indian ocean tsunami 2004. impacts and reclaimation

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Indian Ocean Tsunami,2004
Presented By : -
CHANDRA VANSHI THAKUR
(17WM60R07)
SHYAM MOHAN CHAUDHARY
(17AG62R13)

2. INTRODUCTION
 Derived from Japanese word which means “Harbor Waves”
 Deformation occurs under the sea floor leads to vertical disp.
Of water
 Generated by an undersea geologic event, such as a great
earthquake, volcanic explosion, or underwater landslide
 Tsunami is not caused due to tide
 Damage is more predominant towards coast
 In the deep ocean K.E is high and wavelength is huge
 Closer to costal side wavelength decreases and height
increases
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3. Measurement
Magnitude
In terms of P.E
Intensity
How strong
Tsunami is?
Tsunami intensity can be calculated using Soloviev- Imamura
tsunami intensity scale which states a formula that
Where I is the Tsunami intensity Hav is the average wave
height along the nearest coast
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4. Terms related to Tsunami
• Crest :-The crest of a wave is its highest point. Tsunami waves have
been recorded at over 60 meters, but even waves of a meter can
cause damage.
• Ring of Fire :- It is an area that surrounds the Pacific Ocean and is
high in seismic and volcanic activity, both of which can cause
tsunamis
• Runup :-It is the 1st reaching of crest towards the coastal side that
causes destruction
• Subduction zone:- It is an area where one plate is being pushed
beneath another plate. When these zones are located in or near
the ocean, the tsunami hazard will be higher. The Pacific Northwest
and Alaska are located along subduction zones.
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5. Propagation of Tsunami
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6. The Earthquake and Tsunami of
December 26, 2004
• On December 26, 2004 at 07:58:53 local time (00:58:53 GMT), a fault
rupture was initiated off the west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia, triggering a devastating Tsunami around much of the
Indian Ocean.
• The epicenter was located at 3.31°N and 95.95°E, approximately 250
km south-southeast of Banda Aceh, the capital city of the Aceh
Province in northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
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7. Map showing the earthquake epicenter, aftershocks for the M9.3
December 26, 2004 earthquake; the M8.7 March 28, 2005 earthquake 7

8. continued…
• From this point, the rupture continued to expand northward
for more than 1,200 km (745 mi), generating a massive
M9.3 earthquake for about 8-10 minutes.
• The earthquake rupture was located at a relatively shallow
focal depth ranging from 10 to 30 km .
• According to the USGS, the intensity in Banda Aceh, Sumatra
reached IX: the violent shaking caused the collapse of some
mid-rise reinforced concrete structures
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9. Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) map of the 2004 earthquake, showing
violent shaking and heavy damage (MMI level IX) on the western coast of the
Aceh Province of Indonesia
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10. Tsunami run-up
• The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, involving an estimated 30 km3
of sea floor deformation, was one of these ‘basin-wide’ mega-
Tsunamis.
• To the north and south along the fault, the waves were subject
to interference and reduced in size rapidly. To the east and
west, the waves only gradually reduced in height as they
moved beyond the Indian Ocean to the coast of East Africa.
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11. Tsunami run-up
• The greatest run-up heights were observed on the western side
of Banda Aceh as well as in other towns and cities along the
west coast of Aceh Province.
• Locally, Tsunami run-up heights reached 30 m in this region,
although more generally heights were around 10 m.
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12. Satellite images show the devastating effects to the southwestern coast of
Sri Lanka (top) and to the Banda Aceh coastline (bottom)
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13. PHYSICAL AND HUMAN
IMPACTS
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14. Loss of life / Mortality
• With 174,500 casualties, 51,500 missing, and roughly 1.5 million
people displaced, the toll of human casualties from the 2004
Indian Ocean Tsunami has no modern historical equal.
• Most of the loss of life occurred in the, Indonesia. The Tsunami
destroyed almost every village, town, road, and bridge built at
below 10 m (33 ft) elevation along a 170-km stretch of the
western coast of Aceh Province.
• In India, 75% of the 10,700 fatalities were in the southeastern
state of Tamil Nadu. 14

15. Economic losses
• Overall economic losses from the 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake and Tsunami disaster are estimated at
$10 billion, with 75% of the loss attributed to the
damage in the Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and India.
• These losses include damage to residential and
commercial buildings and infrastructure, including
roads, water supply systems, electric power systems,
schools, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities.
• In the worst affected countries of Indonesia, India, and
Sri Lanka, the insurance penetration to cover flood or
earthquake related perils was extremely low.
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17. Property damages
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18. EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND
MITIGATION
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19. Efforts by Government of India
• In the Indian government, natural disasters are handled by
the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The Indian Tri-Services (Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and
Indian Navy) were pressed into service to provide emergency
support.
• The immediate relief was facilitated by the Government of
India through the release of grants from the National Calamity
Contingency Fund, which contributed Rs. 700 crores to the
affected states and UTs.
• The state grants consisted of Rs. 250 crores to Tamil Nadu and
Rs. 100 crores each to Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The UT
grants consisted of Rs. 200 crores to the A&N islands and Rs.
35 crores to Pondicherry .
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20. Immediate Relief
• In all, 881 relief camps were opened, and about 604,335
people were housed in them. There were :
– 231 relief camps in Kerala, housing 171,491 people.
– 65 camps in Andhra Pradesh, housing 34,264 people.
– 48 camps in Pondicherry, housing 45,000 people.
– 412 camps in Tamil Nadu, housing 309,379 people.
– 125 camps in the A&N islands, housing 44,201 people.
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21. Medical Relief
• Immediately after the event, medical teams were sent to the
states:
– 158 to Andhra Pradesh,
– 581 to Tamil Nadu,
– 233 to Kerala,
– 87 to Pondicherry.
• The armed forces established 18 medical camps with more
than 20 medical teams in the areas affected by the tsunamis.
• A 120-bed hospital was established onboard the INS MAGAR.
All ships of the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard deployed
for search and rescue were provided with medical facilities.
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22. Rehabilitation funds
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23. Government relief camp housed
in the local school in Port Blair
An AN32 Indian Air Force transport
aircraft, which carried relief material to
Great Nicobar Island
Temporary medical center in
Kadamtala in Middle Andaman
Government-built temporary shelters
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24. Assessing Global Tsunami Hazard
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25. Education and warnings
• Education needs to include knowledge of the cause of a tsunami
and its association with the largest earthquakes to help individuals
understand how their own observations can help them take
appropriate action.
• Any occasion when the sea level recedes rapidly and inexplicably
should be taken as a signal for immediate flight to higher ground.
• As warning systems that track the passage of the tsunami in the
open ocean are being developed, self-help solutions can be
supplemented with information on how to respond to official
warnings, such as those delivered through radio, cellphone
messages, or sirens.
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26. 1.
• Pacific warning system
(supplies data to NCEI - NOAA)
2.
• Regional warning system
(Installed by individual country)
3.
• Local warning system
Tsunami warning system
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27. Tsunami warning system
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28. Tsunami warning system
• In addition, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center run by National
Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been issuing
tsunami warnings since 1948.
• After the 1960 Chile Earthquake, it issued a warning for Hawaii
that saved many lives in Hilo as people evacuated to higher
ground.
Map of the Pacific
Ocean Tsunami
Warning System
displaying
reporting
stations and
tsunami travel
times to Honolulu
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29. TEWS-INCOIS
• On October 15, 2007, a centre housing the Indian Tsunami Early
Warning System (TEWS) was established in INCOIS by the Ministry
of Earth Sciences, DST, DOS and CSIR.
• At present, the tsunami warning centre receives data from 17
seismic stations of the IMD, 10 stations of the WIHG and more
than 300 international stations. In addition, it receives data from
17 sea-level tide gauges at intervals of five minutes.
• Using the data obtained from a network of equipments, models
have been run to provide maps depicting inundation scenarios for
the entire coastal belt.
• Based on these scenarios, the potential risk zones are identified
to generate advisories for various stakeholders in the region.
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30. Tsunami - A Terror
The year 2004 has come to an end.
A memorable year it has been.
Ups and downs and highs and lows
in the past year we have seen.
The year went by smoothly
but came to a crashing end.
Nature's fury shattered the life of so
many
Broken pieces we are still to mend.
Tsunami - a huge tidal wave
swept over the life of all.
Nature's wrath spared none
Mankind suffered a great fall.
Thousands of homes were destroyed
Thousands of lives were taken.
We have taken nature for granted
and a heavy price we have forsaken.
The aftershocks of the disaster
We are still enduring.
The ones alive are being given help
Their pains we are curing.
In the history of mankind
This blemish will remain forever.
When reminded of this grave calamity
The world will always shiver.
The wounds will take time to heal
This disaster will always remain in
our mind.
But we will stand up with a smile
And walk ahead leaving this terror
behind.
Ashwathi Thampi
J.K. Singhania School
(Standard VIII), Thane
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THANK YOU…