Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
In this ppt the viewers will understand the pharmacognosy of HONEY drug which obtained from honey comb. Honey is having lot of saccharides in it and it is having various medicinal uses.
Portion covered:
1. Synonyms of Honey
2. Biological Sources of Honey
3. Geographical Sources of Honey
4. Collection of Honey
5. Chemical Constituents of Honey
6. Chemical Tests of Honey
7. Uses of Honey
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Tragacanth,
In this ppt the viewers will understand the pharmacognosy of HONEY drug which obtained from honey comb. Honey is having lot of saccharides in it and it is having various medicinal uses.
Portion covered:
1. Synonyms of Honey
2. Biological Sources of Honey
3. Geographical Sources of Honey
4. Collection of Honey
5. Chemical Constituents of Honey
6. Chemical Tests of Honey
7. Uses of Honey
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
In this chapter production ,phsical and chemical properties ,physical and chemical structures as well as end use applications of cotton and other bast fibers will be studied.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
Similar to Study of Plant, animal and mineral fibres (20)
This PPT is Second part of Hematology and covers the different concepts in Hematology. This includes functions of blood, components of blood, formation of blood cells, functions of RBC, WBC and Platelets, Eryhropoiesis, leucopoiesis and Synthesis of hemoglobin
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers leukocytosis and includes Types of leukocytosis-Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, pathophysiology of leukocytosis, symptoms of leukocytosis and diagnosis of leukocytosis
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
This PPT covers Drug therapy for Viral Infection or disease. It includes Viral replication cycle, classification of antiviral drugs, Anti-Herpes drug, Anti Influenza drugs, Anti hepatitis drugs and anti retroviral drugs
This PPT covers the Drug therapy for Malaria. This PPT includes Malaria cycle, different types of malaria , classification of antimalarial drugs and pharmacotherapy of all antimalarial drugs
This is PPT is Second part of Hematology. It covers Hemostasis, Blood Clotting, Blood Groups and blood type, Rh system, Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
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3. COTTON
1. Synonym: Raw cotton, Purified cotton
2. Biological Source: It consist of the epidermal trichomes or hairs of the seed of
cultivated species of Gossypium herbaceum, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium
barbadense belonging to family Malvaceae
3. Geographical Source: United States, Egypt, some parts of Africa and India
4. Preparation:
Jegan
4. • A
The plant after bearing flower,
bear fruits known as capsule
The capsule consist of 3 to 5
seeds and is covered with hairs
The bolls are collected when
ripe, separated from the
capsule, dried and subjected to
ginning process
In ginning process the
trichomes are separated from
seeds
The short and long hairs are
separated by delinters
The long-sized cotton hairs are
subsequently freed from
coloring matters
traces of wax and oil coating
the hairs which render them
non-absorbent are also
subsequently removed
the processed cotton fibres are
defatted (with alkali) washed,
bleached (with chlorinated
soda) and then washed (with
diluted mineral acid)
It is again washed, dried, and
sterilized.
7. 6. Use:
• It is employed as surgical dressings.
• It is mostly used in the textile industry to prepare a wide range of
fibers.
• It is invariably employed as its derivatives to be recognized as the most
versatile adjunct in pharmaceutical formulations, for instance:
Microcrystalline cellulose – as Tablet Disintegrant
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) – as Binder and thickening agent;
Cellulose acetate phthalate – as an Enteric coating material;
Ethyl Cellulose – as Binder and Film
Methyl Cellulose coating substance;
• It is used as a filtering medium and also as an insulating material.
Jegan
8. JUTE
1. Synonym: Gunny
2. Biological Source: It consist of phloem fibres from the stem of Corchorus
capsularis, Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus junodi belonging to family Tiliaceae
3. Geographical Source: Bangladesh, India- West Bengal, Assam
4. Preparation:
Jegan
9. Retting is the process
for the preparation of
bast fibres
This is done by 3
methods- Microbial,
steam and mechanical
process
Microbial method is
widely followed
Using this method the
lignin bond between
parenchyma and
sclerenchyma is broken
Breaking the bond
facilitates easy
procurement of skin
from its core
It is then washed and
dried to convert hard
skin to soft fine thread
The jute fibres are
graded according to its
color
Jegan
11. 5. Chemical Constituents
• Jute is composed of about
• 50-53% cellulose
• 20% hemicellulose
• 10-11% lignin
• 12-13% moisture
• Fats
• Wax
COLOUR White to brown
ODOUR Odourless
TASTE Tasteless
SIZE 1-4 meter long
Jegan
12. 6. Use
• Used in preparation of sacks and coarse cloth
• Woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets
• Used in manufacturing of bags
• Used in manufacturing of straining and filtering medium
Jegan
13. FLAX
1. Biological Source: It is the pericyclic fibres which are removed from the stem
of Linum usitatissimum belonging to family Linaceae
2. Geographical Source: United States, Russia, Ireland, Northern Europe
3. Preparation:
Jegan
14. The flax stems are
obtained
It is tied in bunches and
put into water for retting
Standing pools are
beneficial because it
provides better color and
superior quality
The process of retting
through fermentation
permits bacteria to
breakdown woody tissue
After retting process the
stems are washed
It is then allowed to dry
on grass
Beaten using machine to
separate fibres from other
material
The bark remaining after
process of beating is then
subjected for combing to
remove nonfibrous matter
Parallel pericyclic fibres
are obtained
Jegan
15. Description
• Length of fibre is 30-90cm
• The short broken fibre is called ‘tow’
• It is hygroscopic in nature
• It is soft, lustrous and flexible
• It has more tensile strength than cotton
fibre but less elasticity
5. Chemical Constituents
It contain pecto cellulose
Jegan
16. 6. Use
• Used as a filtering medium
• Short threads are used to prepare coarse fabrics and cordage
• Long fibre is used for making strong threads
• Used in paper industry for the purpose of currency printing and cigarette paper
Jegan
17. HEMP
1. Biological Source: It is the pericyclic fibre obtained from Cannabis sativa
belonging to family Cannabinaceae
2. Geographical Source: China, Europe, Korea, France
3. Preparation:
Jegan
18. • A
When the grain is ripe, the
stem is pulled by roots
After being thus pulled, it is
tied up in small parcels,
termed as baits
It is then conveyed to pits,
or ponds of stagnant water
for retting process
After retting process it is
removed and dried
It is then subjected to
mechanical separation,
The stalks are passed
between fluted rollers to
crush and break the woody
core into short pieces
(called hurds)
The remaining hurds and
fibers are separated by a
process called scutching
Bleaching of fibre Dried and graded
Jegan
19. 4. Chemical Constituents:
• Hemp fibres contains about
70% cellulose
8-10% lignin
Hemp is stronger and more durable than any other natural fabric, including linen
Not only is hemp strong, but it also holds its shape, stretching less than any other natural fiber
Hemp’s superior absorbency, due to its porous nature, means that it is very breathable and quick drying
Hemp has a high resistance to ultraviolet light; it will not fade or disintegrate from sunlight
Hemp fiber is highly resistant to rotting, and its resistance to mildew, mold and salt water
It has natural antibacterial property
Jegan
20. 5. Use:
• Hemp has been used for centuries to make rope, canvas and paper
• Long hemp fibres can be spun and woven to make crisp, linen-like fabric used in
clothing, home furnishing textiles and floor coverings.
(The original Levi’s jeans is made from hemp fibre)
• Due to high tensile strenght used in preparation of indutrial filters, Currency
notes, cigarette paper
Jegan
21. SILK
1. Biological Source: The silk fibre is prepared from the cocoons of Bombyx
mori commonly called as mulberry silk worm belonging to family Bombycidae or
Moraceae
2. Geographical Source: India, China, Japan, France, Italy
3. Preparation:
Jegan
22.
23. • A
Jegan
A female moth lays
many tiny eggs
A tiny caterpillar
hatches out of the egg
The caterpillar eats
mulberry leaves and
grows bigger and
bigger
During growth, the
caterpillar molts 4
times
The caterpillar spins a
cocoon of silk threads
around itself
Inside the cocoon
caterpillar changes to
pupa
If silkworms are allowed
to mature and break
through cocoon the silk
will be short and useless
The encased pupa is
plunged into boiling water
to kill the pupa and
dissolve the glue holding
the cocoon together
The end of silk located and
cocoon unwound into
spindle to be made into
thread
24. 4. Chemical Constituents:
• Silk mainly consist of protein known as Fibrion
• The fibrion is soluble in warm water and on hydrolysis yields amino acid glycine and
alanine
Jegan
25. 5. Use:
• Silk is used pharmaceutically for preparation of sutures, sieves and ligatures
• Preparation of silk cloths
Jegan
26. WOOL
1. Synonym: Sheep wool
2. Biological Source: Wool consist of hairs from the fleece of sheep Ovis aries
belonging to family Bovidae
3. Geographical Source: Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, India
4. Preparation:
Jegan
27. The hairs forming on the fleece of the sheep are removed
Washed with soap or alkali to remove woolfat/lanolin
The clean and defatted wool is subjected to bleaching
It is then washed again and dried
Carded and spun into yarn
Jegan
28. 5. Chemical constituents:
• Sulphur containing protein keratin
• Keratin is rich in amino acid cystine
Color Off white
Appearance Elastic, lustrous, smooth
Solubility Wool is insoluble in warm hydrochloric acid and in cold
concentrated sulphuric acid
Extra features Wool fibre has well to excellent affinity for dyestuffs. It
may retain about 17% of moisture of its weight.
Jegan
29. 6. Use:
• Filtering and straining medium
• Used in preparation of crepe bandage and dressing
Jegan
30. VISCOSE
1. Synonym: Rayon, regenerated cellulose
2. Source: Viscose is a viscous orange red aqueous solution of sodium cellulose
xanthogenate obtained by dissolving wood pulp cellulose in sodium hydroxide
solution and treating with carbon disulphide
3. Preparation:
Jegan
31. The cellulosic raw
materials for rayon are
wood chips (from
spruce or pine) or
cotton linters.
These are treated to
produce sheets of
purified cellulose
containing 87-98%
cellulose
They are then bleached
with sodium
hypochloride (NaOCl) to
remove natural colour.
These cellulose sheets
are then soaked in 18%
caustic soda for 1 to 2
hours producing sheets
of alkali cellulose
Any excess alkali is
pressed out.
The substance is broken
up into flakes or grains
called cellulose crumbs
Liquid carbon disulfide
is added to the crumbs
to change the cellulose
into cellulose xanthate,
a light orange substance
These crumbs are
dissolved in a weak
solution of caustic soda
and transformed into a
viscous solution called
"viscose",
To produce the rayon
filament, the viscose
solution is aged and
filtered
then vacuum-treated to
remove any air bubbles
that could weaken the
filament
It is then pumped
through spinnerets into
a bath of sulfuric acid
This coagulates the
cellulose xanthate to
form regenerated
filaments of 100%
cellulose
32.
33. 4. Properties
Viscose gives the appearance and feels as soft and silky
Viscose has the aptitude to respire in a wary similar to
cotton
Viscose fibres have good moisture regain property like
cotton fibres
Viscose fibres can be easily dyed in several colors
When heating the viscose fibre, it does not shrink
Viscose fibre is biodegradable
Viscose can be blend with some other fibres: with
polyester gives Polyviscose, with cotton give Cotton-
Viscose
Jegan
34. 5. Chemical Test
• With iodine and sulphuric acid they give blue color
• Cold sulphuric acid (60% w/w) dissolves the fibre
• On ignition they behave like cotton
Jegan
35. 6. Use:
• Rayon is used in manufacturing of fabrics,
• The fabric is used to create clothing such as blouses, jackets, sportswear and
dresses.
• In home furnishing, blankets, sheets and curtains may all be made from rayon.
• Rayon is used in manufacturing of medical surgical products.
Jegan
36. ASBESTOS
1. Source:
• Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral which differs from other mineral in its
crystal development.
• The crystal formation of asbestos is in the form of long thin fibres
2. Geographical Source: Asbestos deposits can be found throughout the world and
are still mined in Australia, Canada, South Africa
3. Description:
Jegan
37. ASBESTOS
SERPENTINE
Chrysotile A Chrysotile B
AMPHIBOLE
Amosite Crocidolite Anthophyllite Tremolite Actinolite
On the basis of crystalline structure, asbestos are divided into 2 mineral group
Jegan
38. 4. Chemical Constituents:
• It is a double silicate of calcium-magnesium with little amount of iron which
gives color to asbestos
5. Use:
• Used as filtering medium for caustic alkalies, for bacterial filters
• Used as heat resistant insulators
• Used in preparation of fire proof gloves and fire proof clothing
• Thermal pipe insulation
Jegan
39. GLASS WOOL
1. Synonym:
2. Biological Source: The fibres consist of silica mixed with oxides of aluminium,
calcium, boron & magnesium
3. Preparation:
Jegan
40. The manufacturing
process for glass wool
uses large furnaces to
gradually melt the
silica sand, and other
minerals to liquid form
It is then extruded
through bushings,
which are bundles of
very small orifices
(typically 5–25
micrometres in
diameter) to obtain
fiber mat
This fiber mat is then
heated to around
200 °C to polymerize
the resin and is
calendered to give it
strength and stability.
The final stage involves
cutting the wool and
packing it in rolls or
panels under very high
pressure
Jegan
41. 4. Properties:
• Glasswool products are non-combustible and positioned for operating
temperatures up to 300°C.
• It is made of 80% recyclable materials
• It is lightweight and easy to install
• Glass wool will not promote mould growth or vermin infestation
• It is non corrosive to metal
Jegan
42. 5. Use:
• Used for electrical, sound and heat insulation
• Used in air filters
• Construction of filter fabrics and bed
Jegan