component.
2. Checking the sloping angle of a vee-block.
3. Measuring the angle of a cone or taper gauges.
4. Precise angular settings for machining operations.
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
What is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which the workpiece should have.
The Slip gauges will have the working standard dimension, but the workpiece will have a deviation from this working standard.
The workpiece dimension may be less than or greater than this(Slip gauge) dimension What is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which the workpiece should have.
The Slip gauges will have the working standard dimension, but the workpiece will have a deviation from this working standard.
The workpiece dimension may be less than or greater than this(Slip gauge) dimensionWhat is a Comparator in Metrology ? | Types of Comparators
January 5, 2018 by
In Metrology, The comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working standard.
The Comparator is an indirect type of precision measurement because it will not measure the dimension, it will indicate the difference in measurement between the given component and working standard, and another magnification instrument is needed to measure this difference with accuracy. Still Didn’t get it? Let’s talk about The principle
Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge (You already knows right?)
Now you need to Arrange the slip gauges to a dimension of which
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
3. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
The general principle of comparator is to indicate the
differences in size between the standard and the work
being measured by means of some pointer on a scale
with sufficient magnification
It thus does not measure the actual dimension but
indicates how much it differs from the basic
dimension
4. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Characteristics of Good Comparators:
• 1. compact.
• 2. easy to handle.
• 3. quick response or quick result.
• 4. reliable, while in use.
• 5. no effects of environment
• 6. less weight .
• 7. Cost
• 8. availability
• 9. sensitivity
• 10. It should be linear in scale so that it is easy to read
and get uniform response
5. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Need for a comparator
• In mass production, where components are to
be checked at a very fast rate.
• close tolerances with high degree of precision
and speed.
Ex: Piston
7. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Working principle of a Mechanical Comparator
A mechanical comparator employees mechanical
means for magnifying the small movement of the
stylus
the magnification of the small stylus movement is
obtained by means of levers, gear trains, rack and
pinion or a combination
The usual magnification obtained by these
comparators ranges from about 250 to 1000
8. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Types of Mechanical Comparators
1. Dial indicator (Dial Gauge)
2. Reed Type
3. Johansson Mikrokator
4. Sigma Comparator
10. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
This type is generally used for inspection of small
precision machined parts
The dial gauge with various attachments are commonly
used
This comparator is ideal for the checking of components
with a tolerance of + 0.005 mm
12. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Working of the comparator
A very thin metal strip at the centre carries a light
pointer made up of glass .
One end of the strip is connected to the adjustable
cantilever strip and the other end is to the spring
elbow, in turn connected to the plunger.
The slight movements of the plunger will make the
bell crank lever to rotate.
This rotation will create tension in the strip and causes
the strip to rotate thereby the strip start to untwist
resulting in the movement of the point
14. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
The amount of target swing is proportional to the
distance the floating block has moved but of course
very much magnified.
The scale may be calibrated by means of gauge block
(slip gauges) to indicate any deviation from an initial
setting.
Sensitivities of the order of 0.25 micron per scale
division.
The mechanical amplification is usually less than 100,
but it is multiplied by the optical lens system. It is
available in amplifications ranging from x 500 to x
1000.
16. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
• Y-arm which is attached to the moving block
transmits the rotary motion to the driving drum of
radius r. This deflects the pointer and then the
reading is noted.
• Ifl = Distance from hinge pivot to the knife edge..
• L = Length of y-arm.
• R = Driving drum radius.
• D = Length of the pointer.
• Then the total magnification=
17. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Mechanical - Optical Comparator
• In mechanical optical comparator, small
variation in the plunger movement is
magnified: first by mechanical system and
then by optical system.
20. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
• It works on the principle of pressure
difference generated by the air flow. Air is
• supplied at constant pressure through the
orifice and the air escapes in the form of jets
• through a restricted space which exerts a back
pressure. The variation in the back pressure is
• then used to find the dimensions of a
component.
21. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Electrical Comparators
• no moving parts.
• high degree of reliability
• Generally there are two important applications
of electrical comparators:
1. Used as measuring heads
2. Used for electrical gauging heads
25. Vaibhav Aggarwal, Mechanical Engineering @UPES | R113213066
Advantages:
• 1. Measuring units can be remote from indicating units.
• 2. Variable sensitivity which can be adjusted as per requirement.
• 3. No moving parts, hence it can retain accuracy over long periods.
• 4. Higher magnification is possible as compared to mechanical
comparator.
• 5. Compact sizes of probes arc available.
Disadvantages:
• 1. The accuracy of working of these comparators is likely to be affect
due to temperature
• and humidity.
• 2. It is not a self contained unit; it needs stabilized power supply for
its operation.
• 3. Heating of coils can cause zero drifts and it may alter calibration.
• 4. It is more expensive than mechanical comparator