Tsetse flies are vectors of African trypanosomiasis in humans and animals. They have an unusual life cycle involving adenotrophic viviparity where the larvae develop internally. Symptoms in humans include fever, headaches, and confusion, while in animals growth and milk production are reduced. Prevention methods include wearing protective clothing, inspecting vehicles, and using insect repellent. Control involves clearing woody vegetation, pesticide campaigns, sterile insect techniques, and drug treatments depending on the disease stage.

1. In The Name Of
ALLAH The Most
Beneficent
And
Mercifu
l.
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2. Submitted
To:-Dr. Shahid Hanif
Submitted By:-
Shehzad Pervaiz (AGL-
15-27)
Taha Yaseen (AGL-15-40)
Entomology 5th Semester
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
BHAUDIN ZIKRIYA UNIVERSITY,
MULTAN
SUB-CAMPUS LAYYAH
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3. 3
TsetseFly

4. Topic
Contents:
Scientific
Classification
Introduction
Life Cycle
Host And Disease
Symptoms
Prevention
Control
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5. Scientific
Classification:
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Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Diptera
Family:
Glossinidae (Theobald,
1903)
Genus:
Glossina (Wiedemann,
1830)
Species Group:
Morsitans
(savannah) Fusca
(Forest) Palpalis
Glossina
Fusca
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fl

6. Introductio
n:Also known as tik-tik flies. Having size of 6–
15mm
in length.
They occur only in tropical Africa and are
important as vectors of African
trypanosomiasis(protozoa) in both humans and
animals.
The tsetse are obligate parasites that live by
feeding
on the blood of vertebrate animals.
Tsetse also have a long proboscis, which
extends directly forward.
Tsetse can be distinguished from other large
flies by
observed features. Tsetse fold their wings
completely when they are resting so that one
wing rests directly on top of the other over their
abdomens.
Fossilized tsetse have been recovered from the
Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado laid down
some 34 million years ago.
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Folded
Wings
Probosic
s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fl

7. Life
Cycle:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly#Life_cy
Tsetse have an unusual lifecycle which may be due
to the richness of their food source.
A female fertilizes only one egg at a time and retains
each egg within her uterus to have the offspring
develop internally during the first three larval stages
(adenotrophic viviparity).
During this time, the female feeds the developing
offspring with a milky substance secreted by a
modified gland in the uterus.
In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva leaves the
uterus and begins its independent life. The newly
independent tsetse larva crawls into the ground,
and develops a hard outer shell called the puparial
case, in which it completes its morphological
transformation into an adult fly.
Typically producing 4 generations per year.
http://eol.org/pages/56214/details

8. Host And
Disease:
The tsetse-vectored trypanosomiases affect various vertebrate species
including humans, antelopes, bovine cattle, camels, horses, sheep, goats,
and pigs.
Sleeping sickness:
Two different types of human sleeping sickness are caused by different
subspecies of trypanosome parasites.
Gambiensesleeping sickness(Trypanosomabrucei gambiense)is
generally
considered to be a chronic disease and is found mostly in West and
Central Africa
Hodesiense sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) is an
acute disease that occurs mainly in East Africa.
In domestic animals:
Animal trypanosomiasis, it occurs in cattle or horses. These diseases reduce
the growth rate, milk productivity, and strength of farm animals, generally
leading to the eventual death of the infected animals.
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9. Symptom
s:A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can
develop into a red sore, also called a chancre.
Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme
fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching
muscles and joints are common symptoms of
sleeping sickness.
Some people develop a skin rash. Progressive
confusion, personality changes, and other
neurologic problems occur after infection
has
invaded the central nervous system.
If left untreated, infection becomes worse
and
death will occur within months.
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Skin Rashes
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/gen_info/faqs-

10. Human Disease
Cycle:
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11. Preventio
n:Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants. Tsetse
flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and
they can bite through lightweight clothing.
Inspect vehicles before entering. The flies are
attracted to the motion and dust from moving
vehicles.
Avoid bushes. The tsetse fly is less active
during
the hottest part of the day but will bite if
disturbed.
Use insect
repellent.
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https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/prevent.ht

12. Contro
l:
Land clearing:
Early technique involved complete removal of brush and woody vegetation
from an area. Tsetse tend to rest on the trunks of trees so removing woody
vegetation made the area inhospitable to the flies.
Pesticide campaigns:
Pesticides have been used to control tsetse starting initially during the
early part of the twentieth century in localized efforts using the inorganic
metal-based pesticides, expanding after the Second World War into massive
aerial- and ground- based campaigns with
organo-chlorinepesticidessuch as
DDT(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) applied as aerosol sprays at Ultra-Low
Volume rates(Fogging).
Sterile insect technique:
Sterilization of female or male to produce eggs(unfertilized) or sperms
respectively.
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13. Contro
l:
Cont
…
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Drug Treatment:
The type of treatment depends on the stage of the disease.
Drugs used in first stage treatment:
Pentamidine (for T. b. gambiense only)
Suramin (Antrypol)
Drugs used in second stage treatment:
Eflornithine (for T. b. gambiense only)
Melarsoprol
Nifurtimox
Some people may receive a combination of these medicines. Nifurtimox-
eflornithine combination therapy(NECT) is now the WHO's recommended
course.

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Thank
You…