It contains full explanation about borazine, which includes physical and chemical nature of borazine and it's applications. Which also includes CSIR and GATE questions.
Hybridization is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties. Hybridization is also an expansion of the valence bond theory.
It contains full explanation about borazine, which includes physical and chemical nature of borazine and it's applications. Which also includes CSIR and GATE questions.
Hybridization is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties. Hybridization is also an expansion of the valence bond theory.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
A detailed presentation about what is MOT. Explaining its principles, sigma and pi bonds, bond order, and molecular stability. A good and knowledgeable presentation to understand these concepts.
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
A detailed presentation about what is MOT. Explaining its principles, sigma and pi bonds, bond order, and molecular stability. A good and knowledgeable presentation to understand these concepts.
Hypervalent refers to the main group elements that breaks the octet rule and firmly has more than right electrons in it's valence shell. These are non - metallic oxidation reagents.
This presentation will help students to understand the various topics related with halogen compounds in a very short time.it also help teachers during the recapitulation of the chapter content.it will also help students to revise the content in short time especially by those students who r preparing for various competitive exams after class 12th.
it is use ful for 11 class students and also use ful to intermediate students and degree students which are for neet and emcet people for preparation if we are have a ppt easy to understand to increase the knowledge and give good out put for students who are preparaing for higher education
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS
• When two different halogens react with each other, interhalogen
compounds are formed.
• In general, XYn where n=1 , 3 , 5 , 7
X is halogen atom which is less electronegative and larger in size.
Y is halogen atom which is more electronegative than X and smaller in
size.
3. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS
• The interhalogen compounds can be grouped into four categories :
1) XY : ClF , BrF , BrCl , ICl , IBr
2) XY3: ClF3 , BrF3 , IF3 , ICl3
3) XY5 : ClF5 , BrF5 , IF5
4) XY7 : IF7
5. PREPARATION OF INTERHALOGEN
COMPOUNDS
i) Halogen molecules react directly to form interhalogen compounds.
Ex: Equal volume of chlorine and fluorine combine at 473K to form
chlorine monofluoride.
ii) A halogen molecule reacts with lower interhalogen to form a new
interhalogen compound.
Ex: Fluorine reacts with iodine pentafluoride at 543K to form iodine
heptafluoride.
6. SOME PROPERTIES OF INTERHALOGEN
COMPOUNDS
• PHYSICAL STATE : These molecules are covalent in nature.
• COLOUR : These compounds are colourless.
• BOILING POINT : Boiling point increases with increase with
electronegativity difference.
• THERMAL STABILITY: Thermal stability decreases with decrease in
electronegativity difference.
• REACTIVITY : AB type of compounds are more reactive than A2 and B2
molecules.
7. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS OF XY TYPE
Eg : Iodine monobromide (IBr)
PREPARATION : It is obtained by the direct combination of elements.
PROPERTIES :
It is hard, crystalline solid of grey violet colour.
Its vapour dissociate to a small extent on heating.
IBr is an electrical conductor when in molten state.
8. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS OF XY3 TYPE
Eg : Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3)
PREPARATION : It is prepared by the action of Cl2 on F2 at 200-300◦C in a Cu vessel.
PROPERTIES:
It is a colourless gas which condenses to give a pale green liquid.
Hydrolysis: It is hydrolysed by H20 forming ClOF.
Action of F2 and Br2:
i) When ClF3 reacts with F2 , it gets fluorinated with F2 , forming the higher
interhalogens ClF5.
ii) When ClF3 reacts with Br2 at 10 ◦C, BrF3 is obtained. Bent T Shape
9. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS OF XY5 TYPE
Eg : Iodine pentafluoride (IF5)
PREPARATION: It is prepared by the direct combination of I2
and F2 (excess).
PROPERTIES:
It is a colourless liquid whose melting point is 9.6 ◦C.
Good conductor of electricity.
Hydrolysis: It is hydrolysed by water to give halogen acid and oxy-acid of
larger halogen atom.
10. INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS OF XY7 TYPE
Eg : Iodine heptafluoride (IF7)
PREPARATION: It is prepared by the action of F2 on IF5 at 250◦C -300◦C.
PROPERTIES:
It is gas at ordinary temperature.
Highly reactive
Hydrolysis: It is hydrolysed by water giving HF and H5IO6.
12. PSEUDOHALOGENS
• Pseudohalogens are groups formed by the combination of two or
more p block elements with a unit negative charge.
Eg: Cyanogen (CN)2 , Thiocyanogen (SCN)2 etc.
13. PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOHALOGENS
These are volatile.
Pseudohalogens, like the halogens, add at ethylenic double bond
linkage.
Pseudohalogens , like the halogens, react with alkalies.
Pseudohalogens form covalent pseudohalides.
14. • Eg : Thiocyanogen (SCN)2
PREPARATION: It is prepared by Pb(SCN)2 with Br2 in the real solution
at 0 ◦C.
PROPERTIES:
It is yellow solid
Insoluble in water.
It oxidises Cu(I) salts to Cu(II) salts.
Sulphur is precipitated from H2S.