The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, with a magnitude of 9.1–9.3, struck off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, causing tsunamis that resulted in 230,000–280,000 fatalities across 14 countries. This catastrophic event was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history, leaving coastal communities devastated and leading to critical humanitarian challenges, including food shortages and disease outbreaks. The earthquake's energy release was estimated at 1.1×10^17 joules, significantly impacting the geological dynamics of the region.

1. SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE
AR4051 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS

2. GROUP MEMBERS:
▪ ABHAY KUMAR
▪ ANANYATALUKDAR
▪ DOMMETI PRASHANTH
▪ LAKSHMI RAVI CHANDU
▪ LABANYA BAIDYA
▪ NARESH

3. INTRODUCTION
▪ The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December
with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
▪ The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent).
▪ The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate
was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis
along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.
▪ It cause a killing of 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal
communities with waves up to 30 metres high.
▪ It was one of the deadliest natural disaster recorded in history.
▪ Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, andThailand.

4. INTRODUCTION
▪ It is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had
the longest duration of faulting ever observed between 8.3 and 10 minutes.
▪ It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre (0.4
inches) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.
▪ Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia.
▪ The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas
tsunami and the Boxing Day tsunami.

5. FORESHOCK:
▪ The 2002 Sumatra
earthquake occurred at 01:26 UTC on
2 November.
▪ It had a magnitude of 7.3 on
the moment magnitude scale with
an epicentre just north
of Simulue island and caused three
deaths.
▪ This earthquake is regarded as
a foreshock of the 2004 Sumatra
earthquake, which had an epicentre
about 60 km to the northwest.

6.  INTERSEISMIC:
• India subducts beneath
Burma microplate
at about 50 mm/yr.
• Fault interface is
locked.
 EARTHQUAKE
(COSEISMIC):
• Fault interface slips,
overriding plate
rebounds, releasing
accumulated motion.
TECTONIC PLATES:

7. N• 26th December 2004 00h 58min 51s
UT
• Western COAST OF NORTHERN
SUMATRA
• Epicentre
latitude : 3.298°
longitude : 95.778°
• Magnitude = 9.2
• 3rd largest Earthquake since ever
recorded on a seismograph.
TECTONIC PLATES:

8. Seismograms of the day: Global Seismic
Displacement Wavefield, December 26,
2004.

9. AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES
▪ Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman and Nicobar
islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days
that followed.
▪ The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias – Simulue earthquake, which originated
off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an
aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most
likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event.
▪ This earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks
(some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1) and presently ranks
as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900.

10. ▪ Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6
continued to shake the region daily for
up to three or four months.
▪ As well as continuing aftershocks, the
energy released by the original
earthquake continued to make its
presence felt well after the event.
▪ A week after the earthquake, its
reverberations could still be measured,
providing valuable scientific data about
the Earth's interior.
AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES

11. ENERGY RELEASED
▪ The energy released on the Earth's surface only (ME, which is the seismic
potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
was estimated at 1.1×1017 joules or 26 megatons ofTNT.
▪ This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic
bomb, but less than that ofTsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever
detonated.
▪ However, the total work done MW (and thus energy) by this quake was
4.0×1022 joules (4.0×1029 ergs), the vast majority underground.
▪ This is over 360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to 9,600 giga tons
of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years
of energy use in United States.

12. TSUNAMI
• All along the rupture the seafloor
was shunted vertically by about 10
meters.
• This movement displaced the
overlying water, generating a
massive tsunami, or tidal wave.
• The wave then fanned out across
the Indian Ocean at enormous
speed.

13. ▪ The tsunami, like all others, behaved very differently in deep water
than in shallow water.
▪ In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a small hump,
barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very
high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph).
▪ In shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only
tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large
destructive waves.
▪ Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that
the wave reached a height of 24 metres (80 ft) when coming
ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 metres
(100 ft) in some areas when traveling inland.
TSUNAMI
Scale showing size of tsunami
waves that hit Indonesia

14. IN DEEP OCEAN tsunami has long wavelength, travels fast,
small amplitude - doesn’t affect ships.
AS IT APPROACHES SHORE, it slows. Since energy is conserved,
amplitude builds up - very damaging.
TSUNAMI

15. TSUNAMI
 Animation of tsunami
caused by the earthquake
showing how it radiated
from the entire length of
the 1,600 km (990 mi)
rupture.

17.  Damage map of Banda Aceh city showing the impact of tsunamis wave
fronts from two directions. The numerals indicate the tsunami elevation in
meters near the beach (white) and flow depth inland (black).

18. Banda Aceh City,
Sumarta
BEFORE AFTER

19.  A three story house damaged by the tsunami showing
the tsunami inundation height in downtown Banda
Aceh.

20. THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:
Scale of devastation
Thousands are reported to have been killed,
but there has been little news from the
worst-hit areas where all transport and
communication links were destroyed.

21. • Low lying coastal areas were
left obliterated and flooded
as here in Aceh province in
Sumatra, Indonesia.
• Current reports indicate that
the north and west coasts of
Sumatra have experienced
the worst destruction.
• Low lying areas have been
left flooded with seawater
which quickly becomes
contaminated with sewage
and decomposing bodies.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

22. ▪ In Aceh, Indonesia, so many doctors have been killed that there are
few trained medical workers to assist the injured.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

23. • Increasing numbers of
homeless people needing
shelter, food and water.
• Clean drinking water is
required to avoid the spread of
disease.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:

24. PROBLEMS FACED
• In all affected areas survivors are hungry as food supplies run out.
• The threat of disease increases.
• Medicines are needed desperately.
• In some areas relief supplies are piling up.
• Disruption of communications means that emergency supplies
cannot be distributed efficiently.
• Co-ordination of relief efforts from throughout the world is
proving to be a major challenge.
• Four days after the tsunami many of the worst affected areas
cannot be reached.

25. EVACUATION
• The evacuation of foreign tourists from the beach resorts
begins.
• Other survivors, such as these women and children from
the Nicobar Islands, leave to a more uncertain future.
• Relief efforts, which have been slow to start, gather pace as
the enormity of the disaster begins to be appreciated.

26. Effects on other countries
• Whole villages were flattened as here in Sri Lanka

27. Scenes which were repeated across the Indian Ocean
Sri Lanka Phuket,Thailand

28. Millions of people have been left homeless
Cuddalore, south of Madras, India Penang, Malaysia

29. Thankyou